Fire Fighting Equipments Ramki

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INDEX

The Andhra Petrochemicals limited Introduction

Definitions

Anatomy of Fire

Fire Triangle or Pyramid

Class of Fire

Emergency Fire Fighting

Fire Protection in Petrochemical Industry

Fire Drills

Fire Risk of Electricity

Abbreviations

Bibliography

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INTRODUCTION

The Andhra Petrochemicals Limited is a Joint Venture company of the Andhra The Andhra Petrochemicals Limited is a Joint Venture company of the Andhra Su

Sugagars rs LiLimimiteted d anand d AnAndhdhra ra PrPradadesesh h InInduduststririal al DeDevevelolopmpmenent t CoCorprpororatatioion n toto ma

manunufafactucture re 3636,0,000 00 MTMTPA PA capcapaciacity ty of of OxOxo-o-AlAlcocohoholsls. . ThThe e lolow-w-prpresessusure re oxoxoo technology jointly developed by Union Carbide Corporation Davy McKee – Johnson technology jointly developed by Union Carbide Corporation Davy McKee – Johnson matthey. The company was incorporated in 1988, with the capital investment of 150 matthey. The company was incorporated in 1988, with the capital investment of 150 crores. The first product was commenced during the year 1993. The annual turnover of crores. The first product was commenced during the year 1993. The annual turnover of the plant is 180 crores.

the plant is 180 crores.

The plant is situated in 75 acres site at Visakhapatnam. In which 30acres is The plant is situated in 75 acres site at Visakhapatnam. In which 30acres is plant and remaining is green belt. The location of the plant is away from the plant and remaining is green belt. The location of the plant is away from the city and near the sea. Site is 7 km away from the National Highway for the city and near the sea. Site is 7 km away from the National Highway for the transportation of the products by the road tankers. The site is leased from transportation of the products by the road tankers. The site is leased from Visakhapatnam Port Trust with renewal options. The major advantage of site Visakhapatnam Port Trust with renewal options. The major advantage of site is

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OXO – ALCOHOLS PLANT

A unique Oxo–Alcohols Plant in the south India, Designed by DAVY McKee A unique Oxo–Alcohols Plant in the south India, Designed by DAVY McKee Lim

Limitedited, ENGLA, ENGLAND with TATND with TATA HONEY WELA HONEY WELL TDC 3000 L TDC 3000 and EXPand EXPERIERIONON Dis

Distritributbuted ed concontrotrol l sysystestem m to to havhave e betbetter ter concontrotrol l of of the the plaplant. nt. AdoAdoptipting ng the the low low-- pressure technique to produce 2 Ethyl Hexanol, N- Butanol and I-Butanol at the total pressure technique to produce 2 Ethyl Hexanol, N- Butanol and I-Butanol at the total

capacity of 36,000 MTPA by using Naphtha and Propylene as the raw materials. capacity of 36,000 MTPA by using Naphtha and Propylene as the raw materials.

The name Oxo process indicates that conversion of

The name Oxo process indicates that conversion of αα - Olefins to Aldehydes- Olefins to Aldehydes and/or alcohols containing an additional carbon atom i.e., propylene reacts and/or alcohols containing an additional carbon atom i.e., propylene reacts with synthesis gas to produce Butyraldehyde and consequently into Butanols. with synthesis gas to produce Butyraldehyde and consequently into Butanols. Low press

Low pressure ure Oxo ProcesOxo Process s has has beebeen n adoadoptepted d to to achachievieve e betbetterter-fee-feed d stostock ck advantage and maximize the production of Normal Butyraldehyde over Iso advantage and maximize the production of Normal Butyraldehyde over Iso Butyraldehyde.

Butyraldehyde.

Campaign operation of alcohols plant enables a significant reduction in Capital Campaign operation of alcohols plant enables a significant reduction in Capital

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Hydrogenation of individual N – Butyraldehyde and I – Butyraldehyde, produce two Hydrogenation of individual N – Butyraldehyde and I – Butyraldehyde, produce two other Alcohols N – Butanol and I – Butanol on campaign basis, respectively.

other Alcohols N – Butanol and I – Butanol on campaign basis, respectively. Raw materials and products are stored in off sites.

Raw materials and products are stored in off sites.

Cooling water, DM water, Steam, Instrument air, Nitrogen and Electricity are supplied Cooling water, DM water, Steam, Instrument air, Nitrogen and Electricity are supplied from Utilities.

from Utilities.



Product Uses

1)

1) 2-2-ETETHYHYL HEL HEXAXANONOLL

2)

2) 2-2-ETETHYHYL HL HEXEXANANOLOL

P

Prroodduucctt UUssee

Di

Diococtytyl l PhPhththalalate ate PlasPlastiticiciseser r in in PVPVC C prprododucuctitionon.M.Maiainn general purpose plasticiser for both general purpose plasticiser for both Vinyl &

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DEFINITIONS

Fire Vehicles:

Fire Vehicles: are mobile vehicles meant for transporting equipment /fire fightingare mobile vehicles meant for transporting equipment /fire fighting agents / fire fighting crew to the site of fire / other emergency.

agents / fire fighting crew to the site of fire / other emergency.

Foam :

Foam :are an are an agaggrgregegatate e of of aiair r fifillelled d bububbbbles that les that wiwill ll flofloat at on on ththe e susurfarface ce of of aa fla

flammmmabable le liliququid id . . ThThey ey are are mamade de frofrom m aeraeratated ed sosolulutitionons s of of wawateter r anand d a a prpropoper er prop

proportioortion n of foam of foam concenconcentrate. Foam forms trate. Foam forms a a cohescohesive floating blanket on ive floating blanket on the liquidthe liquid surface that extinguishes the fire by mothering an cooling the fuel. They also prevent surface that extinguishes the fire by mothering an cooling the fuel. They also prevent re-ignition of combustibles mixtures of vapour and air.

re-ignition of combustibles mixtures of vapour and air.

Foam Tender:

Foam Tender: is a mobile fire tender consisting of pump, foam proportioning system,is a mobile fire tender consisting of pump, foam proportioning system, fo

foam am momoninitotor, r, wawateter r anand d fofoam am cocompmpouound nd tatank nk whwhicich h cacan n gegenenerarate te fofoam am fofor r blanketing / fire fighting

blanketing / fire fighting

DCP Tender:

DCP Tender: is a mobile fire vehicle consisting of Dry Chemical Powder Vessels,is a mobile fire vehicle consisting of Dry Chemical Powder Vessels, Ni

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bulk for the purpose of distributing such liquids by tankers

bulk for the purpose of distributing such liquids by tankers pipelines, tank wagons, tank pipelines, tank wagons, tank trucks, portable tanks or containers constitutes an oil terminal.

trucks, portable tanks or containers constitutes an oil terminal. Wharf:

Wharf: The area at the dock basin where ancillary facilities such as crane, warehouseThe area at the dock basin where ancillary facilities such as crane, warehouse etc. are provided for serving the ship.

etc. are provided for serving the ship. Jetty:

Jetty: The actual frontage of the wharf where the tender system is attached for theThe actual frontage of the wharf where the tender system is attached for the vessels to berth.

vessels to berth. Pier :

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THE ANATOMY OF FIRE

Oxidation or combustion processes of fire are dynamic, continuously reacting Oxidation or combustion processes of fire are dynamic, continuously reacting process. They are unbalanced and unsatisfied systems containing energy seeking an process. They are unbalanced and unsatisfied systems containing energy seeking an equilibrium between the molecules of the reactants of the system to a lower less active equilibrium between the molecules of the reactants of the system to a lower less active level of energy. In the course of this procedure they give off heat energy in the form of level of energy. In the course of this procedure they give off heat energy in the form of fire and flame. These processes are initiated by a small input of activation energy fire and flame. These processes are initiated by a small input of activation energy (spark) to start the reaction, after which propagation (flame spread) continues as long as (spark) to start the reaction, after which propagation (flame spread) continues as long as there is supply of energy (fuel) and a reactant (oxygen) for consumption of a union to a there is supply of energy (fuel) and a reactant (oxygen) for consumption of a union to a more satisfied, lower level or energy (ash).

more satisfied, lower level or energy (ash).

