The Catholic Encyclopedia

t

(Qarnell UnttrerHitg

Htbrarg

3tl(ac8,

Nem

fork

BOUGHTWITH THE INCOME OF THE

SAGE

ENDOWMENT

FUND

THE GIFTOF

HENRY

W.

SAGE

CORNELLUNIVERSITYLIBRARY

'/^/

Cornell

University

Library

The

original of this

book

is

in

the Cornell

University

Library.

There

are

no

known

copyright

restrictions

in

the

United States

on

the

use

of

the

text.

THE

CATHOLIC

ENCYCLOPEDIA

and

ITS

MAKERS

IRew

lorft

THE

ENCYLOPEDIA

PRESS, INC.

,,--r^TpR^-So

/.

^^

1

^

Copyright, 1917,

THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA

PRESS,

Inc.

JK^^S.

-/VoA>i (?ii.W

'^^

r

n

\^ii~V

THE MAKING

OF

THE

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA

The

need

of

a Catholic Encyclopedia

in

English

was

manifest

for

many

years before it

was

decided

to

publish

one.

Editors

of

various

general

Encyclopedias

had attempted

to

make

them

satisfactory

from

a

Catholic

point

of view,

but

without

success, partly

because

they could not

afford the space,

but

chiefly

because

in

matters

of dispute their contributors

were

too

often

permitted

to

be

partial, if

not

erroneous, in theirstatements.

This

need

was

felt

more

acutely

when,

at the

beginning

ofthis century,

new

editions of

several of these general

Encyclopedias appeared,

in

which

many

subjects of special interest

to Catholics

were

either

ignored

entirely or else scantily

and even

erroneously treated.

For

two

years

the

publishers of

some

of these

Encyclopedias

made

earnest efforts to

amend

the

articles

which provoked

Catholic

criticism,

but

their efforts

served

only

to

emphasize the

need

of

a

Cathohc

Encyclopedia.

Actual

work

on

the

Encyclopedia

was begun

in

January,

1905. It

was

completed

in

April, 1914.

For

two

years before

the

formation

of

a

Board

of

Editors

those

who

were

to

be

its editors

and

publishers

met

together occasionally to confer

about

its publication.

These

meetings

resulted in

an agreement

among

the editors

on

December

8, 1904, to

begin the

work

early

the

next year

and

in

the

choice ofthose

who

were

to

be

itspublishers.

The

Board

of Editors, five innimaber,

was

organized

in

January,

1905,

and

its

member-ship

remained

the

same

throughout the production

of the

work.

All the

members

had been

engaged

in editorial

work

before

the

Encyclopedia was

thought

of.

As

teachers

and

lectur-ers

they

had become

familiar

with the

fieldof

education

and

with the needs

of Catholic

liter-ature.

Through

experience

gained

in differentspheres ofactivity

they

had

reached

the

same

conclusions

regarding the

necessity of

a

Catholic

Encyclopedia

and

the

advisability of

pro-ceeding

at

once with

itspublication.

The

editors

were

elected also as

members

of the

Board

of Directors of the publishing

company

which

was

incorporated

in

February,

1905,

and

they

were

given

full

authority

in

all

matters

affecting

the

nature,

contents

and pohcy

ofthe

Encyclopedia.

On

February

25

they

signed a

contract to

produce

The

Catholic Encyclopedia.

Two

years

were

spent

in

studying every phase

of

the

project, in

arranging

its details

and

in selecting

the

requisite

methods

forcarrying

on

the

work

carefully

and

expeditiously.

While

a systematic procedure

was

thus determined upon,

it

by

no

means

precluded

laterdiscussion of

ways and means;

the

system

itselfrequired

that each

step

should

be

seriously considered,

and

for this

purpose the

regular

meetings

of

the

Board were

continued during the

entire course ofpublication.

On

January

11, 1905,

Charles

G.

Herbermann,

Professor of

Latin

and

Librarian

of

the

College

of

the City

of

New

York,

Edward

A.

Pace,

then

Professorof

Philosophy

in

the

Catho-licUniversity,

Conde

B.

Fallen, Editor, Rt.

Rev.

Thomas

J.

Shahan, then

Professor of

Church

History

in

the

Cathohc

University,

and John

J.

Wynne,

S. J.,

Editor

of

The

Messenger,

held

their first editorial

meeting

at

the

office of

The

Messenger, in

West

Sixteenth

Street,

New

York.

Between

that date

and

April 19, 1913,

they

held

134 formal

meetings

to consider

the

plan,

scope

and

progress of

the work,

besides

having frequent informal

conferences

and

con-stant

intercommunication

by

letter.

Until

February,

when

offices

were opened

at 1

Union

Square,

meetings were held

in

The

Messenger,

or at

the house

of

Dr.

Herbermann,

then

on

West

Twenty-fifth

Street.

For

two

iv

THE MAKING

OF

THE

CATHOLIC

ENCYCLOPEDIA

years

the

days

for

meetings were

the first

and

third

Saturdays

of

the

month;

after

that

a

meeting

was

held

on

the

second

Saturday

only.

In

the

beginning

every

editor

attended each

meeting;

after April, 1907,

only

one

ofthe editors

from

the Catholic

University

was

expected

to

be

present.

At

the meetings a

report

was

made by

each

editorof

the

work

he

had done

since

the

last

meeting,

chiefly inselecting topics; assigning space for each;

choosing

contributors

and

speci-fying

the

time allowed

them

for

each

article.

These

reports

were

acted

upon;

criticisms of

the

work

were

considered; the progressof

each

volume

carefullynoted,

and

various

problems

solved especially

about

cross-references, repetitions, bibliography,illustrations,

maps, and

the

delays

and

disappointments

which

are inevitable in

a

work

depending

upon

the

co-operation

of

over

1500

persons.

In

order to

make

clear

what

manner

of

work

they

were

to publish,

the

editors issued,in

February,

1906,

a

pamphlet

containing

specimen pages

oftext

and

illustrations.

This

speci-men

left

no

room

for

doubt

about

the character of the

Encyclopedia.

It indicated in

gen-eral

terms

the scope,

aim and

chief characteristics of

the

Encyclopedia,

as follows

:

"The

Catholic Encyclopedia,

asits

name

implies,

proposes

to giveitsreadersfull

and

authoritative

information

on

theentirecycle ofCatholicinterests, action

and

doctrine.

What

the

Church

teaches

and

has taught;

what

she

has

done

and

isstill

doing

for

the

highest

wel-fare of

mankind;

her

methods,

past

and

present;herstruggles,

her

triumphs,

and

the

achieve-ments

of her

members,

not only

for her

own

immediate

benefit,

but

for

the

broadening

and

deepening

ofalltruescience,literature

and

art

—

all

come

within the scope

of

The

Catholic

Encyclopedia.

"It differs

from

the

general

Encyclopedia

in

omitting

facts

and

information

which have

no

relation to the

Church.

On

the

other

hand,

it is

not

exclusively

a church Encyclopedia,

nor

is it limited to

the

ecclesiastical sciences

and

the

doings of chxirchmen. It records all

that

Catholics

have

done,

not only

in behalf of charity

and

morals,

but

also for

the

intel-lectual

and

artistic

development

of

mankind.

It chronicles

what

Catholicartists, educators,

poets, scientists

and

men

of action

have

achieved

intheir several provinces.

In

this respect

it differs

from

most

other Catholic

Encyclopedias.

