ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF EFFICIENT ENERGY BUILDING DESIGN USING ENERGY PLUS

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Available Online at www.ijpret.com 13

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND

APPLIED RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

A PATH FOR HORIZING YOUR INNOVATIVE WORK

ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF EFFICIENT ENERGY BUILDING DESIGN USING

ENERGY PLUS

MD ZEYAUL MUSTAFA KHAN, D. BUDDHI

Centre of Excellence-Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India-302025

Accepted Date: 24/04/2018; Published Date: 01/05/2018

\

Abstract: - With the expanding interest in energy-efficient building design, whole building

energy simulation programs are increasingly employed in the design process to help architects and engineers determine which design strategies of energy modelling through the Energy Plus to save energy and to create cost-effective building models. The purpose of this research was to investigate the potential of building material and compliance system effectiveness with tools such as AutoCAD, Design Builder and Energy Plus. Whole building energy simulation programs to building model are used for analysis and to compare the results with the both case of Energy Plus building HTML output data. Actual building energy performance and proposed case data are properly analyze for better building energy performance and their Energy Performance Index (EPI). The research of this work is conducted on the government healthcare fully functional building using different tools and Energy conservation building code of 2017. Simulation results indicate the heigher EPI of the proposed case building of the model with respect to actual design of base case model. It is crucial to understand the limitations of different tools in order to achieve successful integrate building performance analysis in early stages of the design process, as well as capabilities of different software programs and their optimization results.

Keywords: Energy Plus, Design

Corresponding Author: MD ZEYAUL MUSTAFA KHAN Access Online On:

www.ijpret.com

How to Cite This Article:

MD Zeyaul Mustafa Khan, IJPRET, 2018; Volume 6 (9): 13-39

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INTRODUCTION

With the increasing demand for more energy-efficient buildings, the constructions industry are faced with the challenge to ensure that the energy performance predicted during design is achieved once a building is in use. Energy simulation tools are increasingly used for analysis of better energy performance of buildings. Next stage of the research is to also compare more robust simulation programs that are applicable for later stages of the design process, such as Design Builder and Energy Plus, which was included in this paper. The intent is also to inform designers and engineers about potential for integrating simulation programs with the design, which would yield accurate predictions to the building performance. This is an essential aspect in design of high-performance buildings and improving the design decision-making process (Given the significant variety of such simulation tools, it is crucial to understand limitations of the complexity of simulations. This project seeks to address the operational performance gap and optimize building performance by identifying inconsistencies in building operation. This is achieved through the combined use of a calibrated simulation model output data and the implementation of a breakout through ECBC code 2017 based on building classification data. A number of alternative breakout detection algorithms are reviewed in comparison to the chosen technique in this paper.Prior to conducting this research, our objective was to find the efficient and beneficial method of seamlessly integrating WBPM into the design process.

The objectives of the present project are:

 To compare the results of simulations with measured utility data and identify discrepancies.

 To model a building similarly in all the software programs by closely mapping the input parameters.

 Reduction in life cycle cost of building operation and Performance enhanced due to better material and efficient equipment.

 Increase in EPI of the building and reduction in annual energy consumption.

ECBC- Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC 2017) is for commercial buildings. “Building”

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Ampere (kVA) and above and is used or intended to be used for commercial purposes; Section 14 (p): prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy and its conservation in the building or building complex.

 Purpose-To provides minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design and

construction of buildings.

 Scope- Applicable to large commercial buildings having (connected load of 100 kW/contract

demand of 120 kVA and above)

 New Buildings with- connected load of excess of 100 kW/120 kVA

Energy Performance Index (EPI):

EPI of a building means its annual energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per square meter of the area of the building, which was calculated in the existing or proposed building as per the formula below.

 EPI = Annual energy consumption in kilowatt−hours per square meter 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

SIMULATION SOFTWARE:

Design Builder- Design Builder (Version 5.7.0) workflow is the help window that provides tips

and wizards guiding the user through the creation of the thermal model. This is especially useful to novice users, as it helps them to better understand the concepts of thermal modeling. This building geometry represents the definition of geometry needed for the simulation of the building’s thermal performance. Additionally, one can import DXF files as footprints for the creation of the geometric model as described.

Energy Plus- Energy Plus (Version 8.7.0) uses the best features of the two energy simulation

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MODELING METHODOLOGY Case Study Model Description

The case study of Healthcare building that is used for the study of thermal behavior of Theog, Hospital building, located in Shimla (H.P) of the “Cold climate condition”. The drawings of the site, floor plans of the space, section and envelope details was provided by architectural wing of Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department (HPPWD) for developing thermal model. HPPWD Electrical wing has given details of proposed design for lighting fixtures, HVAC, & Renewable system etc.