Physics And Chemistry Of Combustion

The reactions which occur during combustion and burning are chain reactions The reactions which occur during combustion and burning are chain reactions which branch off or fragment into very active chemical species called free radicals. The which branch off or fragment into very active chemical species called free radicals. The free radi

free radicalcals s are very reactare very reactiveive, , ununstastable ble comcombinbinatiations of atoms whicons of atoms which h are onlyare only temporarily present and immediately link up with other atoms to form more stable temporarily present and immediately link up with other atoms to form more stable

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engine by compressing the air to such an extent as to burn the fuel when engine by compressing the air to such an extent as to burn the fuel when injected.

injected.

iii.

iii. Heat by Heat by ElecElectrictricity :ity : As electricity flows through a conductor, heat isAs electricity flows through a conductor, heat is produced. If the cable is large enough to carry the current the heat produced produced. If the cable is large enough to carry the current the heat produced will be harmlessly dissipated, on the other hand if the cable is small and the will be harmlessly dissipated, on the other hand if the cable is small and the curren

current is t is more, it will produce excessivmore, it will produce excessive heat e heat and will create a and will create a serioserious fireus fire risk. To prevent such incidence correct size fuse or proper circuit breakers to risk. To prevent such incidence correct size fuse or proper circuit breakers to be installed in the circuit.

be installed in the circuit.

iv.

iv. Heat from Chemical Action :Heat from Chemical Action : A strong acid will produce considerable heatA strong acid will produce considerable heat when water is added to

when water is added to it, even time for it, even time for instaninstance will ce will generagenerate enough heatte enough heat to ignite combustible materials when water is added to it. Now a days to ignite combustible materials when water is added to it. Now a days various chemicals are used in industries as a result fire in industries have various chemicals are used in industries as a result fire in industries have increased manifold due to carelessness or accidental mixing of chemicals increased manifold due to carelessness or accidental mixing of chemicals which infact releases excessive heat. A striking example Is glycerine and which infact releases excessive heat. A striking example Is glycerine and potassium permanganate when these two chemicals comes in contact first potassium permanganate when these two chemicals comes in contact first

fum

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Ignition Temperature

The temperatures at which combustion can take place fall into three categories, The temperatures at which combustion can take place fall into three categories, namely, Flash Point, Fire Point

namely, Flash Point, Fire Point and Spontaneous Ignition Temperature.and Spontaneous Ignition Temperature.

a.

a. Flash Point :Flash Point : At At cercertaitain n temtemperperatuature, the vapore, the vapor given off by a r given off by a liqliquid wiluid willl “Flash” momentarily on the application of a

“Flash” momentarily on the application of a small flame but will not small flame but will not continue tocontinue to burn. There are several types of apparatus for determining flash point (Abel, burn. There are several types of apparatus for determining flash point (Abel,

Pensky-Martyn) Pensky-Martyn)

b.

b. Fire Point :Fire Point : This may be defined as the lowest temperature at which the heatThis may be defined as the lowest temperature at which the heat from the combustion of a burning vapor is capable of

from the combustion of a burning vapor is capable of producing sufficient vapor producing sufficient vapor to enable the combustion to continue. It will be seen that the difference between to enable the combustion to continue. It will be seen that the difference between flash point and fire point is that the flash point temperature is only the required flash point and fire point is that the flash point temperature is only the required to produce vapor to enable a momentary flash to take place where as the fire to produce vapor to enable a momentary flash to take place where as the fire poin

point t tempetemperature has rature has to be to be high enough to produce sufficient vapor to high enough to produce sufficient vapor to sustsustainain the

the reacreactiotion, n, so so thathat t the the subsubstastance nce concontintinues ues to to burburn n indindepeependendentlntly y of of thethe ignition source.

ignition source.

c.

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because it is the lightest gas, and the vapour density of Air as compared with because it is the lightest gas, and the vapour density of Air as compared with Hydrogen is 14.4. For carbon dioxide the corresponding figure is 22 and carbon Hydrogen is 14.4. For carbon dioxide the corresponding figure is 22 and carbon dioxide is, therefore, about 1 ½ times as heavy as air at the same temperature and dioxide is, therefore, about 1 ½ times as heavy as air at the same temperature and pressure. For fire service purposes it is much more convenient to compare the pressure. For fire service purposes it is much more convenient to compare the density of gases and vapours with that of Air, but in that case the reference gas density of gases and vapours with that of Air, but in that case the reference gas should be qucted e.g. vapour density of methane is 0.856 (air-1) or the vapour should be qucted e.g. vapour density of methane is 0.856 (air-1) or the vapour density of methane is a 8 (hydrogen-1).

density of methane is a 8 (hydrogen-1).

The following are the examples of vapour density as compared with Hydrogen. The following are the examples of vapour density as compared with Hydrogen.

H

Hyyddrrooggeen n 11 LLiigghhtteer r tthhaann M

Meetthhaanne e 88 aaiir r

Ammonia 8.5

Air 14.5

C

Caarrbboon n DDiiooxxiidde e 2222 HeeaavH viieer r tthhaann S

Suullpphhuur r DDiiooxxiidde e 3322 aaiir r

Chlorine 35.5

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FIRE TRIANGLE OR PYRAMID

Three conditions have long been regarded as essential components of any fire : Three conditions have long been regarded as essential components of any fire : 1.

1. FueFuel (i.l (i.e. te. the cohe combumbustistible mble mateaterialrial).). 2.

2. OxyOxygen gen (fr(from om the the atmatmospospherhere).e). 3.

3. Heat (esHeat (essentiasential to start the fil to start the fire initiare initially, but mlly, but maintaiaintained bye thned bye the fire itsele fire itself once it hasf once it has started).

started).

These are familiar to fire fighters as the ‘fire triangle’ or pyramid. If any one of These are familiar to fire fighters as the ‘fire triangle’ or pyramid. If any one of these conditions is removed, the fire goes out. Methods of fire fighting thus depend on these conditions is removed, the fire goes out. Methods of fire fighting thus depend on removing or shutting off the source of fuel, excluding oxygen or removing heat from removing or shutting off the source of fuel, excluding oxygen or removing heat from the fire faster than it is liberated. A fourth condition is now recognised. Flames proceed the fire faster than it is liberated. A fourth condition is now recognised. Flames proceed

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CLASSES OF FIRE

Vari

Various classous classes es of of fire are fire are recorecognignised in sed in ordorder er to to ratrationionalisalise e the choicthe choice e of of extinguishing media and devices, and the precautions taken in the protection and fire extinguishing media and devices, and the precautions taken in the protection and fire fighting.

fighting.