The

editors are fully

aware

that

there is

no

specifically Catholic science,

that

mathematics,

chemistry,

physiology

and

other

branches

of

human

knowledge

are neither Catholic, Jewish,

nor

Protestant; but,

when

it is

commonly

asserted

that

Catholic principles are

an

obstacle to scientificresearch,it

seems

not only proper

but

needful to register

what

and

how much

Catholics

have

contributed

to

every

department

of

knowledge.

"No

one

who

is interested in

human

history,

past

and

present,

can

ignore

the Catholic

Church,

either as

an

institution

which

has

been

the

central figure in

the

civilized

world

for

nearly

two thousand

years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific,

social

and

political, or as

an

existing

power whose

influence

and

activity

extend

to

every part

of

the

globe.

In the past century the

Church

has

grown

both

extensively

and

intensively

among

English-speaking

peoples.

Their

living interests

demand

that

they should

have

the

means

of

informing

themselves

about

this

vast

institution,

which,

whether

they

are

Catholics

or

not, affects theirfortunes

and

their destiny.

"As

for Catholics, their

duty

as

members

of

the

Church

impels

them

to learn

more and

more

fullyitsprinciples; while

among

Protestants

the

desire for

a

more

intimate

and

accurate

knowledge

ofthings Catholic increases in

proportion

to the

growth

of

the

Church

in

numbers

and

in

importance.

The

Catholic clergy are naturally

expected

todirect inquirers to sources of

the

needed

information; yet

they

find

only too

often

that

the

proper answers

to

the

ques-tions

proposed

are

not

to

be

met

with

in

English

literature.

Even

the

writings of

the

best

intentioned authors

are at

times

disfigured

by

serious errors

on

Catholic

subjects,

which

are

for

the

most

part

due,

not

toill-will,

but

to lack of

knowledge.

It

would be

fatuous

to

hope

tocallinto

immediate

existence

a Catholic English

literature

adequate

to

supply

this

knowl-THE MAKING

OP

THE

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA

V

edge

and

correct errors.

The

Encyclopedia,

therefore, is

the

most

convenient

means

of

doing

both,

enabhng,

asit does,

the foremost

Catholic scholars in

every part

of the

world

to contribute articles in

the

condensed

form

that appeals

to the

man

of action,

and

with the

accuracy that

satisfies

the

scholar.

"Designed

to

present

its readers

with

the full

body

ofCatholic teaching,

the

Encyclo-pedia

contains

not only

precise

statements

of

what

the

Church

has

defined,

but

also

an

impar-tial

record

of different

views

of

acknowledged

authority

on

all

disputed

questions, national,

political or factional.

In

the

determination

of

the

truth

the

most

recent

and acknowledged

scientific

methods

are

employed,

and

the

resultsof

the

latest researchintheology,

philosophy,

history, apologetics, archaeology,

and

other sciences are

given

careful consideration.

"The work

is entirely

new,

and

not merely a

translation or

a compilation

from

other

encyclopedic

sources.

The

editors

have

insisted

that

the articles

should contain the

latest

and most

accurate

information

to

be obtained

from

the

standard

works

on

each

subject.

Contributors

have been

chosen

for their special

knowledge

and

skill inpresenting

the

subject,

and

they

assume

the

responsibility for

what

they

have

written.

Representing

as

they

do

Catholic

scholarship in

every part

of

the

world,

they

give

the

work an

international character.

"The

Encyclopedia

bears

the

imprimatur

ofthe

Most

Reverend

Archbishop

under

whose

jurisdiction it is published.

In

constituting the editors the ecclesiastical censors,

he has

given

them

a

singular

proof

of his confidence

and

of hisdesire to facilitatethe publication of

the

work

which

he has

promoted

most

effectively

by

hisinfluence

and

kindly

co-operation."

In

the execution

ofthe

plan thus

outlined

no

essentialfeature

has

been

changed

or

omit-ted;

the Preface

would

be

as

appropriate

tothe fifteenth

volume

asit

was

to the first.

Since

it

was

written

innumerable

questions arose

regarding

matters

of detail;

but

these

were

settled

in

accordance with the

ideas

and

principles

which were adopted

by

the

editors before

a

page

of

the

Encyclopedia was

published.

In accomplishing

their

preliminary task

and

in dealing

with

problems that presented

no

slight difficulty,

the

editors

were

encouraged

by

the

widespread

interest

which

the

first

announcement

of

the

Encyclopedia

aroused.

Cordial

approval

and

assistance

was

given

by

the Apostolic Delegate

and

by

the

members

of

the

Hierarchy,

particularly

by

his

Eminence

Cardinal

Farley, to

whom

the

project

was

formally

submitted

on

January

27, 1905.

Many

useful suggestions

were

received

from

clergymen,

teachers, authors,

and

publishers in

the

United

States

and

in other countries.

The

project

was welcomed

with

enthusiasm

by

the

laity,

and

a

large

number

of subscriptions

were

taken

before

the

first

volume

appeared

in

March,

1907.

As

other

volumes

followed

with

promptness

and

regularity, the public

soon

became

aware

that

the

Encyclopedia

was

rapidly

passing

from

the region of things possible

and

desirable to

that

of

accomplished

facts,

and moreover

that

it

was

taking

a unique

posi-tion

among

the important

publications of

modern

times.

The Encyclopedia

was

to

be

"an

international

work

of reference

on

the

constitution, doctrine, discipline

and

history of

the

Catholic

Church."

With

a

scope

so

vast

before

them,

the

editors

devoted

their earliest efforts to

the

mapping

out

of

the

subject

matter.

This

was

arranged

in thirty-two

departments

which were

then

distributed so as to

allow each

editor

a

certain

group

of

departments

for specialsupervision

and

yet

leave to

the

Board

as

a

whole

the

final decision

upon

the

inclusionor exclusion of

any

proposed

subject.

In each department, the

selection of subjects

was

determined

to

a

considerable

extent

by

the very nature

and

purpose

ofthe

Encyclopedia.

Other

titles

were

drawn

from

various

sources

—

such

as

Encyclopedias

of

a

general character,

standard works,

and

periodical

pub-lications.

A

large

number

ofarticles

were

suggested

by

scholars

whose competence

inspecial

lines or in

the preparation

of

works

similar to

the

Encyclopedia

gave weight

to their

opin-ions.

No

subject,

however,

was

accepted

or rejected until it

had been

passed

on

by

each

editor.

vi

THE MAKING

OF

THE

CATHOLIC

ENCYCLOPEDIA

teaching,

and

practice,

but

also the

manifold

and

far-reaching influence of

Catholicism

upon

all

that

most

deeply concerns

mankind.

Hence

the

introductionof

many

titles

which

are

not

specifically Catholic or

even

religious in the stricter sense,

but

under which

some

interest of

the

Church

or

some

phase

ofitsactivityis recorded.

Such

arethe

accounts given

ofdifferent

religions

and

sects, of countries

and

states, of literatures

and

philosophies, of institutions

and

individuals

that

have been

extraneous, or

even

antagonistic, to

the Church.

Special care, of course,

was

taken

to include those subjects

which

are often treatedin

a

way

that

givesfalse

orinaccurate impressions

regarding

the

Catholic position or thefactsofhistory.

Even

where

the

same

subject

would

naturally recur

under

differenttitles, it

was,

ifsufficiently

important,

allotted

a

separate article.

On

the other

hand,

to

avoid

needless repetition, it

was

often

found

necessary

to

introduce

the subject in alphabetical order

with a

cross-reference to

the

article in

which,

under a

different title, it

would

be

more

appropriately

treated. Finally, as

no

other extensive

work

of reference

would

be

available to

a

large

number

of

the purchasers

of

the

Encyclopedia,

due

provision

was

made

for

supplying

in

every

instance

such

general

information

as the

ordinary

reader

might

reasonably expect

to find in

connection with the

subjects treated.