The geometry of the site led to a narrow and hilly topology building design oriented roughly north and south, Designbuilder model with their render images and plan view has shown in below figures.

RENDERS

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A building "surface" is the fundamental element in the building model. In the general sense, there are two types of "surfaces" in EnergyPlus. These are:

1. Heat transfer surfaces

2. Heat storage surfaces

Any surface, which is expected to separate spaces of significantly different temperatures, is defined as a heat transfer surface. Thus, exterior surfaces, such as outside walls, roofs and floors, are heat transfer surfaces. Interior surfaces (partitions) are heat storage surfaces if they separate spaces maintained at the same temperature. The same methodology was applied for zoning while going through the floor plans. Briefly, the models, both proposed and baseline comprise of 121 zones, simplified to enhance speed of the EnergyPlus runtime. One such simplification is to use room multipliers. The average baseline performance for four different orientations was computed using the tools provided in EnergyPlus.

Space Description

Determination of interior lighting power allowance (watts) by the building area method shall be in accordance and illustrated in Table 4.1 and 4.2 of below tables.

Table-1:- Space Description of Healthcare DesignBuilder Model

Area

[m2]

Conditione d (Y/N)

Window Glass Area [m2]

Lighting [W/m2]

People [m2

per person]

Plug and

Process [W/m2] LVLX89.35:ENTRANCEL

OBBY

119.3 7

Yes 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX89.35:RAMP 68.8 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX89.35:LIFT1 12.42 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX89.35:LIFT2 9.7 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX89.35:STAIRCASE 26.37 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:CENTRALHE ATINGROOM

151.4 4

No 19.76 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:KITCHEN 31.1 No 4.1 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:CORRIDOR 85.69 Yes 12.36 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:LIFT2 9.72 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:RAMP 94.99 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:ENTRANCEL OBBY

94.07 Yes 6.95 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:LIFT1 13.06 No 0 9.7 10 10

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LVLX92.65:STAIRCASE 27.91 No 2.31 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:TOILET 5.02 No 0.76 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:WASH 5.05 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:LAUNDARY 27.79 No 4.02 9.7 10 10

LVLX92.65:STORE 17.92 No 2.03 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:LIFT1 13.06 No 0 9.7 10 10

94.46 Yes 6.89 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:SUNROOM 39.49 Yes 9.44 9.7 10 10

Area

[m2]

Conditione d (Y/N)

Window Glass Area [m2]

Lighting [W/m2]

People [m2 per person]

Plug and Process [W/m2]

LVLX97.15:RAMP 94.63 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:LIFT2 9.64 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:LOBBY 34 Yes 2.3 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:SNCUROOM 106.0

4

Yes 15.99 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:WC 48.21 No 9.3 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:EXAIM 6.34 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:TOILET 3.59 No 0.87 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:PEDIATRICW ARD3

21.75 Yes 2.37 9.7 10 10

41.3 Yes 4.56 9.7 10 10

LVLX97.15:NURSINGST ATION

10.81 Yes 4.02 9.7 10 10

23.33 Yes 2.3 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:ENTRABC ELOBBY

156.9 9

Yes 23.01 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:RAMP 94.67 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:LIFT2 9.64 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:SUNROO M

40.63 Yes 9.5 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:STAIRCAS E

27.91 No 2.3 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:LIFT1 13.06 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:CORRIDO R

59.13 Yes 6.71 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:ASHHELPE R

21.98 Yes 2.33 9.7 10 10

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NTROOM

LVLX100.45A:REGISTRA TIONCOUNTER

10.81 Yes 4.04 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:ASHAGRI HA

44.31 Yes 4.65 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:TOILET2 3.59 No 0.74 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:TOILET1 10.86 No 0.72 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:PSTPRTVS RGCLBDS

88.75 Yes 13.75 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45A:WC 49.57 No 9.5 9.7 10 10

LVLX100.45B:STAIR1 14.5 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:RAMP 96 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:LOBBY1 60.72 Yes 4.59 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:PRELABOU RROOM

50.36 Yes 9.19 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:POSTLABO URROOM

55.05 Yes 13.24 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:LABOURRO OM

58.31 Yes 14 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:STAIRS1 16.9 No 2.28 9.7 10 10

101.1 Yes 6.92 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:STAFF 20.55 Yes 4.65 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:SEPTICROO M

19.46 Yes 6.89 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:ULTRASOU ND

9.33 Yes 2.3 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:ECLMROO M

9.59 Yes 2.28 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:MCHROOM 16.3 Yes 4.62 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:STORE 7.24 No 0 9.7 10 10