A.

A. Solid mSolid materialaterials corresps correspondinonding to the olg to the old class Ad class A..

B.

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Class A Fires. Carbonaceous Solids

The general method of extinguishing class A fires is by water jets which quench The general method of extinguishing class A fires is by water jets which quench the fire and cool the material to below its ignition temperature.

the fire and cool the material to below its ignition temperature.

Class A fires are often deep-rooted and well below the surface of the material, Class A fires are often deep-rooted and well below the surface of the material, so that sufficient water must be applied to penetrate and cool the whole of the burning so that sufficient water must be applied to penetrate and cool the whole of the burning material to below its ignition temperature.

material to below its ignition temperature.

Class B Fires. Flammable Liquids

In dealing with flammable liquids two main hazards must be recognised. In dealing with flammable liquids two main hazards must be recognised. 1.

1. If the liqIf the liquid is liuid is lightghter than waer than water and dter and dose noose not mix with itt mix with it, the use of wat, the use of water mayer may actually spread the fire rather than extinguish it, since the liquid will float on the actually spread the fire rather than extinguish it, since the liquid will float on the water and be carried into surrounding areas, cellars and drains.

water and be carried into surrounding areas, cellars and drains. 2.

2. If the liqIf the liquid has uid has a low flasa low flash poinh point, its vapt, its vapour will four will form an exorm an explosplosive mixive mixture with ture with air air and this may spread and extend a considerable distance from the liquid itself. A and this may spread and extend a considerable distance from the liquid itself. A sourc

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The fact that a liquid is at a temperature below its flash point does not mean that The fact that a liquid is at a temperature below its flash point does not mean that it is safe. If a material such as kerosene with a flash point of 40

it is safe. If a material such as kerosene with a flash point of 4000_{C is brought into}_{C is brought into} contact with a source of intense heat – a welding torch, furnace or open fire-a small part contact with a source of intense heat – a welding torch, furnace or open fire-a small part of it could be heated above the flash point, give off vapour and burst into flame. The of it could be heated above the flash point, give off vapour and burst into flame. The heat thus produced would heat the rest of the kerosene and the fire would spread. A heat thus produced would heat the rest of the kerosene and the fire would spread. A mist of a high flash solvent is also

mist of a high flash solvent is also almost as easily ignited as if almost as easily ignited as if it were a true it were a true mixture of mixture of air and vapour.

air and vapour.

Nearly all flammable vapurs are heavier than air,

Nearly all flammable vapurs are heavier than air, so that explosive mixtuso that explosive mixtures of res of air and vapour will spread over the ground or floor when the air is still and flow into air and vapour will spread over the ground or floor when the air is still and flow into depressions in the ground, drains, trenches and

depressions in the ground, drains, trenches and cellars.cellars.

Explosive limits of vapour-air mixture. The vapour of every flammable liquid Explosive limits of vapour-air mixture. The vapour of every flammable liquid has a minimum concentration in air

has a minimum concentration in air below which it does not ignite when in contact below which it does not ignite when in contact withwith a source of ignition. There is also a maximum concentration of vapour above which a source of ignition. There is also a maximum concentration of vapour above which flame is not propagated, although this is only found at room temperature if the flash flame is not propagated, although this is only found at room temperature if the flash

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Many of the fire involving flammable liquids have occurred where the liquid Many of the fire involving flammable liquids have occurred where the liquid was present as a paint, lacquer or rubber solution or paste solvent. The vapour from the was present as a paint, lacquer or rubber solution or paste solvent. The vapour from the drying article where the solvent was used or from the open paint or paste tin built up in drying article where the solvent was used or from the open paint or paste tin built up in concentration and spread to a point of ignition until a flash back occurred.

concentration and spread to a point of ignition until a flash back occurred.

Where flammable liquids are used in plants for washing and dipping operations Where flammable liquids are used in plants for washing and dipping operations the tanks or containers should be provided with hinged covers which are automatically the tanks or containers should be provided with hinged covers which are automatically closed by a fusible link and a spring operated mechanism if the tank or container closed by a fusible link and a spring operated mechanism if the tank or container catches fire.

catches fire.

Water should only be used to extinguish a flammable liquid fire in certain Water should only be used to extinguish a flammable liquid fire in certain limited and clearly defined circumstances.

limited and clearly defined circumstances.

1.

1. For liquFor liquids heavids heavier than wateier than water r (e.(e.g. carbog. carbon n disdisulpulphidhide) and at e) and at temtemperperatuatures lower res lower than the boiling point of water.

than the boiling point of water. 2.

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Class C Fires, Gases and Electrical

There is always a serious danger whenever a fire from a leaking or fractured gas There is always a serious danger whenever a fire from a leaking or fractured gas main or container is extinguished, that the unignited gas continuing to escape will mix main or container is extinguished, that the unignited gas continuing to escape will mix with air to form an explosive mixture. This when reignited may result in a serious with air to form an explosive mixture. This when reignited may result in a serious explo

explosion which causes more sion which causes more destrudestruction and injury than ction and injury than the original fire the original fire would havewould have done if left to burn itself out. The only safe way of estinguishing a gas fire is to shut off done if left to burn itself out. The only safe way of estinguishing a gas fire is to shut off the supply of gas to the fire.

the supply of gas to the fire.

Cooling should, however, be applied to objects heated by the fire, particularly if Cooling should, however, be applied to objects heated by the fire, particularly if they are combustible or contain fla

they are combustible or contain flammable materials; water mmable materials; water should be applied through ashould be applied through a spray nozzle. Flammable materials, particular

spray nozzle. Flammable materials, particularly ly compcompressed and ressed and liqueliquefied gases fied gases inin cylinders should be removed as quickly as possible from the neighborhood of a fire. If cylinders should be removed as quickly as possible from the neighborhood of a fire. If a gas fire is extinguished accidentally by a water spray and the supply of gas cannot be a gas fire is extinguished accidentally by a water spray and the supply of gas cannot be intently shut off, the area should be urgently evacuated.

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Most cylinders in the UK which contain flammable gases are not as yet fitted Most cylinders in the UK which contain flammable gases are not as yet fitted with pressure-relieving devices. Thus if a cylinder is involved in a fire, its internal with pressure-relieving devices. Thus if a cylinder is involved in a fire, its internal press

pressure is likely to ure is likely to rise until it bursts, and its contents escaprise until it bursts, and its contents escape as e as a fireball. Unless thea fireball. Unless the cylinder can be positively cooled, all fire fighters should withdraw to a safe distance. cylinder can be positively cooled, all fire fighters should withdraw to a safe distance.

If a gas cylinder starts to leak and the leak cannot be immediately stopped, it If a gas cylinder starts to leak and the leak cannot be immediately stopped, it should be moved at once to the open air where the gas can disperse safely. If a cylinder should be moved at once to the open air where the gas can disperse safely. If a cylinder has been involved in a fire, it should be emptied and tested in a proper cylinder testing has been involved in a fire, it should be emptied and tested in a proper cylinder testing station or returned to its makers properly marked for testing.

station or returned to its makers properly marked for testing.