As

the

vitality oi

an

organizationis

manifested

chiefly in

the

achievements

of its

promi-nent

members,

itis

but

natural

that

this

work

should contain

a

large

number

ofbiographies.

In

these articles, particularly judicious selection

was

necessary, as well as

moderation

in

treatment.

For

obvious

reasons biographies of living

persons

were

not admitted; nor

was

distinction of

whatever

sort

the

chief criterionof selection,

but

rather, in

the

case of

eminent

Catholics, their loyalty to the

Church.

On

grounds

that are plainlydifferent,

the

listof biog-raphies includes various

names

that

recall

important

controversies, heresies, errorsor

phases

of conflict

through

which

the

Church

has

passed,

and

concerning

which

it

was

needful

toset

in clear lightthe Catholicposition.

From

the outset

the

editors

adopted

the

principle

that

each

article

should

be prepared

by

the

ablest availablewriter.

The

characterofthe

work

was

such that

it

could

not

be

done,

as

much

encyclopedia

writing is done,

by

a

staff of office assistants.

The

contributors

were

selected,

not

on

account

of their official position,

but

with

reference totheir scholarship

and

their special qualifications for

handling

the subjects assigned

them.

In

addition to

the

names

already conspicuous

in Catholicliterature,

the

list

was

drawn

up

afterconsultation

with

well-informed persons

invarious countries. Inquiries

were

sent to

the Catholic

colleges,

semina-ries

and

universities in the

United

States,

Canada,

England,

Ireland,

Scotland

and

Australia.

The

Bishops

in the

English-speaking

countries

were

requested

to suggest writers for articles

on

their respective dioceses

and

the

political divisions,

such

as the States of

the

Union,

in

which

their dioceses are situated.

The

heads

of religious orders

and

congregations

were

con-sulted

regarding

the

assignment

of

each

article in

which

they

might be

directly interested.

Authorities

on

Catholic subjects in

the non-Cathofic

institutions of learning in this

coimtry

were

also invited to co-operate.

By

correspondence

or

by

personal

visits,

the

editors

secured

contributions

from prominent

writers

on

the

Continent

of

Europe,

especially

among

the

pro-fessors of the various universities

and

members

of

learned

societies.

The

fact

that the

list

includes

1452 names,

representing

43

countries, sufficiently attests

the

international

charac-ter of

the

Encyclopedia.

Furthermore,

it

can

be

said

without exaggeration that

no

other

work

has

ever

been produced

by

thejointlaboursofso

many

Catholic

men

and

women

repre-senting

the

clergy,

the

laity,

the

professions,

and

the

various lines of scientific

and

literary

activity.

The

Ust of contributors to

each

volume

is in itself

an

object lesson; it

shows

in

a

concrete

way

the intellectual forces

that

the

Church

has

developed

and animated

with her

spirit.

It

was

not

to

be expected

that

every

contributor

would

know

by

intuition just

how

an

article

should

be written

to

answer

the

purposes

of

the

Encyclopedia;

nor

would

it

have been

THE MAKING

OF

THE

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA

vii

his

own

devices.

The

editors

accordingly

accompanied

the

assignment

ofarticles

with

direc-tions

more

or

less detailedfortheirpreparation.

Certain

classesof subjects, e.g. biographies,

states, dioceses,

were

carefully outlined so

that

the

writer

might

furnish

the

requisite

infor-mation

on

all essential points.

For

the treatment

ofother subjects suggestions

were

offered

with a

view

to

having

the

articlesinclude

whatever might be

ofactual

and

practical interest at

the present

time.

In

some

instances

the

contributors

themselves requested

more

explicit

instruction or indicated possible modifications.

The

exchange

of

views

on

all

important

mat-ters

was

extremely

helpful

both

in furthering

the

aims

of

the

editors

and

in

making

each

writer

an

active collaborator.

Indeed

so cordial,

and,

in

many

instances, so

intimate

were

the

relations of contributors

and

editors,

that

there

was no need

ofestablishing special

edito-rial

committees

in certain countries as

the

editors

had

originally

contemplated.

Italso

facili-tated, to

a

considerable extent,

the

editors' principal task.

In the allotment

of

space

for

each

article,

the

editors,

who

gave

to thispoint theirjoint attention,

were

guided

in

every

instance

by

the rule

"quod

requiritur etsufficit."

The

length

of

an

article is

not

necessarily, therefore,

an

indication of its

importance.

This

is true

par-ticularly of biographies, in

which

a

line often predicates greater celebrity

than

a paragraph.

The

encyclopedic

style

admits

no

waste word,

and though

frequently

our

writers

exceeded

the space

allotted to

them,

they

rarely, ifever,

objected

to the

condensation

of their articles,

regarding

it

commonly

as

an improvement.

Every

article

was

submitted

to

each

of

the

editors for criticism, acceptance, or

rejec-tion.

In

case of

acceptance

—

and

this fortimately

was

the

usual verdict

—

the

article

was

handed

over

to

the

editor in

charge

of

the

department

to

which

it belonged, for revision so farasthis

might

be

needed

in

order

to

meet

the

requirements

of the

Encyclopedia

regarding

space, content,

and

literary form.

Whenever

serious

changes

were foimd

necessary, these

were

referred to

the

author. All articles of

a

doctrinal character

were

submitted

to

the

censors

appointed

by

ecclesiastical authority.

In

the

case of

an

article

written

in

a

language other

than

English, it

was

translated

by

an

expert,

and

the

translation

was

then

carefully

compared

by

the

editor

with the

original

manuscript.

Frequently

brief

paragraphs

were

added,

with the

writer's authorization,in order to bring

out

some

phase

or detailof

the

subject

that

possessed

special

importance

for the

English-speaking

countries.

Additions

were

also

made

to

the bibliography

of

works

that

were

more

easilyaccessible to

the

readers of

the

Encyclopedia

or

that

were

published

after

the

article

had been

received.

Besides providing

for

the

textof

the

Encyclopedia,

the editors

undertook

the selection

and

arrangement

of

the

illustrations,plates,

and maps, which

are

a

prominent

feature in

each

volume.

The

wide

range

of subjects callingfor illustration

included

personages

of note,

his-toric scenes

and

events,

famous

edifices, ecclesiastical or secular,

monuments

of Christian

antiquity, codices,

manuscripts,

and

the masterpieces

ofart inpainting, sculpture,

and

archi-tecture.

The maps had

to

be

specially

prepared

for

the

Encyclopedia,

as

they

were

designed

to

show

not only the

political or territorial divisions,

but

also

the

ecclesiastical conditions,

such

as

the

location of

each

episcopal or archiepiscopalsee.

The

editors

were

aided

by

a

well-trained corps of assistants

numbering

inthe course of

the

work

151,

through

whose hands

the

edited article

passed

on

its

way

to the press.

The

office staff

rendered

efficient service

not only

by

the routine

work

of

preparing

copy,

but

also

by

keeping accurate

records of

assignments,

transmissions of

manuscripts,

and

reports

from

contributors. It

was

thus

possible at

any

moment

to ascertain precisely

the

stage

which

a

given

article

had

reached

and

the

progress

that

had been

made

toward

the

completion

of

each volume.

The

staff

was

also

charged with

numerous

matters

of detail,

such

asthe

veri-fication of

dates

and

references,

comparison

of

statements

in different articles,

and

prepara-tion of hsts of subjects

by

way

of suggestion to

the

Editorial

Board.