Area

[m2]

Conditione d (Y/N)

Lighting [W/m2]

LVLX103.75:DOCTORRO OM

8.67 Yes 4.47 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:TOILET2 5.72 No 1.56 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:DUCT1 0.57 No 0 0 0

LVLX103.75:LIFT1 13.06 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:SUNROOM 38 Yes 9.52 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:LIFT2 9.64 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:LOBBY2 9.4 Yes 2.34 9.7 10 10

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LVLX103.75:NDUWARD 55.92 Yes 7.91 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:NURSINGD UTYROOM

11.63 Yes 2.29 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:MAINOPER ATIONTHEATRE

41.94 Yes 4.02 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:CU2 4.22 Yes 2.05 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:DU2 3.31 Yes 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:PANTRY 31.48 No 2.78 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:DU1 5.61 Yes 2.01 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:CU1 4.09 Yes 2.03 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:SCRUBUP 5.11 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:OBSERVATI ONWARD

30.11 Yes 5.39 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:MINOROT 28.77 Yes 4.07 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:DOCTORDU TYROOM

18.32 Yes 4.3 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:TOILET1 3.03 No 1.95 9.7 10 10

LVLX103.75:DUCT2 0.64 No 0 0 0

LVLX103.75:STERLIZATI ONDS

6.2 No 1.99 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:CORRIDOR 287.5

3

Yes 43.23 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:ATTENDEN TROOM

25.33 Yes 9.29 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:WC 13.81 No 1.46 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:STORE 30.56 Yes 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:SPECIALWA RD1

17.19 No 4.37 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:PANTRY2 11.46 No 0 9.7 10 10

17.81 Yes 4.26 9.7 10 10

13.98 Yes 3.1 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:PANTRY3 10.03 No 0 9.7 10 10

12.83 Yes 3.16 9.7 10 10

14.86 Yes 3.15 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:PANTRY1 4.99 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:STAIR1 11.42 No 2.37 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:TOILET3 4.68 No 0.86 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:STAFFROO M

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Area

[m2]

Conditione d (Y/N)

Lighting [W/m2]

LVLX107.05:RAMP 96.11 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:LIFT1 13.06 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:LIFT2 9.64 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:TOILET2 8.77 No 1.65 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:TOILET1 8.74 No 1.48 9.7 10 10

LVLX107.05:DUCT1 0.19 No 0 0 0

LVLX107.05:DUCT2 0.08 No 0 0 0

LVLX107.05:LECTUREHA LL

106.0 3

Yes 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX110.35:LIFT1 11.28 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX110.35:PASSAGE 130.4

5

Yes 2.74 9.7 10 10

LVLX110.35:LIBRARY 125.1

7

Yes 1.23 9.7 10 10

LVLX110.35:STAIRCASE 25.36 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX110.35:LIFT2 8.45 No 0 9.7 10 10

LVLX110.35:SKILLSTATI ON

29.42 Yes 0 9.7 10 10

Total 4236 m2

Utility Rates

The utility rates for electricity as per tariff rates of Himachal Pradesh are given in Table 1 below:

Table-2: Utility Rates

Type of Utility Unit Price

Electricity Unit Price $ 0.06/ ₹ 3.0 per KWh

BASELINE BUILDING

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Table-3: Baseline Building Envelope/Fabric Minimum Performance Specifications

B

u

ild

in

g

En

velo

p

e

Subject Component

Detail of Performance Criteria as per ECBC 2017 standard

Roof The roof space of the building is to be compliant with:

U= 0.28 W/m2_{-K (Insulation entirely above deck)}

Walls Walls above grade are to be compliant with:

U= 0.34 W/m2_-K

Glazing For <40% window to wall ratio, the glazing requirements are:

U = 3.0W/m2_-K

SHGCall = 0.62

Shading – No

*Source: Table 5.5 Building Envelope requirements of ECBC 2017 standard

Baseline HVAC system description is specified in Whole Building Performance Method of ECBC 2017 standard as System C: Variable Refrigerant System for buildings with less than or equal to

12,500 m² of conditioned area.

Table-4: Baseline Building HVAC System Min. Performance Specifications

H

V

AC

Systems/Plants Detail of Performance Criteria

as per ECBC 2017 Standard

Name System C

System Type Variable Refigerant Flow System (VRF)

Fan Control Constant volume

Cooling Type Direct expansion with air cooled condenser

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Design

*Source: Baseline HVAC system description as specified in Table 9.2 of Whole Building Performance Method of ECBC 2017 standard

The baseline lighting power density is defined as Building Area Method in Table 5 below:

Table-5: Baseline Building Lighting System Min. Performance Specifications

LPD

Building Type Detail of Performance Criteria

as per ECBC 2017 Standard

Hospital 9.70 (W/m2₎

Exterior 0 KW is modelled. (No detail Provided)

*Source: Baseline lighting system description as specified in TABLE 6.2 ‘Interior Lighting Power for ECBC Building – Building Area Method’ of ECBC 2017 standard as below.