Class D Fires. Metals

The most commonly encountered metal fires are those of magnesium and its alloy, The most commonly encountered metal fires are those of magnesium and its alloy, although several powdered metals, notably aluminum, can form explosive dust clouds, although several powdered metals, notably aluminum, can form explosive dust clouds, whilst sodium and potassium react vigorously and catch fire in contact with water. The whilst sodium and potassium react vigorously and catch fire in contact with water. The fum

fumes es frofrom m mosmost t metmetal al firefires s are are dandangergerous and ous and somsome, e, e.ge.g. . thothose se frofrom m cadcadmiumium,m, beryllium, and lead are extremely toxic.

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EMERGENCY FIRE FIGHTING

Once needs to distinguish between large and specialized appliances, used by Once needs to distinguish between large and specialized appliances, used by fire brigade and professional fire fighters for dealing with fires which have got out of fire brigade and professional fire fighters for dealing with fires which have got out of control of the local works personnel, and smaller appliances used mainly by works control of the local works personnel, and smaller appliances used mainly by works personnel for dealing promptly with fires in their early stages. Incidentally, the old personnel for dealing promptly with fires in their early stages. Incidentally, the old expression ‘fire engine’ is deprecated in BS 4422; part 5, 1976, which recommends the expression ‘fire engine’ is deprecated in BS 4422; part 5, 1976, which recommends the use of the word ‘fire appliance’ to cover all equipment provided for the purpose of use of the word ‘fire appliance’ to cover all equipment provided for the purpose of detecting, recording or extinguishing a fire.

detecting, recording or extinguishing a fire.

The larger appliances used exclusively by fire brigades which include mobile The larger appliances used exclusively by fire brigades which include mobile pump

pumps, s, mobilmobile e turntaturntables, platforms and bles, platforms and extenextension ladders, rescue sion ladders, rescue and demolitioand demolitionn equipment are not dealt with in this section since they come under the control of a equipment are not dealt with in this section since they come under the control of a trained and experienced fire officer.

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Hose Reels

Hose reels are first-aid fire extinguishing equipment provided for the use of the Hose reels are first-aid fire extinguishing equipment provided for the use of the occupants of a building or works and they may be installed instead of, or in addition to, occupants of a building or works and they may be installed instead of, or in addition to, portable water type extinguishers. When installed they will also be used on small fires portable water type extinguishers. When installed they will also be used on small fires by the brigade on arrival. This causes less water damage than the brigade’s larger by the brigade on arrival. This causes less water damage than the brigade’s larger

hoses. hoses.

A hose reel consists of a length up to 36 m of non-kinking rubber tubing with an A hose reel consists of a length up to 36 m of non-kinking rubber tubing with an internal diameter of 19-25 mm. A valve and nozzle are attached to the free end of the internal diameter of 19-25 mm. A valve and nozzle are attached to the free end of the hose which is wound on a metal reel. The reel is usually supported by a wall braket and hose which is wound on a metal reel. The reel is usually supported by a wall braket and may be arranged to swing on a pivot. The reel has a hollow rotating shaft to the centre may be arranged to swing on a pivot. The reel has a hollow rotating shaft to the centre of which water

of which water is fed. The is fed. The hose tubinhose tubing is g is conneconnected to cted to an outlet on an outlet on this rotatinthis rotating shaft.g shaft. Th

The e shshafaft t is is pepermrmananenentltly y coconnnnectected ed to to a a susuititabable le wawateter r susupppply ly ththrorougugh h spspeciecialal pipework.

pipework.

With one type of hose reel, all that is necessary to obtain a jet of water is to With one type of hose reel, all that is necessary to obtain a jet of water is to

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Hose reels may be supplied with fixed covers to protect them from dust. Dirt Hose reels may be supplied with fixed covers to protect them from dust. Dirt and light which cause deterioration of the rubber tubing. They should be positioned so and light which cause deterioration of the rubber tubing. They should be positioned so that no part of a building is more than 6 m from a nozzle when the hoses are fully that no part of a building is more than 6 m from a nozzle when the hoses are fully extended, making due allowance for obstructions.

extended, making due allowance for obstructions.

The flow of water through a hose reel with nozzle can be simply checked by The flow of water through a hose reel with nozzle can be simply checked by measuring the maximum horizontal throw of the jet by directing it over a flat roof or measuring the maximum horizontal throw of the jet by directing it over a flat roof or open floor. A nozzle with a bore of 4.8 mm should give a maximum throw of at least open floor. A nozzle with a bore of 4.8 mm should give a maximum throw of at least 12 m and a nozzle with a bore of 6.5 mm should give a maximum throw of at least 18 12 m and a nozzle with a bore of 6.5 mm should give a maximum throw of at least 18 m.

m.

Hose reels require regular maintenance and checking at least once a year, in Hose reels require regular maintenance and checking at least once a year, in accord

accordance ance with manufacturwith manufacturers ers recommrecommendatiendations. Brief ons. Brief instrinstructionuctions s for for operatoperating ing aa hose reel should be displayed on or close to it. All employees should be trained to use hose reel should be displayed on or close to it. All employees should be trained to use hose reels, including how to pull

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Automatic Sprinklers

These consist of a system of pipes, spray nozzles and heat operated valves by These consist of a system of pipes, spray nozzles and heat operated valves by means of which a fire is automatically detected, the alarm given and water delivered to means of which a fire is automatically detected, the alarm given and water delivered to the fire. Sprinklers are useful for stores and other buildings containing combustible the fire. Sprinklers are useful for stores and other buildings containing combustible materials which are left unattended. The cost of the installation may be partly or wholly materials which are left unattended. The cost of the installation may be partly or wholly offset by the reduction in the fire insurance premium paid.

offset by the reduction in the fire insurance premium paid.

Similar systems may also be used on the outside of buildings and tank to keep Similar systems may also be used on the outside of buildings and tank to keep them cool if a fire develops near them and so to prevent the fire from spreading to them cool if a fire develops near them and so to prevent the fire from spreading to them.

them.

High Expansion Foam

The system consists of one or more foam-making machines fitted with short The system consists of one or more foam-making machines fitted with short rigid ducts inside the r

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and liquefied gases. The use of a very fine and carefully directed water spray removes and liquefied gases. The use of a very fine and carefully directed water spray removes the main disadvantages of water in dealing with such fires.

the main disadvantages of water in dealing with such fires.

Medium Expansion Foam

Foam may be produced from a fixed foam solution vessel and carbon dioxide Foam may be produced from a fixed foam solution vessel and carbon dioxide cylinder or from foam making equipment carried by the fire brigade. In either case it cylinder or from foam making equipment carried by the fire brigade. In either case it may be applied through systems of fixed pipework either to the seat of the fire or to the may be applied through systems of fixed pipework either to the seat of the fire or to the plant to be protected. Brigades normally carry supplies of normal protein foam only. plant to be protected. Brigades normally carry supplies of normal protein foam only.