The

Company

which

was

organized

to

publish

The

Catholic

Encyclopedia

was

originally

known

as

the

Robert Appleton

Company.

In 1912

its title

was changed

to

The

viii

THE

MAKING

OF

THE

CATHOLIC

ENCYCLOPEDIA

Encyclopedia

Press, Inc. It

has

always

been

an

entirely

independent

organization, expressly

organized

for the special

purpose

of publishing

the

Encyclopedia.

Until it

was

completed

the

Company,

therefore,

did not undertake

to bring

out

any

other

book

or to enter

any

other

field of business. Its

members

—

all

men

of

prominence

in business

and

financial circles

—

have

given

their entire

time

and

thefruits of their long experience to the

production

of this

work.

They

have

dealt successfully

with the

diverse

problems

which

such

an

enterprise involves

on

the material

and

technicalsides: printing,

plate-making,

advertising,

and

selling.

The

whole

financial

administration

of

the

Encyclopedia

has

been

conducted

on soimd

busi-nessprinciples.

From

the

appearance

of

the

first

volume

of the

Encyclopedia

to

the

conclusion of

the

Index Volume,

the

work

met

with

a

cordialreception

everywhere.

Reviewers not only spoke

of it in

terms

of

unusual

praise,

but they

also recognized init at

once the powerful

influence

for good. Hilaire Belloc, for instance,

spoke

of it as

"one

of the

most

powerful

influences

working

in favor of the truth."

Georges

Goyau recommended

it as expressing

the genius

of Catholicity

and

spoke

ofits

vast

army

of contributors as

forming

a

modern

intellectual cru-sade.

The

Dublin Review

pronounced

it

the

"greatest

triumph

of Christian science in

the

English

tongue."

The

Protestant

Press

commented

most

favorably

on

the scholarliness

and

fairness ofthearticles,

one

weekly recommending

itas

the

"greatest

work

undertaken

for

the

advancement

of Christian

knowledge

since the

days

of

Trent."

According

to

the

Saturday

Review,

London,

it

was

a

"model

ofreference

works."

According

to

the

Athenmum,

it

was

a

"thorough and

learned enterprise."

Churchmen,

men

of affairs, journalists, educators,

THE

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA

AND

ITS

MAKERS

A'Becket,

John

Joseph, Ph.D., b. at Portland,

Maine, 1849; d. in

New

York, 20 December, 1911.

Education: Portland

grammar

andhighschools;

Holy

CrossCollege, Worcester,Massachusetts;

Woodstock

College, Maryland.

Became

a Cathohc 1866;

pro-fessor of rhetoric andbelles lettres in various Jesuit

Colleges; foratime

member

ofthe SocietyofJesus;

atone timeeditorialwriteronthe"Evening World",

New

York,

London

correspondentofthe

"New

York

World",

and

hterarycriticonthe "Literary Digest".

Author

ofshortstoriesandessays contributedtothe leading magazines.

ARTICLES:Abb^;Abdias opBabylon;Abecedarians;

Ab-erdeen,Dioceseop;AbbadeRaconis,Charles FRANgoisD*;

Abrahamites;Accessus; Acciajuoli; Accursius,Francesco;

AcEPHALi;AcKERMANN,LEOPOLD; AcTON,CharlesJanuarius;

Acuas;AdalbertI;Adam of Saint Victor;Adelham, John

Placid; Adelophagi; Adeodatus; Agapet.e;Agar, William

Seth; Agnesi,MariaGabtana;Agonistici;Agoult,Charles

Constance C^sar Joseph Matthieud'; Agrippinus; Aguas

Calientes; Aguirre, JosephSaenzde;Alagoas,Dioceseop;

Alamanni,Niccol6; Alberti, LeoneBattista; Albicus,

Sig-ismund;Alcock, John; Aldprith;AlessandriaDellaPaqlia,

Diocese of; Alexander of Abonoteichos; Alexander op

Ltcopolis; Alexians; Alger op Li^ge; Allen, Frances;

Allen, George; Allen, John; Allison, William; Alva y

Astorga, Pedro d'; Amalricians; Ambrose of Camaldoli,

Saint; Amherst, Francis Kerril; Ampubiab, Diocese of;

AjfAGNl, Diocese of; Andrea Pisano; Andreis, FelixDe;

Andria,Dioceseof;Annibale,Giusepped';Anquetil,

Louis-Pierre; Anselme, Antoine; Anthemius; Anthony of the

MotherofGod;Aosta,Dioceseof;Apollinaris (The

El-der);AposTOLici; Aquila, Archdioceseof;Arezzo,Diocese

of;Arne,ThomasAugustine;Asser, John.

Abel,

Reverend

F^lix

Marie,

o.p., s.t.d., s.s.l.,

b. at St. Uze,

Drome,

France, 29 December, 1878.

Education: PreparatorySeminaryofValence, France; St. Stephen's Bibhcal School, Jerusalem. Ordained

1902; Professor of

Church

history (1903-1905), of

Greek (1903- ),

and

of topography, archaeology,

and

Coptic (1905- ) at St. Stephen's Bibhcal

School, Jerusalem;acts asguidefor Scriptural

cara-vans

on

various tours through Palestine, Phoenicia,

Syria,etc., 1906- . Authorof "Croisiereautour

dela

Mer

Morte"; collaboratorin: Vincent, "Jeru-salem, Etudes Arch^ologiques"; Ibid., "Bethlehem,

le Sanctuaue de la Nativity"; "Conferences de St.

Etienne"; contributor of articles on his travels in

Palestine and onPalestinianepigraphy

and

archaeol-ogytothe

"Revue

BibUque".

ARTICLES: Jericho; Jordan,The; Josaphat, Valleyof;

Judea.

Abraham,

Ladislas, ll.d., k.c.s.g., university

professor,b. atSambor, Galicia,Austria, 10 October,

1860. Education:

Gymnasium,

Sambor;Universities of

Cracow

and Berlin.

Began

career ina solicitor's officeinCracow;lecturer incanon lawatthe

Univer-sity of

Cracow

1886; professorofcanon law(1888- ),

deanofthe facultyoflaw (1895) and Rector (1900),

UniversityofLemberg. DirectorofPoMshScientific

Expeditionofthe

Academy

of

Cracow

at

Rome;

mem-berofthe

Academy

ofSciencein

Cracow

andofother scientific associations in Austria; Austrian Court

Councillor; Knight of the Order of the Iron

Crown

(Austria);

Commander

of the Papal Order of St.

Gregory! Authorofnumeroustreatisesand booksin

PoUsh on

canon law

and

theecclesiastical historyof

PolandandRussia,themost importantofwhichare:

"The

Organization of the

Church

in Poland

up

to

theTwelfthCentury" (Lemberg, 1893);

"The

Com-mencement

ofthe Organizationofthe

Roman

Church

inRussia" (Lemberg, 1904);and

"Forms

of

Engage-ment

and Marriagein

Canon

Law".

ARTICLES:Casimir, Saint;Cyriland Methodius,Saints.

Agnes, Sister

Mar?

(McCann),

m.a., Sister of

CharityofCincinnati,b.at Cincinnati,Ohio,24April,

1851. Education:Mt.St.Vincent

Academy

and Ohio

Mechanics Institute, Cincinnati; followed courses

under professors of Mt. St. Mary's Seminary, Price

HiU,Cincinnati, Ohio. EnteredtheCongregationof

Sisters of CharityofCincinnati, 1867; secretaryand

treasurer oftheSistersofCharityofCincinnati

1874r-1877, 1880-1884, 1896-1899, 1905-1908; superior,

annahst and archivist, Mt. St. Vincent

Academy,

Cincionati, 1884^1890, 1902-1906; superior at St.