PROPOSED DESIGN DESCRIPTION

The project envelope including the glazing is designed to be of well-insulated type and it is a high performing façade with high efficiency double-glazing in order to achieve ECBC compliance.

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Table-6: Baseline Building Envelope component and their layer Description

Sr. No.

Building Component

BAU case Proposed Case BAU case

cost (per Sq.m)

Proposed Case (per Sq.m) 1 Wall Assembly layers (outside to

inside):

a.12mm cement plaster b. 230mm burned bricks c. 12mm cement plaster

Assembly layers (outside to inside):

a. 12mm cement plaster b. 100mm burned bricks c. 25mm air cavity d. 100mm burned bricks e. 12mm cement plaster

982 1532

2 Roof Assembly layers (outside to inside):

a. 10mm CGI Sheet

b.300mm Air Gap Insulation c.100mm RCC slab

d.12mm cement plaster

Assembly layers (outside to inside):

a.10mm CGI Sheet

b.300mm Air Gap Insulation c.100mm RCC slab

d.12mm cement plaster

1182 1182

3 Glazing Single clear 6mm Glass (U-value- 3.0 W/m2_{K, SHGC-0.62)}

Double Glazed Units with U- value and SHGC as 1.8 W/m2_K and 0.6 respectively

1050 2125

The proposed design simulation parameters are described in the following below table :

Table-7: Proposed Building Envelope/Fabric Performance Specifications

Bu ildin g E n ve lop e/Fab ric Subject Component

Detail of Technical Specifications

Roof The roof space of the building is proposed to have the following specs: U= 3.27 W/m2_-K

Walls Walls above grade are proposed to have the following specs: U= 1.54 W/m2_-K

Glazing U = 1.8 W/m2_-K SHGCall = 0.6 VLT= 70% Shading – Yes

Table-8: Proposed Building HVAC System Performance Specifications

H

VAC

Systems/Plants Detail of Performance Criteria

Radiators Hot Water Compact Double Panel Radiators Hot water FCU FCU 12000 BTUH, FCU 18000 BTUH

Hot and Cold Split AC units 2 Ton

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The proposed design lighting power density is defined as space by space function method in Table 8 of ECBC 2017 below:

Table-9: Proposed Building Lighting System Performance Specifications

LPD

Building Type Detail of Performance Criteria

Interior* 2.14 KW

Exterior 0 kW is modelled.

*The process loads shall be identical for both benchmark baseline building and the Proposed Building.

Energy Modeling

This report presents the energy savings results from analysis of the differences between proposed design and the code-compliant baseline developed using the Performance Rating Method as defined in section 9 of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC 2017).

BEE 3-star rated VRF systems with baseboard heating had proposed in the building to provide occupant comfort. The total overall cooling load calculated for the building is approximately 213 KW. Below table is calculated by taking the results of HTML file of the proposed case of the building model and shown below in their required units. System detail of the whole building model is illustrated in table 5.1 which is shown below.

Table-10: System Details of the Building

System Detail Capacity, TR Area, m2 Primary Zone

Flow, CFM

LVLX89.35:ENTRANCELOBBY 2+ 1 TR 119.37 1356.08

LVLX92.65:CORRIDOR 1+1.5 TR 85.69 1589.15

LVLX92.65:ENTRANCELOBBY 2+1.5 TR 94.07 1801.04

LVLX92.65:SUNROOM 2 TR 40.21 762.79

LVLX97.15:ENTRANCELOBBY 1.5*2 TR 94.46 1525.59

LVLX97.15:SUNROOM 1 TR 39.49 572.09

LVLX97.15:LOBBY 1 TR 34 339.02

LVLX97.15:SNCUROOM 2*2 TR 106.04 1610.34

LVLX97.15:CORRIDOR 1 TR 24.02 444.96

LVLX97.15:PEDIATRICWARD3 1 TR 21.75 233.07

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LVLX97.15:NURSINGSTATION 1 TR 10.81 233.07

