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ab le
1.
1
sh
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b
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m
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at
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T
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T h
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om
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19 /
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n9 / 5/ 2 0 0 3
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at
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m
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t
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sh
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ak
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h
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S
o u r c e s of N
ut
ri
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L
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I
n o rd
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h
ow
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i
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ch f
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s o u r c e s1
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b
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s of
m
a ny
c o
m m
e r ci
al
cl
e a ni
ng
op
e r at
i
o n s(M
u el l
e r,1 9 9
6
)
So
d iu
m
p
h
o sp h
at
ew
a s ad d
ed
t
oh
o u s eh
ol d d
et
e rg
e nt
si
nt
h
e1 9 5
0
's a nd
19
6 0
's u n
t
i l l i m i
t
sw
e r ep l
a c ed
o np
h
o sp
h
ate
c o n
t
e nt
w
h
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r op h
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t
i
o np
r ob
l
em
sw
e r e at
t
ri b
ut
ed
t
ot
h
e s e ad d i
t
i
o n sM
a ny
st
at
e sh
a v e ab
a n o np
h
o sp h
at
e sin
d
et
e rg
e nt
s.A
sp
op
ul
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d
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t
y i
n c r e a s e s a nd w
a st
ew
at
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a nt
sh
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ed
t
oh
i
g
h
e rd i
s ch
a rg
ep
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t
s, n ut
ri
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l i m i
t
at
i
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ng l
y
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le
m
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nt
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q
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om
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t
ew
at
er
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nt p
l
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nt
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, a c c o rd i
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t
ot
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rp
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r om
t
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ate
P h
o sp
h
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r eq
u e nt
l
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b
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o v ed b
y
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em i
c al
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t
i
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nt
h
ew
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ate r
t
r e at
m
e nt
p
r o c e s s, a nd
ni
t
r og
e n c a nb
et
r e at
ed
r ap
i d l
y
a nd
c o st
ef
f
e ct
i
v el y t
h
r o ug
h
B
i
ol
og
i
c al
N
ut
ri
e nt
R
em
o v al
(
B N
R
)
T h
i
sp
r o c e s s o c c u r si
nt
w
o st
ag
e s : ni
tr
i f
i c at
i
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h
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o n of
am m
o ni
ato
ni
t
r at
eb
y
b
a ct
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a of
t
h
eg
e n u sN
i
t
r o s om
o n a s a nd
N
i
t
r ob
a cte r
, a nd
s e c o nd
l y
,d
e ni
tr
i f
i c at
i
o n,i
nw h i
ch
c a rb
o n a c e o u s o rg
a ni
cm
att
e ri
s u s ed
b y h
et
e r otr o
p
h i
cb
a ct
e ri
a a st
h
e "o xy
g
e n " s o u r c e, o rt
e rm i
n al
el
e ct
r o n a c c ep
t
o r(
M
et
c al f
a n
d
E
d d
y
,1 9 9 1
)
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e ni
t
ri f
i c at
i
o n r el
e a s e s ni
tr o
g
e ng
a si
nt
ot
h
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m
o sp h
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ng t h
ee
f fl
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w i
t
h
ag
r e at
l y
r ed
u c ed
ni
t
r ate
c o n c e nt
r at
i
o n.T h
e c o st
s of
r et
r of
it t
i
ng
w
a st
ew
ate r
t
r e at
m
e nt f
a ci
l
i
t i
e sto
i
n cl
ud
ed
e ni
tr
i
f
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i
o np
r o c e s s e s c a nb
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st
a nt
i
al i
n s om
e c a s e s,n e
w p
l
a nt
s o rf
a ci
l
i
t
i
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l