This is mainly suitable for flammable liquid fires where the liquid is immiscible This is mainly suitable for flammable liquid fires where the liquid is immiscible with water. Liquids such as alcohols which mix with water tend to break down the with water. Liquids such as alcohols which mix with water tend to break down the foam blanket. But for these conditions special compounds are available, which give foam blanket. But for these conditions special compounds are available, which give stable foams, although they are more expensive than protein foam.

stable foams, although they are more expensive than protein foam.

Carbon Dioxide And Other Inert Gases

These systems must be used with great caution indoors when people are present, These systems must be used with great caution indoors when people are present,

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dioxide installations need special care to avoid introducing risks of ignition by static dioxide installations need special care to avoid introducing risks of ignition by static electricity.

electricity.

Dry Powder

Dry powde

Dry powder r is is a a term used term used for for varvariouious s freefree-flo-flowinwing g powpowderders s whiwhich ch whewhenn poured or otherwise discharged over a fire will extinguish it. The compositions of many poured or otherwise discharged over a fire will extinguish it. The compositions of many

fire extinguishing powders are not

fire extinguishing powders are not publicised by their makers fpublicised by their makers for obvious reasons. Theyor obvious reasons. They generally contain three principal ingredients each with a particular function.

generally contain three principal ingredients each with a particular function.

1.

1. SoSodidium um or or popotastassisium um bibicacarbrbononae. ae. ThThesese e lilibeberatrate e cacarbrbon on didioxoxidide e whwhen en heheatateded.. Bicarb

Bicarbonateonates are s are thus a convenithus a convenient means of applyinent means of applying g carbocarbon dioxide. Then dioxide. They alsoy also react with and neutralise acids and some other reactive compounds and prevent react with and neutralise acids and some other reactive compounds and prevent damage from acids released by a fire. Potassium bicarbonate is claimed to be more damage from acids released by a fire. Potassium bicarbonate is claimed to be more effective than sodium bicarbonate due to its greater chain terminating effect.

effective than sodium bicarbonate due to its greater chain terminating effect. 2.

2. CeCertrtaiain n fifinenely powly powdederered d sasaltlts s of metof metalals s whwhicich h whwhen en prpresesenent t as as a a dudust st in thein the atm

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po

possissibleble, , be be stastandandardirdised sed and and the the minminimuimum m numnumber ber of of typtypes es necnecessessary ary shoshould uld bebe carried. Hose reels are generally preferable.

carried. Hose reels are generally preferable.

Supervisors should be abel to identify the different classes of fires and should Supervisors should be abel to identify the different classes of fires and should know which type of portable extinguisher to use. All personnel should know how to know which type of portable extinguisher to use. All personnel should know how to recongnise and use the various types of extinguishers present. Practice sessions should recongnise and use the various types of extinguishers present. Practice sessions should be set up to ensure that all personnel act promptly and effectively in dealing with small be set up to ensure that all personnel act promptly and effectively in dealing with small

fires. fires.

Portable Water Discharging Extinguishers

Extinguishers which deliver water operate in various ways: Extinguishers which deliver water operate in various ways: a.

a. The watThe water bucker bucket. Thiet. This is ths is the simple simplest of allest of all; it must; it must, how, however, be kever, be kept fulept full of cleanl of clean water and always in the place reserved for it. Some skill is required in directing the water and always in the place reserved for it. Some skill is required in directing the contents of a water bucket onto a fire probably more so than closed portable contents of a water bucket onto a fire probably more so than closed portable extinguishers with nozzles.

extinguishers with nozzles. b.

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The flow of water stops when the extinguisher is turned the ritht way up and surplus The flow of water stops when the extinguisher is turned the ritht way up and surplus gas escapes.

gas escapes. e.

e. HanHand pump insd pump inside the cylide the cylindinder. Thier. This is s is opeoperaterated by d by a handla handle extene extendinding throug through agh a gland in the top of the cylinder.

gland in the top of the cylinder.

The

The appappliclicatioations ns and and limlimitatitationions s of of watwater er extextinginguisuisherhers s havhave e alrealready ady beebeenn discussed. Water is best used for fires on solid materials which may re-ignite if not discussed. Water is best used for fires on solid materials which may re-ignite if not adequately cooled. It can readily penetrate to reach a deep seated fire.

adequately cooled. It can readily penetrate to reach a deep seated fire.

Portable water extinguishers have capacities from 4 to 10 liters and an effective Portable water extinguishers have capacities from 4 to 10 liters and an effective range of about 10 m. one or two extinguishers depending on their size are normally range of about 10 m. one or two extinguishers depending on their size are normally required for general protection per 220 m

required for general protection per 220 m22_{of floor area.}_{of floor area.}

When using a water-filled extinguisher, direct the jet at the base of the flame When using a water-filled extinguisher, direct the jet at the base of the flame and keep it moving across the area of fire. A fire moving vertically should be attacked and keep it moving across the area of fire. A fire moving vertically should be attacked at its lowest point and followed up. Seek out any hot spots after the main fire is at its lowest point and followed up. Seek out any hot spots after the main fire is

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Foam is not effective on flowing liquids, whether the flow is horizontal or Foam is not effective on flowing liquids, whether the flow is horizontal or vertical. Foam conducts electricity and should not be used on live electrical fires. Most vertical. Foam conducts electricity and should not be used on live electrical fires. Most water miscible liquids break up ordinary foams.

water miscible liquids break up ordinary foams.

When a liquid on fire is in a container, direct the jet at the far inside edge of the When a liquid on fire is in a container, direct the jet at the far inside edge of the container, or at an adjoining vertical surface above the level of the burning liquid. This container, or at an adjoining vertical surface above the level of the burning liquid. This breaks up the jet and allows the foam to build up and flow across the surface of the breaks up the jet and allows the foam to build up and flow across the surface of the

liqui

liquid. When this d. When this is not is not posspossible, stand well back and ible, stand well back and direct the jet direct the jet slighslightly upward sotly upward so that the foam falls on to the surface of the liquid. Move the jet gently from side to side that the foam falls on to the surface of the liquid. Move the jet gently from side to side to cover the surface of the

to cover the surface of the liquiliquid. Do not direct the d. Do not direct the jet into the liquid because this willjet into the liquid because this will dive the foam beneath the surface and render it ineffective. It may also splash the dive the foam beneath the surface and render it ineffective. It may also splash the burning liquid on to surrounding objects.

burning liquid on to surrounding objects.

Portable Dry Powder Extinguishers

The use and composition of dry powder have already been discussed under The use and composition of dry powder have already been discussed under fixed installations. Portable dry powder extinguishers are made with capacities from 2 fixed installations. Portable dry powder extinguishers are made with capacities from 2

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Portable Carbon Dioxide Extinguishers

Carbon dioxide extinguishers should only be used sparingly in buildings due to Carbon dioxide extinguishers should only be used sparingly in buildings due to th

the e dadangngerers s of of asasphphyxyxiaiatiting ng pepersrsononnenel. l. A A sesecocond nd hahazazard rd of of cacarbrbon on didioxoxididee extinguishers is the formation of static electricity in the discharge which can ignite extinguishers is the formation of static electricity in the discharge which can ignite flammable vapours, sometimes with fatal consequences.

flammable vapours, sometimes with fatal consequences.