LVLX97.15:PEDIATRICWARD1 1 TR 23.33 254.26

LVLX100.45A:ENTRABCELOBBY 2*3 TR 156.99 2542.65

LVLX100.45A:SUNROOM 1.5 TR 40.63 593.28

LVLX100.45A:CORRIDOR 2 TR 59.13 741.6

LVLX100.45A:ASHHELPER 1 TR 21.98 233.07

LVLX100.45A:ATTENDENTROOM 1 TR 34.48 360.2

LVLX100.45A:REGISTRATIONCOUNTER 1 TR 10.81 233.07

LVLX100.45A:ASHAGRIHA 1 TR 44.31 444.96

LVLX100.45A:PSTPRTVSRGCLBDS 3 TR 88.75 1334.89

LVLX103.75:LOBBY1 2 TR 60.72 805.17

LVLX103.75:PRELABOURROOM 2 TR 50.36 847.55

LVLX103.75:POSTLABOURROOM 1+1.5 TR 55.05 1080.62

LVLX103.75:LABOURROOM 1.5*2 TR 58.31 1271.32

LVLX103.75:ENTRANCELOBBY 2+1.5 TR 101.1 1462.02

LVLX103.75:STAFF 1 TR 20.55 254.26

LVLX103.75:SEPTICROOM 1.5 TR 19.46 550.9

LVLX103.75:ULTRASOUND 1 TR 9.33 233.07

LVLX103.75:ECLMROOM 1 TR 9.59 211.88

LVLX103.75:MCHROOM 1 TR 16.3 381.39

LVLX103.75:DOCTORROOM 1 TR 8.67 190.69

LVLX103.75:SUNROOM 2 TR 38 762.79

LVLX103.75:LOBBY2 1 TR 9.4 148.32

LVLX103.75:WAITING 1 TR 9.67 84.75

LVLX103.75:NDUWARD 1.5 55.92 699.23

LVLX103.75:NURSINGDUTYROOM 1 11.63 233.07

LVLX103.75:MAINOPERATIONTHEATRE 1.5 41.94 572.09

LVLX103.75:CORRIDOR 1 46.2 466.15

LVLX103.75:CU2 1 4.22 148.32

LVLX103.75:DU2 1 3.31 127.13

LVLX103.75:DU1 1 5.61 21.18

LVLX103.75:CU1 1 4.09 105.94

LVLX103.75:OBSERVATIONWARD 1.5 30.11 529.71

LVLX103.75:MINOROT 1 28.77 423.77

LVLX103.75:DOCTORDUTYROOM 2 18.32 889.92

LVLX107.05:CORRIDOR 11.5 287.53 5339.57

LVLX107.05:ATTENDENTROOM 2.5 25.33 1017.062

LVLX107.05:STORE 1 30.56 360.2

LVLX107.05:SPECIALWARD2 1.5 17.81 508.53

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LVLX107.05:SPECIALWARD4 1 12.83 423.77

LVLX107.05:SPECIALWARD5 1.5 14.86 593.28

LVLX107.05:STAFFROOM 3 99.83 1525.59

LVLX107.05:LECTUREHALL 3.5 106.03 1758.67

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Comparison of Results to Actual Building Performance Data

As required by ECBC 2017, the code compliant baseline building model was generated and simulations were run for different orientations of the building (0°, 90°, 180°, 270°) Average of these 4 performance results were computed and determined as baseline building energy performance. Following table represents a comparison of average baseline building energy performance and the proposed annual energy consumption output for Civil Hospital Theog building generated by EnergyPlus.

Table-11 Comparison of Baseline and Proposed Building Annual Energy Consumption by End Use

End Uses STANDARD DESIGN ECBC PROPOSED DESIGN

Electricity (KWh/yr) Diesel Electricity

(KWh/yr)

Diesel Energy Saving %

(KWh) (KWh)

Heating 3,306 - 41,158 - -1144.8%

Cooling 109488.625 - 73180.82 - 33.2%

Interior Lighting 182,710 - 55,574 - 69.6%

Exterior Lighting 5680.665 - 0 - 100.0%

Interior Equipment 148,020 - 168,491 - -13.8%

Exterior Equipment 117489.95 - 135545.4 - -15.4%

Fans 74,313 - 21,465 - 71.1%

Pumps 0 - 5514.62 -

Heat Rejection 0 - 0 -

Humidification 0 - 0 -

Heat Recovery 0 - 0 -

Water Systems 2159.054 - 2415.11 - -11.9%

Total 643,168 503,344 21.7%

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been generated by using whole building performance simulation method mentioned in section 9 of ECBC 2017 for ECBC compliance purpose only)

Weather File

The weather file used in the simulation program is “SHIMLA - IND ISHRAE2 WMO#=42027” because of similar weather profile, keeping the elevation level same as Shimla i.e. 2276m.