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ng
s ub
st
a nt
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al
up
g
r ad
e s c o ul
d i
n cl
ud
eB
N R w i
t
h
o ut
g
r e at
a
d d i
t
i
o n al
co
st
.T h
em
et
h
od
s of
d i
sp
o s al
of
sl
ud g
e(
t
h
e r em
ai
ni
ng
s ol i d
s s ep
a r at
ed
f
r om
t
h
ew
a st
ew
at
e r)
i
n cl
ud
ed
ew
at
e ri
ng
,d i
g
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i
o n, a nd i
n ci
n e r at
i
o nO f t
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h
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ai
ni
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s ol i d
sa
f
te r
t
h
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r o c e s s e s a r el
a nd
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h
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ud
g
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r e s e nt
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p
o t
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al
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ri
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t
h
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t
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m
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h
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f
r om
t
r e at
m
e nt
p l
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ai
n
s r el
at
i
v el y p
r ed i
ct
ab l
et
h
r o ug
h
o ut t
h
ey
e a r : al
t
h
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t
h
e r e a r ed i
u r n al
a nd
y
e a rl
y
v a ri
at
i
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nf lo
w
, a nd
r ai
nf
al l
e v e nt
sd
oi m
p
a ct
t
h
e siz e o
f
t
h
e ef f
l
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r el
e a s e,t
h
e s e r el
e a s e s a r em
u ch m
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t
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t
h
a nt h
en
i
t
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ri b
ut i
o n sf
r om
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oi
nt
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t
i
l
l
, v a ri
at
i
o n o c c u r sin
a s s e s si
n
g
w
a st
ew
at
e rp l
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ri
b
ut
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on
st
o n ut
ri
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l
o ad
sb
e c a u s e s om
e st
at
e s a r em
o r e at t
e nt
i
v et
h
a n ot
h
e r st
o e nfo r c
i
ng
a nd m
o ni
t
o rin
g p
l
a nt
em is s
i
o n s.A l
t
h
o ug
h
t
h
e
c o nt
ri b
ut
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of
n u
t
ri
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sf
r om w
a st
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at
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r e at
m
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p
l
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d i
s ch
a rg
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s s ub
st
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, c ol l
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y t
h
e s ed
i
s ch
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l l
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m
u ch
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t
h
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t
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ay
st
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a nt
h
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ri
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t
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I
nd
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nd
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ria
l
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g
ul
at
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t
h
r o ug
h
t
h
eN
at
io n a
l
P
ol l
ut
a nt D
i
s ch
a rg
eE l i m in a
t
i
o nS
y
st
em
(
N
P D E
S
)
p
e rm
i
t
t
i
ng
sy
st
em
T h
eN
P D E
S p
e rm i
t
s r eq
ui
r em
a ny
i
nd
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ri
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ot
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t
h
ei
r ow
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a st
ew
at
e rb
ef
o r ei
t
is s e n
t t
ot
h
em
u ni
ci
p
al w
a st
ew
at
e rt
r e atm
e nt p
l
an t
T h
eT
o xi
cR
ele a s e
I
n v en t
o ry P
r og
r am
(
T
R
I
)
al
s o r eq
ui
r e st
h
e r ep
o rt
in
g
o
f
t
h
em
a n uf
a ct
u ri
ng
, u s e, o rp
r o c e s sin
g
of
5
8
1
ch
em i
c al
s,i
n cl
ud
i
ng
am
m
o nia
, ni
t
ri
t
e a nd
y
el l
ow
a nd w h i
t
ep
h
o sp
h
o r u s(
E
P A
,2 0
0
4
)
.A
c c o rd i
ng
t
ot
h
eE P
A
,i
n2 0 0 0
t
h
e r ew
e r e r o ug
h
l y 7 0
,0 0 0 i
nd i
vi d
u al l y
p
e rm i
t t
ed p
oi
nt
s o u r c ed
i
s ch
a rg
e r si
nt
h
e n at
io n
,b
ut
o nl
y
6
t
o1 7 p
e r c e nt
of t
h
e s e ap
p
e a rt
o c o nt
ri b
ut
et
ot
h
ei m
p
ai
rm
e nt
of
a3 0 3
(
d
)
w
at
e r(
E P
A
2 0 0 1
)
.P
oin
t
-s o u r c e
lo a
d
e s