James Convent,

Bay

City,Michigan, 1890-1891,and

atSt.Raphael'sschool, Springfield,Ohio, 1891-1896; teacher of the graduating class at the above

men-tioned convents; special teacher of Latin, logic,

lit-erature and chemistry, Mt. St. Joseph, Hamilton County, Ohio, 1908- . Author of:

"Mother

Seton"; "Little Blossoms"; "Sketch of

Mother

Margaret Ceciha George"; "History of

Mother

Seton's Daughters:

The

Sisters of Charity of

Cin-cinnati, Ohio"; collaborator in: "History of the

Catholic

Church

in the United States";

"Female

Religious in the United States" (by Sister

Mary

Agnes:

"Mother

Seton'sDaughters"). ARTICLE:SistersopCharityof Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ahaus,

Reverend

Hubert,

Ph.D., d.d., b. at Dordrecht, Holland, 1877. Education: St.Norbert's

Gymnasium,

Heeswijk, Holland; St. Joseph's Col-lege, MillHUl, London;Gregorian University,

Rome.

Ordained 1900; professor of dogmatic theology, St. Joseph'sCollege, MillHill, London, 1903-1912;

pro-fessor atthe

House

ofStudiesofSt.Joseph's Society

for Foreign Missions, Tilburg, Holland, 1912-Author of:

"Our

Lord's Last Will";

"Thought

on

Foreign Missions"; contributorto:

"The

Month"

ARTICLE:Orders,Holt.

Ahem,

Reverend

Michael

Joseph, s.j., a.b., b.in

New

York,25

May,

1877. Education:Cathohc

Grammar

Schools, St. FrancisXavier College,

New

York;

Woodstock

College, Maryland; Massachusetts

Institute ofTechnology; Innsbruck University,

Aus-tria. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1896; professor

ofchemistry, geologyandmechanics,BostonCollege,

Boston, Mass., 1902-1906;professor ofmathematics,

geology and mathematical astronomy,

Woodstock

College, Maryland, 1906-1907; ordained 1910;

pro-fessor of chemistry and geology, Canisius College,

Buffalo, 1911-1914; stationed at St.

Andrew-on-Hudson, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1914-1915; professor

ofchemistryandgeology,BostonCollege,

1915-Member

of"theAmericanAssociationforthe

Advance-ment

of Science, of theAmerican Chemical Society,

AHERNE

ALDASV

SeismologicalSocietyofAmerica,oftheAppalachian

Mountain

Club and of the Geological Society of

Boston. Conducted the Scientific Chronicle of the

"American Catholic QuarterlyReview", 1903-1906; contributorto:

"The

Messenger";

"America"-ARTICLES: InnsbruckUniversitt; Luegeh,Karl,

Aheme, Vert Reverend

Cornelius, b. in Co. Cork, Ireland, 1861. Education: private schools;

Birkbeck Institute; St. Joseph's College, Mill Hill;

matriculated at

London

University. Entered the

CivilService 1880, beingemployedforthemostpart

atthe

Government

AnalyticalLaboratory;attended at the

same

timeSt.

Edward

Franckland'sand

Pro-fessorJapp'slecturesoninorganicandorganic

chem-istry at the Royal School of Mines and College of

Science, South Kensington; studiedfor the

mission-ary priesthood; ordained 1889; professor of physical

science and introduction to

Holy

Scripture (1889—

1891), of physical science and scholastic philosophy

(1891-1897), of dogmatic theology (1897-1900),

rector (1904- ), andatpresentprofessor of

New

Testament exegesis, St. Joseph's College, Mill HOI,

London. Contributor to: "Dublin Review";

"The

Month"; "The

Tablet":

"Weekly

Register";

col-laborator in: "Anthropos .

ARTICLES:Colossians, Epistleto;Commentarieson the

Bible; Corinthians, Epistleto the; Est, Willem Hessels

van;Galatians, Epistle to the; Hosanna;Luke,Gospelof

Saint; Pasch orPassover;SonofGod; SonofMan;

Tim-othyANDTitus, Epistlesto.

Aherne,

Reverend

James, b. near Fermoy,

Co. Cork, Ireland, 9 July, 1867. Education:

Ire-land. Ordained 1890; has occupied various parishes

inthediocese of

Omaha,

Nebraska;at present, rector,

St. Agnes Church, South

Omaha.

ASTICLE: Omaha, Dioceseof.

Aiken,

Reverend

Charles

Francis,s.t.d., a.b.,

b. inBoston, Mass.,8April, 1863. Education:

Som-erviJle, Mass.,

grammar

and high schools;

Harvard

University; St. John's Theological Seminary,

Brigh-ton,Mass.;Catholic University,Washington.

Teach-er of Classics,HeathcoteSchool, Buffalo,N.Y.,

1884-1886; studiedforthe priesthood 1886-1890; ordained 1890; employed in parish

work

1892-1895; studied

abroad 1895-1897; instructor (1897-1900), assistant

professor (1900-1906), andordinaryprofessor

(1906-) of apologetics at the CathoUo University,

Washington; deanoftheFacultyof Theology

1909-1911, 1913- .

Gave

course of lectures

on

"Ori-entalReligionsandChristianity",CathoHc

Summer

School,CliffHaven,

New

York,1913.

Member

ofthe

Advisory Council of the Simphfied Spelhng Board.

Author of:

"The

Dhamma

of

Gotama

the

Buddha

and

the Gospel of Jesus Christ" (Boston, 1900;

French translation, Paris, 1903); contributor to:

"Catholic University Bulletin"; "American

Ecclesi-asticalReview";"American CathoUc Quarterly

Re-view";"CatholicWorld".

ARTICLES:Apologetics; Brahminism;Buddhism; Confu-cianism;Hinduism;Jainism;Manu, Lawsof;Mencius;

Mono-theism;NfevE,Felix; Religion.

AimSe

de Marie, Sister. Monastery of the Precious Blood, St. Hyacinthe, Canada.

ARTICLE:Precious Blood, SistersAdorersof the.

Albers,

Reverend

Petrus

Hbnricus, s.j., b. at

Cranenburg, Cleves, Germany, 13 April, 1856.

Ed-ucation:

Gymnasium

at Gemert, North Brabant;

Jesuit scholasticates. Emigrated withhis family to

Holland 1870; entered the Society ofJesus 1880; at

the completionof his studies,tooka coursein

Church

historyatInnsbruckunder

Ludwig

Pastor; ordained 1893; appointed professor of Church history at the College of the Society of Jesus, Maastricht, 1896.

Member

of the Historical Society of Utrecht, the Literary Society of Leyden, the Association for the

PromotingofScience

among

Catholics,

and

member

of the administrative board of the Historical

and

Archaeological Societj' of the Province of Limburg. Authorof:

"Het

Herstel derHierarchiein de

Neder-landen",in2parts (Nimwegen, 1903^1904);

"Hand-boek der Algemeene Kerkgeschiedenis", in 2 parts

(Nimwegen, 1905-1907), translated into French,

Latin, ItaUan, Spanish, and English;

and

"Levens-geschiedenis van Pater Roothaan"; collaborator in: "Vivat's Encyclop^die"; "Nederlandsch

Biograph-isch

Woordenboek"

;

"Het

Jaarboekjevan Alberdingk

Thijm"; and "Archiefvoor deGeschiedenis

van

het

Aartsbisdom Utrecht"; contributor for

many

years

tothe "Studien".

ARTICLES: Gorkum, Martyrs of; Holland; Lambert, Saint,Bishop ofMaestricht;Lidwina, Saint; Schaepman, Herman;Thijm,JosephAlbert;Thum, PeterPaul;Vondel,

joostvanden.