Unmet Hours

Table-12: Baseline and Proposed Building Unmet Hours

Baseline Proposed Case

Heating 99 220

Cooling 187 28

Total 286 248

*Source: Baseline and Proposed case HTML data for ECBC Building – Building Area Method’ of ECBC 2017.

ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND COMPLIANCE

The table 5.4 below presents the energy savings resulting from an analysis of the differences between the proposed design and the budget baseline developed using ECBC 2017 Standard.

Table-13: Energy Summary and Comparison by Rates

END USE Base Case Proposed Case Cost Saving %

Electricity Electricity

[Rupees] [Rupees]

Heating ₹ 9,919 ₹ 123,473 -1144.76%

Cooling ₹ 328,466 ₹ 219,542 33.16%

Interior Lighting ₹ 548,131 ₹ 166,723 69.58%

Exterior Lighting ₹ 17,042 ₹ 0 100.00%

Interior Equipment ₹ 444,059 ₹ 505,473 -13.83%

Exterior Equipment ₹ 352,470 ₹ 406,636 -15.37%

Fans ₹ 222,939 ₹ 64,394 71.12%

Pumps ₹ 0 ₹ 16,544

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Humidification ₹ 0 ₹ 0

Heat Recovery ₹ 0 ₹ 0

Water Systems ₹ 6,477 ₹ 7,245 -11.86%

Total End Uses ₹ 1,929,503 ₹ 1,510,031 22%

Figure-2: Comparison Chart of Baseline and Proposed Building Annual Energy Consumption by End-Use

The total amount of energy bill calculated by whole building performance simulation method as defined in ECBC 2017 for the Civil Hospital, Theog building is ₹15,10,031. The percentage cost saving of the proposed building over budget baseline building for circuit house is 22%.

The Energy performance index (EPI) of the proposed Civil Hospital building is shown in Table 5.5 of the below table-14.

Table-14: Energy Summary and Comparison by Rates

Baseline EPI

(kWh/m2_/yr)

Proposed case EPI (kWh/m2_/yr)

EPI Ratio

NEW HOSPITAL THEOG 151.83 118.82 0.78

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As per the requirements of “Table 9-9 Maximum Allowed EPI Ratios for Buildings in Cold Climate” of Energy Conservation Building Code 2017, the calculated EPI ratio for New Hospital, Theog is 0.78 which is ECBC compliant, provided the mandatory requirements of the ECBC 2017 code are met.

RECOMMENDATIONS

As per the whole building analysis results mentioned earlier, the EPI ratio achieved by proposed New Hospital, Theog Shimla is 0.78 and hence it can be recognized as an ECBC compliant building, provided the project adopts and incorporates following mandatory provisions as per ECBC 2017:

Building Envelope

The following areas of the enclosed building envelope should be sealed, caulked, gasket, or weather- stripped to minimize air leakage:

a) Joints around fenestration and doorframes;

b)Openings between walls and foundations and between walls and roof and

c) Wall panels;

d)Openings at penetrations of utility services through, roofs, walls, and floors;

e) Site- built fenestration and doors;

f) Building assemblies used as ducts or plenums; and

g) All other openings in the building envelope.

Lighting Controls

As per ECBC 2017, 90% of interior lighting fittings in building or space of building larger than 300 m2 shall be equipped with automatic lighting control device (Automatic lighting shutoff). These devices shall function on either:

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b)Occupancy sensors that shall turn off the lighting fixtures within 15 minutes of an occupant leaving the space. Light fixtures controlled by occupancy sensors shall have a wall-mounted, manual switch capable of turning off lights when the space is un-occupied.

A detailed cost analysis for lighting control has been given in section 10 of this report.

Solar Water Heater

To comply with the ECBC2017, Hotels and Hospitals in all climatic zones and all buildings in cold climate zone with a hot water system shall have solar water heating equipment installed to provide for at least 20% of the total hot water design capacity if above grade floor area of the building is less than 20,000 m2.

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS

To comply with the mandatory provisions of ECBC 2017, the given set of solar heater in below Table 5.6 measures can be incorporated in the project design. The cost of these equipment has been reported along with total cost difference in the current design and ECBC compliant design of Civil Hospital, Theog Shimla, in the following sections for easy understanding.

Table-15: Recommended Solar Water Heater and their Rates

Sr. No Make Image Technology Max.

