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(1)

• Analyze the ways Napoleon was able to take power • Explain the conditions in the Napoleonic battlefields • Explain the successes of Napoleon until 1805 and the

(2)

The Directory

• 1795: a new constitution

created the Directory with a 5 man cabinet and a 2 house

legislative body

• It was corrupt, with extension graft, theft and economic

stagnation.

• Napoleon saved the Directory from an angry royalist mob with a “whiff of grape-shot” • The new government grew to

be very unpopular with the

(3)

Battlefields

• Loading and firing: the

infantry lines

• Battlefield progress

– Artillery (grenadiers, types of “shot”)

– Cavalry

– Corps structure, signalling

• “Medicine”

– In camp

(4)

• 1794 campaign at

Toulon against British • Napoleon was made

commander of the Italian army by the Directory, 1795.

• Successful campaign in Italy against Austrians • Expedition to Egypt

against British

(5)

Age of Napoleon

• Defeated by British in

Egypt-1799, but keeping it away from newspapers

• Coup D’état of Brumaire-Nov. 9, 1799

– Lucien Bonaparte and Abbé Sièyes

– “The Plot”

– Military takeover

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Napoleon as First Consul in the Consulate

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Napoleon:

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The Ideals of the Revolution?

• Coup d’état and emperor status • Appointed officials by merit • Public education: the lycée • Bank of France

• Freedom of religion: the Concordat • Napoleonic Code

– Equality before the law/jury trials – No trade unions

(9)

Napoleon’s Grand Empire

• Levee en masse and esprit de corps • Peninsular Wars and guerrilla

warfare

• Ulm and Austerlitz but Trafalgar • Continental System

• Invasion of Russia • Leipzig and Elba

(10)

Pepper: Question Types

• Clarifying:

• _{What does the word mean?} • _Inferring_:

• _{How is it important to the}

overall subject (how is it connected)?

(11)

Pepper

•Seven Years’ War

•_{Foreign intervention in}

American Revolution

•_{U.S. Constitution}

•Legacy of American Revolution

•_{French society in the Ancien}

Regime

•_{French economy in the Ancien}

(12)

Pepper

•The Three Estates

•_{French national debt}

•_{Role of the nobility in the}

French Revolution

•The Calling of the Estates-General

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Pepper

•Actions of the

Constituent/National Assembly

•_{Declaration of the Rights of}

Man and Citizen

•Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

(14)

Pepper

•Committee of Public Safety

•_{Levée en masse} •_{The Terror}

•_{Republican calendar} •The Convention

(15)

(16)

• Europe was at war with France from 1792-1815.

• Actually it was a series of short, sharp, distinct

wars with Britain being the only continuous

enemy.

• The innovations made in France were spread to

the rest of Europe by conquest.

• 1802-1803 a Year of Peace

• 1804 Napoleon crowned as Emperor-French

Empire proclaimed

– Napoleon sent the army back to Haiti – Reorganized the Italian Republic

– Reorganized Switzerland

(17)

The Third Coalition

• In 1803 Britain organized the Third coalition as Napoleon made preparations to invade the British Isles.

• On land Napoleon seemed unbeatable, defeating the Austrians at Ulm and an combined Russian and

Austrian army at Austerlitz.

• The Prussians were defeated at Jena and Auerstadt

• Lord Nelson defeated the French fleet at Trafalgar

(18)

The Continental System

• Napoleon derided Britain as a “Nation of Shopkeepers”

• Britain imposed a naval blockade of the continent & Napoleon responded with the “Continental System” which was a ban on the importation of British goods into French occupied Europe.

• British Industrial Revolution threatened to create an English monopoly of manufactured goods on the continent

• US became embroiled in the War of 1812 at this time due to the

impressments of American sailors and other violations by the British • Continental system was a widespread failure that induced

anti-French and anti-Napoleonic feelings across Europe

• Many shippers, merchants and ship builders were ruined by the

(19)

The Fall of Napoleon

• Russia violated Continental System, was a pathway to India.

• When Czar Alexander I turned against France,

(20)

The Fall of Napoleon

• Napoleon won a decisive victory at Borodino, but after that the Russians practiced “scorched-earth” as they

retreated and refused to give battle.

(21)

The Fall of Napoleon

• Napoleon was defeated in April 1814 at the Battle of Leipzig, or Nations.

• Louis XVIII, brother of the executed king, was restored to the throne.

• NB was sent into exile to Elba, but escaped after a short time and renewed the war.

(22)

The Fall of Napoleon

• A coalition of forces

Prussians under Blucher and British under

Wellington defeated

Napoleon at the Battle of

Waterloo in southern Belgium on June 18, 1815.

• Napoleon went into a final permanent exile on the

(23)

Aftermath-The Impact of the French

Revolution and the Napoleon

• Napoleon helped to turn nationalism into an aggressive secular religion. Modern nationalism and patriotism

evolved at this time.

• Enlightenment ideals such as liberty, equality, and

fraternity were spread by the Revolution and the wars that followed.

• Napoleonic Code- It proclaimed the equality of all

people before the law, personal freedom and security of property.