Carbon dioxide acts more rapidly than foam and is more suitable for dealing Carbon dioxide acts more rapidly than foam and is more suitable for dealing with fires which might spread to surrounding materials before a complete foam blanket with fires which might spread to surrounding materials before a complete foam blanket could be formed over the burning liquid. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are suitable for could be formed over the burning liquid. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are suitable for dealing with small fires of liquids flowing over horizontal and vertical surfaces. They dealing with small fires of liquids flowing over horizontal and vertical surfaces. They should be used where the main concern is to avoid damage or contamination by dry should be used where the main concern is to avoid damage or contamination by dry powder deposit or foam, for example to laboratory equipment or food preparation. powder deposit or foam, for example to laboratory equipment or food preparation.

The cooling properties of carbon dioxide are limited and it gives no protraction The cooling properties of carbon dioxide are limited and it gives no protraction against re-ignition after application ceases. It is less effective that foam for very hot against re-ignition after application ceases. It is less effective that foam for very hot liquids burning in containers.

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desired, so that can be discharged in short bursts, but once the seal has been broken desired, so that can be discharged in short bursts, but once the seal has been broken they should be emptied, recharged and resealed. Their main action is by excluding they should be emptied, recharged and resealed. Their main action is by excluding oxygen from the flames. Since they do not conduct electricity they can be sued on oxygen from the flames. Since they do not conduct electricity they can be sued on electrical fires. They have less static electricity risk then carbon dioxide, but they electrical fires. They have less static electricity risk then carbon dioxide, but they present the same asphyxiation hazard. In addition there is some risk of forming toxic present the same asphyxiation hazard. In addition there is some risk of forming toxic decomposition products when their vapours are in contact with very hot metal, although decomposition products when their vapours are in contact with very hot metal, although this risk is far less than with older types of vapourising extinguisher which contained this risk is far less than with older types of vapourising extinguisher which contained carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide and other compounds which are little used now carbon tetrachloride, methyl bromide and other compounds which are little used now because of the toxic problem.

because of the toxic problem.

These extinguishers have a range of up to 6 m and 1 liter of liquid is sufficient These extinguishers have a range of up to 6 m and 1 liter of liquid is sufficient to extinguish flames over an area of one square meter of burning liquid. The methods to extinguish flames over an area of one square meter of burning liquid. The methods of

of ususining g drdry y popowdwderer, , carcarbobon n didioxoxidide e anand d vavapopoururizizining g liliququid id exextitingnguiuishsherers s araree essentially the same.

essentially the same.

On fires involving liquids, either in containers or on the ground, direct the jet or On fires involving liquids, either in containers or on the ground, direct the jet or

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Recharging Extinguishers

All extinguishers should be recharged immediately after use, irrespective of All extinguishers should be recharged immediately after use, irrespective of whether they have been completely or only partly discharged. The safety or fire officer whether they have been completely or only partly discharged. The safety or fire officer should arrange for books to be kept by supervisor to record every use of an extinguisher should arrange for books to be kept by supervisor to record every use of an extinguisher and when it was recharged.

and when it was recharged.

Colour Identification Of Portable Fire Extinguishers

The availability of many type of portable fire extinguishers for different types The availability of many type of portable fire extinguishers for different types of fire have led to steps being taken to standardise their body colours for ease of of fire have led to steps being taken to standardise their body colours for ease of identification. BS DD 48 1976 Draft for development proposes the following body identification. BS DD 48 1976 Draft for development proposes the following body colours for the different types of extinguishing agent :

colours for the different types of extinguishing agent :

Water

Water Signal Signal redred Foam

Foam Pale Pale greengreen P

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E

Exxttiinngguuiisshheer r TTyyppee TTyyppe e oof f FFiirree

Water Water

Ordinary Combustibles Ordinary Combustibles

Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many plastics Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and many plastics require a water type extinguisher labeled A.

require a water type extinguisher labeled A.

CO CO22

Flammable Liquids Flammable Liquids

Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers, grease, Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints, lacquers, grease, solvents, and other flammable liquids require an solvents, and other flammable liquids require an extinguisher labeled B.

extinguisher labeled B.

Electrical Equipment Electrical Equipment

Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized electrical equipment, computers, and other electrical

equipment, computers, and other electrical sourcessources require an extinguisher labeled C.

require an extinguisher labeled C. OR

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Air-pressurized water extinguishers (APW) Air-pressurized water extinguishers (APW)

Water is one of the most

Water is one of the most commonly used extinguishing agents for type A fires. You can recognize an APWcommonly used extinguishing agents for type A fires. You can recognize an APW by its large silver container. They are filled about

by its large silver container. They are filled about two-thirds of the way with ordinary water, two-thirds of the way with ordinary water, thenthen pressurized with air. In some cases, detergents are added to

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Carbon dioxide extinguishers Carbon dioxide extinguishers

This type of extinguisher is filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO

This type of extinguisher is filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO22), a non-flammable gas under extreme), a non-flammable gas under extreme

pressure. These extinguishers put out fires by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen element of pressure. These extinguishers put out fires by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Because of its high pressure, when you use this e

the fire triangle. Because of its high pressure, when you use this e xtinguisher pieces of dry ice shootxtinguisher pieces of dry ice shoot from the horn, which also has a cooling effect on

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Dry chemical extinguishers Dry chemical extinguishers

Dry chemical extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel with

Dry chemical extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel with a thin layer of firea thin layer of fire retardant powder, separating the fuel from

retardant powder, separating the fuel from the oxygen. The powder also works tothe oxygen. The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction, which makes these extinguishers extremely effective. interrupt the chemical reaction, which makes these extinguishers extremely effective.

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FIRE PROTECTION IN PETROCHEMICAL INDUASTRY

From the above one car well imagine the potential fire risks in a petrochemical From the above one car well imagine the potential fire risks in a petrochemical industry. The fire protection

industry. The fire protection can be divided into can be divided into three phases :three phases : ii.. BBy y ggooood d ppllaanntt, , ddeessiiggn n aannd d llaayyoouutt

ii

ii.. FiFire re cocontntrorol l – – kekeepepining g ththe fe firires es lolocacalilisseded iiiiii.. FFiirre e eexxttiinngguuiisshhmmeenntt

ii.. PPllaannt Dt Deessiiggn & Ln & Laayyoouut :t : A A gogood od plplanant, t, dedesisign gn anand d lalayoyoutut, , wiwith th ststririctct adherence to safe operating procedures, proper built-in fire prevention system, adherence to safe operating procedures, proper built-in fire prevention system, fire-fighting training and adequate emergency plan to meet fire emergencies, is fire-fighting training and adequate emergency plan to meet fire emergencies, is th

the e bebest st way way to to mimininimimise se ththe e popossssibibililitity y of of fifire re dadamamageges. s. FaFactctorors s to to bebe co

consnsididerered ed fofor r ththe e plplanant t lalayoyout ut ininclcludude e adadeqequauate te spspacacining g anand d prpropoper er arrangement of various utilities, process units, storage units and vessels, loading arrangement of various utilities, process units, storage units and vessels, loading an

and d fifillllining g ininststallallatatioionsns. . FoFor r plplanant t lalayoyoutut, , sasafetfety y ruruleles s lalaid id dodown wn in in ththee petroleum act should be followed.