Capacity (LPD)

Price (INR)

1 Voltaic Solar Water Heater

Active Evacuated Tube Collectors

100 20,475

(www.urjakart.com)

2 1 MF

Energy Solar Water Heater

Active Evacuated Tube Collectors

100 12,597

(www.industrybuying.com)

3 2 Tata Solar Duro FPC Solar

Flat Panel

Collector with thermosyphon

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Heater

Automatic lighting control:

There is a variety of occupancy sensors available in the market as well as on e-commerce websites such as www.amazon.in, few of which is listed in the table 5.7 below:

Table-16: Recommended Motion Sensors and their Rates

Sr. No

Make Technology Max. Load

(W)

Price (INR)

1 3 GLiT GD01 PIR Motion sensor Ceiling Mount

Infra-red technology

1100 549/-

2 4 Walnut Innovations PIR Motion sensor

Infra-red technology

1000 749/-

3 5 Sirius Motion Sensor Switch (PIR)

Dual sensor with motion sense and light sensor (LDR sensor)

1000 549/-

4 6 Blackt:

Microwave/Ra dar Sensor Light Switch Occupancy Body Motion Detector

Microwave motion sensor

1200 786/-

5 7 PIR HVAC-Light Switch

Motion based

occupancy

control for HVAC and Lighting.

For HVAC:

230VAC / 12A

For light:

600W

Incandescent, 120W

fluorescent

2494/-

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Additional cost in proposed building for ECBC compliance: Solar Water Heating

As per section 5.2.9.1, to comply with the ECBC 2017, Hotels and Hospitals in all climatic zones and all buildings in cold climate zone with a hot water system, shall have solar water heating equipment installed to provide for at least 20% of the total hot water design capacity, if above grade floor area of the building is less than 20,000 m2. As per the details provided in the estimate document, the project uses following types of electric geysers:

Sr. No. Quantity Capacity (ltrs)

1 Electric Geyser - 35 liter 9 315

Therefore, Solar hot water demand in the project is:

= 315 x (20/100) = 63 LPD ≈ 100LPD

Considering Tata Solar Duro Flat Panel Collector for cost analysis

Cost of Solar water heater of 100 LPD capacity ranges from ₹20,000 to ₹25,000 *

Cost of installation of Solar water heater = 20% of equipment cost = ₹5,000

Hence, total solar water heater installation cost = ₹25,000 + ₹5,000 = ₹30,000

*anticipated cost as per market survey, actual cost may vary significantly based on local availability.

Automatic lighting controls

As per section 6.2.1.1 of ECBC 2017, 90% of interior lighting fittings in building or space of building larger than 300 m2 shall be equipped with automatic control device. The PIR HVAC-Lighting sensor has been considered for this cost analysis.

No. of zones with lighting fixtures = 114

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Assuming all the spaces have separate lighting fixtures installed, it can be assumed that 114 zones contain 100% lighting fixtures installed in the building. Hence,

No. of Zones where lighting controls are required= 114*0.9 = 103 Zones (90% of total interior lighting fittings). The stairs and lift areas can be given least priority while deciding the installation of lighting control devices as these areas have least occupancy.

Therefore, Total cost of PIR HVAC-Lighting sensor for lighting controls = 103 units x ₹2494 per unit

= ₹2,56,882 + 20% installation costs

= ₹2,56,882 + ₹51,376 = ₹3,08,258

Proposed Building ECBC compliant building

Total Project Cost INR 18,00,00,000 18,00,00,000 + 30,000 +

3,08,258 = INR 18,03,38,258

The total percentage increment in project cost = (3,20,258/ 18,00,00,000) x 100 = 0.19%

*The project may have additional cost for ECBC compliance subject to the design condition of various building components for which details were not available.

7. Conclusion:

Based on the detailed analysis done and presented in this report, it was observed that there are a lot of passive energy efficiency measures applied in the design of this project in order to reduce the energy demand of the building. The most prominent measures adopted are energy efficient envelope like application of rat trap bond in walls to provide better insulation through walls and double-glazed units in windows to reduce heat loss during winters, also passive solar techniques such as shadings have been installed accurately to reduce summer sun incursion inside building. Also highly efficient (92% thermal efficiency) electric boilers of 750 kW capacity and double panel radiators have been used along with fan coil units to satisfy building heating demand.

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Table-17:- Comparison between the EPI of Business As Usual (BAU) building and proposed building design (From html file)

S. N

Differen t areas

BAU energy consumptio

n [kWh/

year]

BAU EPI

(kWh/m2_/y

r) BAU energy bill (INR) Intervention s Energy consumption

post EE

implementatio n (kWh)

Energy bill

post EE

implementatio n (INR)

EPI post EE implementatio

n (kWh/m2_/yr)

1 Lighting 182,710 65.21 548131.

1

Installation of LEDs

55,574 166722.8 19.83

2 Efficient

Envelop

e and

HVAC

112,795 40.25 338385. 3

Rat trap bond wall and Highly Double-Glazed Glass Panels.