Albert,

Reverend

Francis

Xavibr

Edward,

Ph.D., b. in

New

York, 5 February, 1879.

Edu-cation: Assumption parochial school.

New

York;

St. Francis College, Cincinnati, Ohio; St. Joseph's

Seminary, Yonkers, N. Y.; CathoUc University,

Washington,D.

C;

Gregorianand Sapienza Univer-sities,

Rome,

Italy. Ordained, 1903; teacher. Old TestamentLiterature, St. Joseph's Seminary,

1906-1907; 1909-1915; rector,

Church

of St. Boniface,

New

York, 1915- . Contributor to: "Catholic

UniversityBulletin";

"Revue

de1'Orient Chretien".

ARTICLES:Aphraates;Authentic;Authenticityofthe

Bible; Azotus; Azymes; Barac; Barjesus; Bahtolocci,

GiuLio; Battista, Giovanni Guida; Benjamin; Bbsbleel;

Laban;LeCamus,Emile-Paul;Loavesof Proposition; Lot.

Albert,

Peter

Pattl, Ph.D., b. at Steinbach,

Baden, 29 January, 1862. Education:

grammar

school,

Amorbach;

Gynmasiums

ofAschaffenburg

and

Landshut; Universities of Freiburg-im-Breisgau,

Wiirzburg,

and

Munich. Assistant, Grand-Ducal

General Public Archives, Karlsruhe, 1889-1893;

archivist,Freiburg-im-Breisgau,1894^ .

Member

of the

Baden

Historical Commission; Knight ofthe

ZahringenOrderofthe Lion. Authorof: "Matthias Doring" (1889); "Geschichte der Stadt Radolfzell"

(1896); "Steinbach b.

Mudau"

(1899);

"Baden

zwischenNeckar

und

Main"

(1901);

"Die

Geschicht-schreibung der Stadt Freiburg" (1902); "Schloss

Burgheim

am

Rhein"

(1904);

"Die

Schiller

von

Herdern" (1905);

"Die Odenwaldbahn

Mosbach-Mudau"

(1906);

"Die

Schneeburg ob Ebringen"

(1909);

"Der

Meister E. S." (1910); editor of:

"Freiburger Munsterblatter"; "Freiburger

Zeit-schriftfur Geschichts-,Altertums-

und

Volkskunde".

ARTICLES: Hamburg; Hanover.

Aldasy, Antal, ph.n., b. at Budapest, 25 Sep-tember, 1869. Education: University of Budapest;

Institute for Austrian Historical Research, Vienna.

Assistantandsubsequentlyarchivist,Libraryof

Hun-garianNational

Museum,

Budapest, 1894-1912;

pro-fessor of medieval history. University of Budapest,

1912- .

Has

spent several years in historical

research

work

intheVatican Archives.

Correspond-ing

member,

Hungarian

Academy

of Sciences; a

director of the Hungarian Historical Society;

Hun-garian CathoUc Authors'

and

JournaUsts' Society;

adirectorandsecretaryoftheHungarian Societyof

Genealogy and Heraldry;

member

of the Literary

andScientific Section and a director of St. Stephen

Society;decorationProEcclesiaet Pontifice. Author

of:

"Az

17076vi6nodiorszaggyiilfetort&ete"

(Buda-pest, 1895);

"A

nyugati

nagy

egyhdzszakadds

tor-t&ete 1378-1383" (Budapest, 1896);

"Az

1409 6vi

cividalei zsinat tortgnete" (Budapest, 1896);

"Az

1412-1413 6vi r6mai zsinat tort^nete" (Budapest, 1900);

"A

gorog bucsu ugye a baseU zsinaton" (Budapest, 1909);

"Zsigmond

kirdly viszonya

Mi-lan6hoz6s Velenc6hez" (Budapest, 1909).

ARTICLES: Apostolic Majesty; Gran, Archdiocese of-Grosswardein; Gtor; Haynald, Lajos;Hungary;Hunyady

SAn-UDISLAS ABRAHAM

SR.

MARY

AGNES

REV.

MICHAFX

J.

AHKRN

V. REV. C.

AHERNE

REV. <Msfi1 - I '.11 REV. PETER H. MF.EPi

REV. J. ALVAREZ

CRESPO

REV. AlVlADO [IE

CONTRERAS

KCN. FRANCIS A. ANGLIN

ALLARD

ALVARADO

"DORAND KArolt;MahqabetofHcngart,Blessed;Matthias CoRviNus,King; MunkXcs; Neusohl; Neutra; OlAh,

Nico-iiAus; Prat, George; RosENAti; RoskovAnyi, August;

Sir-mium;Steinamangbh; Stdhlweissenbusg;SzAnt6, Stephan;

SzatmXh; SzentitAnyi, Martin; Transylvania; VeszprSm;

Waitzen; Zenqq-Modrds;Zips.

Allard,

Marie

JulesTaul,

k.c.s.g.,b.atRouen,

France, 15September, 1841; d.at Senneville-sur-Mer,

nearFdoamp,4December, 1916. Education:

Institu-tionJoin-Lambert, Boisguillaume, nearRouen.

Sub-stitutejudge,Rouen,1872-1883;editor of

"Revue

des

questions historiques", Paris, 1903-1915. President of the Congress of Catholics of

Normandy,

1883,

1885; participated in the International Catholic

Scientific Congress, Paris, 1888, 1891, and Brussels,

1894.

Member

of: the

Academy

of Rouen; the

Academy

of the Catholic Rehgion (Rome); the

Pontifical

Academy

of Archseology (Rome). Author

of: "Les esclaves chr^tiensdepuislespremierstemps

de I'Eglise jusqu'S, lafin de la domination romaine

en Occident" (1876); "L'art chriStien sous les

em-pereurs paiens" (1879); "Esclaves serfs et main-mortables" (1884); "Histoire des persecutions de

I'Eghse", 5 vols. (1885-1890); "Paul

Lamache"

(1893);

"Le

christianisme et I'Empire romain"

(1897);"Saint Basile" (1898); "Julien I'Apostat", 3

vols. (1900);

"Dix

legons sur le martyre" (1905);

"Saint Sidoine ApolUnaire" (1910); "Les origines

du

servage en France" (1913); collaborator in: Cabrol, "Dictionnaire d'arch^ologie chr^tienneet de

liturgie"; d'Al§s, "Dictionnaire d'Apolog^tique".

ABTICLE: Slavery.

Allaria,

Right

Reverend

Anthony,

can.Heg.Lat.,

D.D., abbotof San Teodoro, Genoa, b. at

Mohni

di

Triora, Liguria, Italy, 23 Jan., 1853. Education:

House

ofStudies ofthe

Canons

Regular, SanPietro

in Vincoli,

Rome.

Ordained 1875; has passed his

religioushfepreachingandteaching, in Italy,France,

England and

Germany,

being professor of theology

and

philosophy for twentyyears; has held the posts

ofmasterof clerics, prior, provincial, and socius to

thevisitorgeneralof hisorder.

At

present,examiner

of clergyandconfessorofnuns.ArchdioceseofGenoa;

chaplain to the CathoUc

Enghsh

Seamen's Mission,

Genoa

andthe English speaking colony. Author of

numerous

pamphlets and articles in reviews and newspapersin Italian, French, and EngUsh.