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generation. The maximum water flow rate is determines by taking into consideration generation. The maximum water flow rate is determines by taking into consideration the possibility of following simultaneous operations.

the possibility of following simultaneous operations. ii.. WWaatteer r ffoor r ffooaam m ggeenneerraattiioonn..

iiii.. WWaatteer r ffoor r ccoooolliinngg..

ii.. WWaatteer fr foor fr fooaam gm geenneerraattiioon :n : As As peper r N.N.F.F.P.P.A. A. HaHandndbobook ok anand d cocode de anandd American Institute Standard for petroleum refineries, water for foam generation American Institute Standard for petroleum refineries, water for foam generation for fixed foam pourers should be provided not less than 4.03 L/min for eac

for fixed foam pourers should be provided not less than 4.03 L/min for eac h IMh IM22 of the liquid surface area. For hose streams, at least 6.5 Lit/min of water should of the liquid surface area. For hose streams, at least 6.5 Lit/min of water should be provided. In case of liquid hydrocarbon a delivery rate of 300 liters of be provided. In case of liquid hydrocarbon a delivery rate of 300 liters of

foam/m

foam/m22_{of burning area is specified for a minimum period of 10 min.}_{of burning area is specified for a minimum period of 10 min.}

iiii.. WWaatteer fr foor cr coooolliinng :g : In a fire emergency the tanks which are on fire to beIn a fire emergency the tanks which are on fire to be cooled as also the adjoining tanks are to be protected from exposure. For these cooled as also the adjoining tanks are to be protected from exposure. For these purposes a flow rate of 10.2 L/min to 20.4 L/min per m

purposes a flow rate of 10.2 L/min to 20.4 L/min per m22 _{and 8.16 L/min – 10.2}_{and 8.16 L/min – 10.2} L/min respectively is considered satisfactory.

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Fixed Installations

ii.. FFiirre e HHyyddrraannt t :: Hydrants are to be placed at suitable intervals on fire water Hydrants are to be placed at suitable intervals on fire water mains. Normal distance between the hydrants is 45 m to 90 m depending upon mains. Normal distance between the hydrants is 45 m to 90 m depending upon layout of area, water requirement. Discharge from each hydrant should be 1125 layout of area, water requirement. Discharge from each hydrant should be 1125 l/min at a high pressure.

l/min at a high pressure.

iiii.. HHoosse e RReeeells s :: For immediate availability of water in process area permanentlyFor immediate availability of water in process area permanently connected hose-reels are used extensively. These reels should be provided with connected hose-reels are used extensively. These reels should be provided with 40 mm bore hose of

40 mm bore hose of 30 m length.30 m length.

iiiiii.. MMoonniittoorrs (s (FFoor Wr Waatteerr//FFooaamm) :) : FixFixed ed monmonitoitors rs are are prepreferrferred ed for for spospot t useuse.. Because of limited area coverage from these monitors careful consideration has Because of limited area coverage from these monitors careful consideration has to

to be be givgiven en in in loclocatiating ng the the samsame e to to ensensure maximure maximum um effeeffectivctiveneeness. Water ss. Water st

strereamam, , wawateter r spspraray/y/jejet t cocoululd d be be apapplplieied d ththrorougugh h ththe e momoninitotors rs by by ususiningg co9mbination nozzles.

co9mbination nozzles.

Water Spray System

Water spray cooling system are usually provided to minimise fire exposure. Water spray cooling system are usually provided to minimise fire exposure. Manual / automatic/ remote controlled water spray is practically useful for cooling Manual / automatic/ remote controlled water spray is practically useful for cooling

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un-FIRE DRILLS

FIRE DRILLS

Introductory

The fire exit drills are absolutely essential in all public institutions, hotels, The fire exit drills are absolutely essential in all public institutions, hotels, boarding houses, hospitals. Factories and especially in Schools and Colleges. Properly boarding houses, hospitals. Factories and especially in Schools and Colleges. Properly conducted, they not only secure the orderly and rapid evacuation of the building, but conducted, they not only secure the orderly and rapid evacuation of the building, but teach self-control as well.

teach self-control as well.

Principles and Procedure

The danger which may threaten persons of fire breaks out depends on many The danger which may threaten persons of fire breaks out depends on many different factors, consequently it is not possible to construct a model procedure for different factors, consequently it is not possible to construct a model procedure for action in the

action in the event of fire event of fire whicwhich h woulwould be d be suitasuitable in ble in all premisesall premises. Having thoroug. Having thoroughlyhly understood the fundamental principles, however. The student should experience to understood the fundamental principles, however. The student should experience to difficulty in adopting them to the circumstances of each case. It is therefore, important difficulty in adopting them to the circumstances of each case. It is therefore, important that before fire drills are planned, the following points must be of prime consideration. that before fire drills are planned, the following points must be of prime consideration.

The purpose of fire drills. The purpose of fire drills.

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Formulating a Fire Routine

Before formulating a fire routine, it is essential to visit the premises concerned, Before formulating a fire routine, it is essential to visit the premises concerned, when our fundamental points will need to be considered. The points are :

when our fundamental points will need to be considered. The points are : The type of buildings.

The type of buildings. The occupancy.

The occupancy.

The existing means of escape. The existing means of escape. Fire defense.

Fire defense. a.

a. ThThe tye type pe of Bof Buiuildldinings gs ::

Are the buildings attached or detached? Are the buildings attached or detached?

Are the buildings single-storey or multi-storey? Are the buildings single-storey or multi-storey?

Are the buildings of fire-resisting or non-fire-resisting construction? Are the buildings of fire-resisting or non-fire-resisting construction? Will the

Will the degree of degree of effectiveffective e fire-resfire-resisting compartisting compartmentatmentation ion preclupreclude de the necessitythe necessity of total evacuation?

of total evacuation? b

b.. ThThe e OcOccucupapancncy y ::

This covers two points : This covers two points : i.

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Training :

Training : Repeated practice evacuations will be necessary in many cases to ensureRepeated practice evacuations will be necessary in many cases to ensure that the “plan of action” is fully understood and can be carried out efficiently when that the “plan of action” is fully understood and can be carried out efficiently when the occasion demands. Varying conditions should be assumed for these practices so the occasion demands. Varying conditions should be assumed for these practices so that the occupants are familiar with all alternative routes. Labour, turn-over and that the occupants are familiar with all alternative routes. Labour, turn-over and newly engaged staff will need to be considered.

newly engaged staff will need to be considered.

Whilst it is desirable that as few people as possible know of an impending fire Whilst it is desirable that as few people as possible know of an impending fire drill, great care should be taken to ensure that this can be carried-out without danger drill, great care should be taken to ensure that this can be carried-out without danger of damage from sudden interruption of the process being carried out.

of damage from sudden interruption of the process being carried out.

The time taken for persons to reach a place of safety will indicate the degree The time taken for persons to reach a place of safety will indicate the degree of efficiency attained by the occupants in their fire drill.

of efficiency attained by the occupants in their fire drill.

Fire Routine Details

A fire routine as a general rule should be based on a sequence of events. A fire routine as a general rule should be based on a sequence of events.