114,339 343015.7 40.81

4 Solar

assisted water heating

2415 0.57 7245 20% Hot water supply by Solar Water Heater

1932 5796 0.46

An analysis of payback on various energy efficiency measures adopted in the proposed design is carried out, the results can be found in the table given below.

Table-18: Cost of EEM interventions and payback S.No Different

areas

cost of EE interventions (INR)

payback on investment (Years)

time taken to carry out intervention

Potential vendors

1 Lighting Controls

3,08,258 1 1 month Philips,

Havels, Osram

3 Solar water heater

30,000 1.5 1 months Tata, Voltaic,

MF Energy

APPENDIX A – Daylighting Compliance

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been attached later in this section to depict daylight distribution in the spaces which is not a part of showing compliance.

This compliance analysis is based on following assumptions:

1. It is evident from the plan drawings that following major types of windows are used in the design namely W, W1, W2, W3, W3’, W4 and V, RW & V1, DW.

2. It does not consider the areas with zero occupancy.

Calculations:

Taking conservative height of the window = 1.5 m

Cill Height = 1.05 m

Each Floor Height = 3.5 m

Overhang Height H (From elevation drawing) = 0.88 m

V=Total Floor Height - Cill Height= 3.5 – 1.05 = 2.45 m

Hence,

Projection Factor = H/V = 0.88/2.45 = 0.36

Table A.1: Calculation of Head Height as per Section 4.2.3.2a (i)

Type of Windows Width Height Cill Level Head Height

W 0.6 1.5 2.55 4.05

W1 0.6 1.7 0.85 2.55

W2 1.5 1.5 1.05 2.55

W3 1.5 1.7 0.85 2.55

W3' 1.5 1.05 1.5 2.55

W4 3 1.7 0.85 2.55

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RW 3.35 1.7 0.85 2.55

V1 0.75 0.95 1.6 2.55

DW 2.4 0.75 0.75 1.5

Table A.2: Calculation of minimum distance as per Section 4.2.3.2a (ii)

Type of Windows W W1 W2 W3 W3' W4 V RW V1 DW

Glazing Distance 0.9 1 0.75 1.2 0.8 1.5 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1

Hence,

Total calculated Daylit area in the building = 2791 m2

Total occupied area in the project = 4236 m2

Percentage of area daylit in the building = 2791 / 4236= 66%

As per table 4.1 of the ECBC 2017, the above-calculated percentage of daylit area in the proposed design of New Hospital, Theog Shimla is 66% which is fulfilling the criteria of an ECBC compliant Healthcare building.

APPENDIX B – SCHEDULES

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Healthcare Occupancy

Healthcare Lighting

*Source: ECBC 2017 section-9.6 and Table 9-15 Schedules for Healthcare - Hospital Buildings (A).

APPENDIX C- LPD CALCULATIONS

Table C: Whole Building LPD calculation

Lighting Wattage (W)

Illuminated Area (sq. mt.)

LPD W/m2

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REFERENCE

1. EnergyPlus, A new Generation Building Energy Simulation Program, Drury B. Crawley, Linda K. Lawrie, Proceedings of Building Simulation '99, Volume 1: 81-88.

2. Building Energy Performance Simulation Tools – a life-cycle and interoperable perspective, Tobias Maile, Martin Fischer, Vladimir Bazjanac, CIFE (Center for Integrated Facility Engineering) at Stanford University.

3. Optimizing Building Energy Simulation Models in the Face of Uncertainty, Dirk Jacob, Sebastian Burhenne, Anthony R. Florita, and Gregor P. Henze, 2009.

4. Campus-Wide Integrated Building Energy Simulation, Willy Bernal, Madhur Behl, IBPSA Building Simulation Conference, International Building Performance Simulation, December 2015.

5. COMSOL Multiphysics for building energy simulation (BES) using BESTEST criteria, D.P.M. Jacobs and A.W.M. van Schijndel, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, 2015.

6. Modelling the Built Enviorment at an Urban Scale-Energy and Health Impacts in Radiation to Housing, Landscape and Urban Planning, Olympia Zogou, Anastassios Stamtelos, 83(1) (2009) pg no: 39-49.

7. Efficient and Robust Optimization for building energy simulation, Shokouh Pourarian, Jin Wen, Anthony J. Kearsley, Amanda J. Pertzborn, 2012.

8. A BIM-based web service framework for green building energy simulation and code checking, Jack C.P. Cheng, 2014

9. Http://hvacformula.blogspot.in/2008/12/cooling-heating-equations_9167.html