ARTICLES:Canons andCanonesses,Regular; Peter db

HoNESTis; Peter Fourier, Saint; Peter Nolasco, Saint;

Peter of Arbues, Saint; Peter of Verona, Saint; Saint

Andrew's, Prioryof;Sainte-Genevieve, Abbey of;

Saint-Victor,Abbeyof;TJbaldus, Saint;Vernazza,Tommasina.

Allies,

Mart

Helen

Agnes, elder daughter of

Thomas

W.

Allies, k.c.s.g., writer, b.at Henley in

Arden, Warwickshire, England, 2 Feb., 1852.

Edu-cation:

Convent

ofthe

Holy

Child,St.

Leonard's-on-Sea,England;VisitationConvent,rued'Enfer, Paris.

Secretarytoher father 1872-1890;atpresentresident inLondon. Author of: "Lifeof Pius

VII"

(1875);

"Three

Catholic Reformers" (1876); "Leaves from

St. Augustine" (1886); "Leaves from St. John

Chrysostom"

(1887); "Letters of St. Augustine"

(1889);"Historyofthe

Church

inEngland",2vols.

(1892-1895); "Treatise on

Holy

Images (St. John

Damascene)"

(1900);

"The

Heiress of Cronenstein,

adapted from the

German

from Countess

Hahn

Hahn"

(1899);

"Thomas

William Alhes" (1907);

contributor to: "Catholic World"; "Catholic

Quar-terly"; "Dublin Review"; "L'Univers";"Questions historiques".

ABTICLE: Allies,ThomasWilliam.

Almond, Reverend

Joseph

Cuthbert,

o.s.b.,

b. atLiverpool, England, 17 August, 1852.

Educa-tion:AmpleforthCollege,York;St. Michael'sPriory,

Belmont; Ampleforth Abbey. ReceivedBenedictine habit 1870; ordained 1877; professor of chemistry,

Ampleforth College; missionary

and

parish

work

1878-1894; professor of moral theology, Ampleforth Abbey, 1894-1898; superiorofParker'sHall,Oxford, theAmpleforth

House

of Studies,1909-1913;assistant

priest, St. Joseph's, Brindle, England, 1913- ;

present censor librorum of the English Benedictine Congregation. Designedaltarsat Brindleand

War-rington andotherarchitecturalworks; has published

many

etchings oncopper and illustrations in

maga-zines. Author of:

"The

Plistory of Ampleforth

Abbey";

editor of the "Ampleforth Journal" since its commencement, 1895; contributor to:

"Ample-forthJournal";

"Downside

Review".

ARTICLES: Mechitar; Mechitarists; Oates's Plot; Ob-LATi,Oblate, Oblates; Olivetans; Ramsey Abbey; Reading

Abbey.

Aloysio,

Reverend

Mother,

b. at the Hague,

1852. Education: Franciscan Academy,Rosendaal,

Holland. Enteredthe orderoftheSistersofCharity

of

Our

Lady Mother

of

Mercy

atTilburg, Holland,

two years after graduation; after her profession taught in the

Normal

Training School of her order at Tilburg; novice-mistressat Tilburg 1884; sentto

theUnitedStatesasSuperiorofthe

Academy

ofthe

Holy

Family, Baltic, Connecticut, 1897; returned to

Holland 1909; atpresent superiorof the conventof

her orderat Bois-le-Duc, Holland.

ARTICLE:Charity, Sistersof,ofOurLadyMotherof Mercy.

Alston,

Reverend George

Cyprian, o.s.b., b.

at Victoria, B.

C,

in 1869. Education: Merchant

Taylors' School, London, England; Belmont

Cathe-dral Priory; Downside Abbey, Bath. Joined the

Anglican "Father Ignatius" at Llanthony Priory 1888;

became

a

member

of the Society of St.

John

the Evangelist ("CowleyFathers") at Oxford 1895; received into the Catholic Church and entered the Benedictine Order 1898; professed 1900; ordained 1906;editor of the

"Downside Review"

1906-1909;

assistant priest at St. Anthony's, East Dulwich,

London, 1909- . Contributor to:

"Downside

Review".

ARTICLES: B^nard, Laurent;Benedict,Ruleof Saint;

Benedictbeuehn, Abbey of; Benedictine Order; Blosius,

FRANgoia-Louis; Booking,Edward; Bossu,Jacques Le;

Boy-Bishop;CantateSunday; Chapel; Cluny,Congregationof;

Convent;ConventSchools; Corbie,Monasteryof;Corvey, Abbey of; Crutched Friars; Deusdedit,Saint; Dinooth,

Saint;Dissentis,Abbeyof;Donnan,Saint;Drostan, Saint;

EcHTERNACH, Abbey of; Einbiedeln, Abbey of; Emmeram,

Abbey op Saint; Engelberg, Abbey of; Estiennot de la

Serre, Claude; Evesham Abbey; Fontenelle, Abbey of;

FoNTFROlDE, Abbey OF; Gall, Abbey OP Saint; Garland;

Gaudete Sunday; General Chapter; Glebe; Goscelin;

Hairshirt; Hirschau, Abbey of; Itinerarium; Jubilate

Sunday; JudicaSunday; JuMifcoES, Benedictine Abbeyof;

L.ETARE Sunday;Llanthony Priory; LowSunday;

Monas-teries, Double; Responsorium; Rood; Saint Augustine,

Abbeyof;SainivDenis,Abbeyof;Sanctuary; Schola

Can-torum; Sediha; Sherborne Abbey; Solesmes, Abbey of;

Vaast, Abbeyop Saint; Walsinqham, Thomas;

Way

ofthe

Cross;Westminster Abbey; WilliamofJumiIiges;Xim^nez,

de Cisneros, Francisco Cardinal.

Alvarado,

Very

Reverend

TomjIs Antonio, canon of the cathedral, Cuenca, Ecuador, b. in

Cuenca, 18September, 1860. Education: Christian Brothers College and the Ecclesiastical Seminary,

Cuenca. While still a student,

named

superior of

the Seminary and professor of grammar, literature,

religion,French, andLatin,anddirector ofaliterary

academy;ordained 1886;

named Dean

oftheFaculty

of Philosophy at the University of Azuay; canon

1893; exiled for a time

by

the governmentfor

pro-testingagainst thelaw

"El

Patronato" 1898.

Among

his official charges have been those of Municipal

Councillor and

Commissary

of the Fiscal

Revenue

Commission; was twice elected

Deputy

to the

Na-tionalCongress, eachtimedeclining to serve. Author

of: "Est6tica literaria", "Ortologia francesa"

and

"Versificaci6n francesa", whichhave been accepted

astext-books in several schools; also ofa

number

of

ALVAREZ

ARBEZ

Heinado Eucaristico_"; contributor to:

"El

Heraldo

de la Euoaristia"; "Boletln Literaria";

"Los

Prin-cipios Cat61ioos".

ABTICLE: Cuenca, Dioceseof.

Alvarez,

Reverend

Josfi MaeIa, o.p., b. in the ProvinceofBurgos, Spain, 16 March, 1871.

Educa-tion: Burgos; St.

Thomas

College, Avila, Spain.

Entered the Dominican Order 1886; ordained 1895; missionaryin thePhilippines, 1895, and in

Formosa

1895-1904; prefect Apostohc of Shikoku, Japan,

1904- . Contributorto:"CorreoSino-Anamita '

'

;

"Misiones Cat61icas de Barcelona"; "Anales de la

Propagaci6n delaF6"; Boletlnde laReal Sociedad GeogrificadeEspana".

AKTICLE:Shi-kokit.

Alvarez Crespo,

Reverend

JtjaNj cm., b. in

Orense, Spain, 5 March, 1871. Education:Seminary

of Orense; Lazarist

House

of Studies, Madrid.