Details will vary in accordance with the circumstances of each occupancy and the Details will vary in accordance with the circumstances of each occupancy and the

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th

thining g to to rerememembmber er is is ththat at fifire-re-fifighghtiting ng mumustst al

alwaways ys be be sesecocondndarary y to to lilife fe sasafefety ty anand d ththatat,, whilst small fires such as a quantity of spilled whilst small fires such as a quantity of spilled inflammable. Liquid in laboratory can be dealt inflammable. Liquid in laboratory can be dealt wi

with th ssuummmmararililyy, , fofor r a a sisizezeabable le fifire re ssafafee evacuation should be the primary concern.

evacuation should be the primary concern.

Frequency of Drills

The amount of instruction and frequency of drills will vary according to the The amount of instruction and frequency of drills will vary according to the degree of risk i.e. the liability to out break of fire and the size, construction and layout degree of risk i.e. the liability to out break of fire and the size, construction and layout of the premises and any legislative requirement.

of the premises and any legislative requirement.

Preamble Introduction

As a result of increased demands for synthetic fibers, detergents, plastics and As a result of increased demands for synthetic fibers, detergents, plastics and fert

fertilizilizers ers etcetc., ., the the petpetrolroleum eum and and petpetrocrochemhemical ical indindustustrieries s are are assassumiuming ng gregreateater r importance in our country. The processes involved in a petrochemical industry are importance in our country. The processes involved in a petrochemical industry are

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FIRE RISK OF ELECTRICITY

Heating Effect of Current

The flow of Current is called the circuit and if there is an excess flow of the The flow of Current is called the circuit and if there is an excess flow of the cu

currerrentnt, , ththrorougugh h anany y cicircurcuit it as as ovover er ththe e dedesisigngned ed loload ad ththe e cacablble e swswilill l bebecocomeme overheated and the insulation’s may catch fire and burn with emission of large volume overheated and the insulation’s may catch fire and burn with emission of large volume of smoke. This may also happen if there is

of smoke. This may also happen if there is an accidental short circuan accidental short circuit between the twoit between the two wires carrying the current between the positive line and the negative terminals or wires carrying the current between the positive line and the negative terminals or between the phase and the neutral wires (A.C. Circuits).

between the phase and the neutral wires (A.C. Circuits).

To prevent this type of contingency, current should never be drawn in excess, To prevent this type of contingency, current should never be drawn in excess, through multi-plugs or otherwise by having too many fans or lights in the some circuit, through multi-plugs or otherwise by having too many fans or lights in the some circuit, than what the circuit is designed for.

than what the circuit is designed for.

Preventive Measures

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the resistance of the circuit and the time through which the current is twicesits strength, the resistance of the circuit and the time through which the current is twicesits strength, th

the e heheat at wiwill ll be be prprododucuced ed fofour ur titimemes, s, ththe e reresisiststanance ce of of ththe e circircucuit it anand d ththe e timtimee remaining the same.

remaining the same.

Now-a-days, cartridges type of fuses to tally enclosed in a glass case or other Now-a-days, cartridges type of fuses to tally enclosed in a glass case or other suitable device is incorporated in the circuit. They are known as H.R.C. type of safety suitable device is incorporated in the circuit. They are known as H.R.C. type of safety fuses.

fuses.

Importance of Main Enhance of Electrical Appliances & Circuit

Proper maintenance of electrical equipment’s is quite important such as these Proper maintenance of electrical equipment’s is quite important such as these including transformers, switch gears etc. as are used in industrial installations. They including transformers, switch gears etc. as are used in industrial installations. They should be properly maintained by a competent electrician.

should be properly maintained by a competent electrician.

Regular checking of the earthing resistance, insulation resistance, periodical Regular checking of the earthing resistance, insulation resistance, periodical inspection of the transferors and the switch gears oils and measurements of their posed inspection of the transferors and the switch gears oils and measurements of their posed load of the circuit, so as to keep it within the designed limit, should be enforced upon. load of the circuit, so as to keep it within the designed limit, should be enforced upon.

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Lig

Lightshts, , for for exaexamplmple, e, may may be be loclocated outsiated outside de a a hazhazardardous room ous room or or encencloslosure ure andand illuminate the inside through transparent panels. Motors can be located outside, with illuminate the inside through transparent panels. Motors can be located outside, with drive shafts extending through the wall or partition, with openings for the shafts tightly drive shafts extending through the wall or partition, with openings for the shafts tightly sea

sealedled. . ConControtrollellers, rs, swiswitchtches, es, cutcutoutouts, s, remremoteoter r scan scan be be loclocateated d in in adjadjoinoininging, , leslesss hazardous areas. Such arrangements frequently effect a considerable saving.

hazardous areas. Such arrangements frequently effect a considerable saving.

Maintenance of Electrical Equipment’s

Appro

Approximatximately one ely one out of out of every five industrievery five industrial fires al fires is of is of electrielectric c origiorigin. Manyn. Many of these fires can be prevented and the usual life of electrical equipment increased by of these fires can be prevented and the usual life of electrical equipment increased by proper maintenance.

proper maintenance.

Three kinds of maintenance are recognised : Three kinds of maintenance are recognised : 1.

1. RepRepairs airs aftafter a fer a failailure ure of bof breakreakdowdown.n. 2.

2. OrdOrdinainary ry maimaintentenannance, which consce, which consistists s of repairof repairs, adjuss, adjustmetments or nts or repreplacelacemenment t of of parts shown to be necessary by visual inspections at irregular intervals before a parts shown to be necessary by visual inspections at irregular intervals before a breakdown occurs.

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ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS

1

1.. BLBLEEVVEE -- BBooiilliinng g LLiiqquuiid d EExxppaannddiinng g VVaappoor r EExxpplloossiioonn 2

2.. VCVCEE -- VVaappoor r CClloouud d EExxpplloossiioonn 3

3.. OIISO SDD -- OOiil l IInndduussttrry y SSaaffeetty y DDiirreeccttoorraattee 4

4.. IISSRRSS -- IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaal l SSaaffeetty y RRaattiinng g SSyysstteemm 5

5.. DGDGFFAASSLLII -- DDiirreeccttoorraatte e GGeenneerraal l FFaaccttoorry y AAddvviicce e SSeerrvviicce e & & LLaabboor r Institutes

Institutes 6

6.. CIIMC MAAH H -- CCoonnttrrool l oof f IInndduussttrriiaal l MMaajjoor r AAcccciiddeennt t HHaazzaarrddss 7

7.. NSNSCC -- NNaattiioonnaal l SSaaffeetty y CCoouunncciill 8

8.. MIICM C -- MMeetthhyyl l IIsso o CCyyaannaattee 9

9.. SSCCBBAA -- SSeellf f CCoonnttaaiinneed d BBrreeaatthhiinng g AAppppaarraattuuss 1

100.. TTRREEMMCCAARRDD -- TrraanT nssppoorrt t EEmmeerrggeennccy y CCaarrdd 1

111.. PPEELL -- PPeerrmmiissssiibblle e EExxppoossuurre e LLiimmiitt 1

122.. SSTTEELL -- SShhoorrt t TTeerrm m EExxppoossuurre e LLiimmiitt 1