En-tered theCongregationofthe Mission 1888; ordained

andtransferred to

Cuba

1895; studied Englishinthe

UnitedStates, at the

same

timeteaching philosophy

in St. Vincent's Seminary, Philadelphia, 1900;

re-turnedtoMatanzas,Cuba, 1901; at differentperiods

of hislifehas taught philosophy, history,the natural

sciences, and Uterature, particularly that of Spain;

ecclesiasticalcensorofthediocese of

Havana;

rector

of the College of the Sacred Heart, Matanzas; at present Visitor of the Congregation in the Province

of Antilles. Contributorto: "Diariodela

Marina"

(Havana); "Juventud" (Matanzas), a literary

re-viewofwhich he is the founder;

"Pro

Patria"-AKTICLE: Havana,Dioceseof.

Alves Martins,

Right

Reverend

Jos£, d.d..

Bishopof

Cape

Verde. Education:Portuguese

Sem-inaryforForeign Missions. Missionaryinthe

Congo

1898-1908; chancellor of the diocese of Angola

and

Congo, resident at Loanda, 1909-1910; Bishop of

Cape

Verde 1910- . Twice

commended by

ec-clesiastical authorities andonce

by

the government

for his servicesasa missionaryintheCongo.

Trans-lated intoKikongo: "Catechismo de doutrina

chris-ta";

"Mez

de Maria";

"Resumo

da Historia

Bib-Hca*'.

ARTICLE: SaoThiago deCaboVehde.

Amado

de Contreras,

Reverend

Ram6n

Rtjiz,

S.J.,B.A., iJtt.L., ph.L., J.U.D., writer, b. at CasteUo

d'Ampurias, Catalonia, Spain, January 14, 1861.

Education: UniversityofBarcelona;Jesuit

Scholasti-cates ofVeruela andTortosa. Practised law

1881-1884; entered the Society of Jesus 1884; ordained

and appointed teacher of humanities, Latin, and Greek atthe Veruela Scholasticate 1896; spent sev-eralyearsinhterary

work

intheinterests ofeducation

and

in travelling in

Germany

(Berlin), England

(London), Argentina,Uruguay, and Chile,

making

a

special study of the educational systems of these

countries;associate editor of''Raz6n y Fe"1906-19 10

;

transferredtoSt.IgnatiusCollege, Sarrid,Barcelona,

forthe founding of the review

"La

Educaci6n

His-pano Americana", 1910.

One

ofthe foundersofthe

"Academia

Universitaria Cat61ica" at Madrid, and

for atimeitsprofessor ofhigherpedagogy. Author

of:

"La

Educaoi6n moral";

"La

Educaci6n

intelec-tual"; "

La

Educaci6nreligiosa "; "

La

Educaci6n de

laCastidad"; "Historia de laeducacidn

y

la

Peda-gogia ";"Educaoi6n

Femenina

' ' ; "Educaci6ncivica' ' ;

Didactica 6 elArtedeensenar";

"La

Maestraoris-tiana"; "Conferencias Apolog^ticas (Los Peligrosde laFe.

HeperdidolaFe!

El

Modernismo

religiose)";

"LaPiedad

ilustrada";

"Epitome

de Apologetica";

"Compendio

de Historia Universal";

"Compendio

de Historia de Espana";

"El

Secreto delExito";

"El

SecretodelaFelicidad";

"La

Iglesia

y

lalibertadde

ensenanza"; "Asc6tica Ignaciana";several ofwhich

have been translated into Italian, French,

and

other languages;

"La

Historia de los

Papas"

(tr.

fromthe

German

of

Ludwig

Pastor);

"El

Compen-dio de Historia eclesidstica" (tr. from the

German

of J. Marx); "Catecismo popular explanado" (tr.

from the

German

of Franz Spirago);

"HomoMtica"

(tr.fromthe

German

ofAlbertMeyenberg);

contribu-tor ofnumerous articles to

"Raz6n

y

Fe"

regarding

the educational systems of England,

Germany,

Ar-gentina,Uruguay, and Chile.

ARTICLES: AlcalA, Univeksitt op; BtrLL-FioHT, The

Spanish; Castileand Ahagon;Catalonia;Guadix; Huelgas

DEBuHGOs; IsabellaI,theCatholic; Leon;Minorca;

Mon-DONEDo; Orense; Ohihuela;Osma; Oviedo; Palencia;

Pam-plona; Plasencia; Salamanca; Salamanca, University of;

Santander;Saragossa;Segorbe; Segovia; Seville; Siguenza;

SiGUENZA,Univehsity;Spain;Tarazona; Tarragona; Teruel;

Todela; Tuy; Urgel; Valencia; Valladolid; Valladolid,

Universityof;Vich; Vitoeia; Viva, Domenico; Zamoha.

Anger,

Henry,

Litt.B.,B.sc.

ARTICLE:Delacroix, Febdinand-Victob-EitgJine.

Anglin,

Hon.

Francis

Alexander,

b.a., eldest

son of the late T.

W.

AngUn, sometime Speaker of the Canadian

House

of

Commons,

b. at St. John,

New

Brunswick, 1865. Education: St. Mary's

College, Montreal; University of Ottawa. Called

to the Bar of Ontario 1888; married Harriet I.,

daughterofthelateArchibaldEraser, of Fraserfield,

Glengarry, Ontario, 1892; King's Counsel 1902;

PuisneJudgeExchequerDivision ofthe

High

Court

of Justice of Ontario 1904; Justice of the

Supreme

Court of Canada, 1909- ; resident in Ottawa.

Authorof:"Trustees' Limitations

and

otherRelief" (Toronto, 1910).

ARTICLE: Ontario.

Antoine, Sister

Mart,

Holy

Cross

Academy,

Washington,D.C.

ARTICLE: HolyCross, Sisters of the.

Antoinette,

Mother,

Nazareth Convent, Vic-toria,Texas.

ARTICLE:Incarnate

Word

and Blessed Sacrament,

Or-derof the.

Antonia, Sister(Goeb),Sister ofthePoorof St.

Francis, b. at Montjoie, nearAachen, Germany, 24

June, 1837. EnteredtheCongregationoftheSisters of thePoorof St. Francis 1856; stationedinvarious houses ofher orderintheUnited States 1860-1875;

assistant superior St. Clara's Convent, Hartwell,

Cincinnati,Ohio, 1875-1917.

ARTICLE:PoorofSt.Francis, Sistersof the.

Appleton,

Robert,

b. in

New

York, 30 Sep-tember, 1864, son of Daniel Appleton, founder of

the publishinghouse of D. Appleton and

Company,

and direct descendant of

Samuel

Appleton

who

emigrated from England in 1624 and settled in

Ipswich, Mass. Education: St. Paul's School,

Con-cord,

New

Hampshire; YaleUniversity,

New

Haven,

Connecticut. Enteredthe

employ

of Daniel

Apple-tonand

Company,

pubhshers,becoming head ofthe

subscription department; conceived the plan of

Appleton's Scientific Library; one of the organizers

and president of the Robert Appleton

Company,

publishers of the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1903-1914;

resident in

New

York.

Member

of the University

Club and

New

York

Athletic Club; trustee of the

American DefenseSociety.

Arbez,

Reverend Edward

Philip, s.s., m.a., b.

in Paris, 16

May,

1881. Education: Preparatory

Seminary of L'Argentifere

and

Seminary of Alix,

France; St. Sulpice, Paris; special course in Sacred

ScriptureandSemitic languages, St.Austin's College

and the Cathohc University, Washington, D.C.

Ordained 1904; professorofapologetics (1904-1905),