MODULE 6: ICT Applications

(1)

MODULE 6:

ICT Applications

ROBERT HORVITZ

Project Manager

Global Internet Policy Initiative

http://www.internetpolicy.net/

[email protected]

(2)

AGENDA

–

_–

Part 1 _{Part 1}

Social issues related to ICT applications:

– Market size and structure

• Special situation: Microsoft and IBM

– Intellectual property rights

• “Open source” vs. “Closed source” • Copyrights vs. patents

– ICT Applications in development strategies

• Productivity increases

• Up-scaling jobs and salaries

UNDESA-UNITAR “E-Government for Development” Seminar Rome, 23-28 June 2003

(3)

AGENDA

–

_–

Part 2 _{Part 2}

Draft WSIS “Declaration of Principles”

and “Action Plan” in relation to ICT

applications –

a closer look

– Intellectual property rights vs. public domain

• Open source vs. Closed source

– Free flow of information vs. protection of local values and cultures

(4)

Part of Babbage’s Analytical Engine (1871, unfinished)

UNDESA-UNITAR “E-Government for Development” Seminar Rome, 23-28 June 2003

(5)

(6)

IBM 7070 (1962)

(7)

Apple Computer Co. (1977

(8)

The first “killer application” for

the PC: VisiCalc (1979)

(9)

(10)

Patents vs. Copyrights

Separation of domains

was

clear:

Patents for devices and processes

Copyrights for literary works and

multimedia content

This distinction was blurred in 1980s by

software

, which is both a

“language-based” product and a “virtual machine.”

(11)

Patents vs. Copyrights

Patents protect processes, techniques,

features –

concepts

– against

unauthor-ized production, sale and use.

Copyrights protect the specific

form

of

a cultural product against

copying

.

– Ideas cannot be copyrighted.

(12)

Patents vs. Copyrights

 Literary works are automatically

copyrightable ...so long as they are not copies

of already–copyrighted works!

– Process is fast & cheap

– Protection lasts long time ~70 years

 But patents must be applied for

– Grant of patent depends on human judgment – Process is expensive & slow

– Protection period ~20 years

(13)

IT Economics (2003 data)

Global ICT market: ~$1 trillion

Global PC hardware sales: $170 billion

Total software sales: $180 billion

End-user software sales: $76 billion

~80,000 “open source” software projects

now underway on Internet

(14)

PHONES: MOBILE OVERTAKES

FIXED

FIXED--LINESLINES

Data: ITU (2001) Significant economic benefit: Mobile phones enable more efficient & productive use of time

(15)

COUNTRIES WITH MORE MOBILE

THAN FIXED

(16)

WILL SLOWER GROWTH IN PC

OWNERSHIP LIMIT INTERNET

GROWTH?

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 M illio n s PCs Internet users

(17)

New Paradigm: Smart Mobility

(18)

Telecom Applications

Management

“The main growth driver in the IT services industry is with applications services... [These] applica-tions services are coming from offshore markets, specifically in India... [O]ffshore application

management ranked as the highest growth

service opportunity for vendors in 2003... As of year-end 2002, at least 14 IT outsourcing

megadeals worth a total of $28.4 billion were signed...” ---“Gartner IT Survey: Outsourcing Goes East,” Datamation, 30 January 2003

(19)

Top 10 Software Firms in India

Name Sales* Name Sales*

TCS 809 Patni 153

Infosys 532 Silverline 126

Wipro 479 Mahindra 113

Satyam 355 Pentasoft 96

HCK 275 HCL Perot 94

(20)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“10. The essential requirements for the

development of an equitable Information

Society include:

...The building of an environment that inspires confidence and trust in using ICTs, and

ensures security of networks and information, in particular the protection of privacy.”

(21)

(22)

Cryptography as a

Human Right

“OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy” (1997) -

http://www.oecd.org/EN/document/0,,EN-document-43-1-no-24-10239-43,00.html

“Cryptography: Scientific Freedom and Human Rights Issues - A Congressional Briefing held August 1, 1997,” American Association for the Advancement of Science

-http://www.aaas.org/spp/cstc/briefing/crypto/

(23)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“22. Access to knowledge: All individuals and organisations should benefit from unhindered access to information, knowledge and ideas...

“23. Access to public domain information: A vibrant and rich public domain is an essential

element for the growth of the Information

(24)

Filtering

See Jonathan Zittrain and Benjamin

Edelman, “Documentation of Internet

Filtering Worldwide,” Berkman Center for

Internet & Society at the Harvard

University Law School

– http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/

The Free Network Project

(25)

Public Domain

Papers presented at the Duke Law School

Conference on the Public Domain (9-11

November 2001)

– http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers.html

Center for the Public Domain

(26)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“24. Open standards and open source:

Open standards and open source software

are basic elements in the development of

a more affordable access to ICTs.”

(27)

Open Source

Richard Stallman, “The GNU Project”

– http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html

Eric S. Raymond, “The Cathedral and the

Bazaar,”

First Monday

, Vol. 3 No. 3 (1998)

–

http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_3/-raymond/

(28)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“29. Demand-driven applications:

Growth in the demand for applications

(such as government, learning,

e-health and e-business) will create a

favourable environment for the private

sector to invest in the development of new

services.”

(29)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“32. Training ICT specialists: The

increasing demand for a wide range of

ICTs specialists at all levels must be

(30)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“42. Standardization: ...The development and use of open standards are particularly important for developing countries. In this regard the

increased use of open-source software can contribute greatly to increasing access and to adding to the diversity of choice of software for consumers.

(31)

Intergovernmental standards

Interchange of Data between

Administra-tions (IDA)

–

http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/ida/jsps/index.jsp?-fuseAction=home

OASIS E-Government Technical Committee

–

(32)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“47. Appropriate applications: Cooperation and collaboration are enhanced through the

development of applications and content suited to local needs will encourage social and

economic development, particularly in serving rural and remote areas, and supporting projects ensuring the sharing of information.”

(33)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“

49. Cultural and linguistic diversity: Cultural identity, linguistic diversity, multilingualism and local languages are driving forces for the

process of developing content for local and international use...”

(34)

WSIS Draft Declaration of

Principles

“51. Media: ICTs strengthen the role of

traditional media such as broadcasting and

print, which will continue to have an

important role in disseminating content in

the Information Society.”

(35)

WSIS Draft Action Plan

“16. The full and effective involvement of all

stakeholders is vital in developing new ICT

applications. The role, responsibilities and

goals of each stakeholder should be

(36)

WSIS Draft Action Plan

“27. Fighting cybercrime: ...A multi-pronged approach is needed to tackle cybercrime, on all fronts, with emphasis on

preventive approaches

, national guidelines and regional and

inter-national cooperation. At the same time, action to address cybercrime and to ensure a safe and

secure Information Society must respect the

sovereignty of nations and maintain respect for the constitutional and other rights of all persons, including freedom of expression.”

(37)

WSIS Draft Action Plan

“30. Standardization: The development of the Information Society must be based on platforms of internationally inter-operable technical

standards, accessible for all, and technological innovation in ICTs, as well as systems to

promote the exchange of knowledge at global, regional and sub-regional levels, through any media.”

(38)

Multimedia E

-

_-

Identity

_Identity

George Roussos & Uma Patel, “Mobile

Identity Management”

–

http://www.mobiforum.org/proceedings/pap-ers/08/8.3.pdf

Internet2 Middleware Initiative

(39)

WSIS Draft Action Plan

“36. E-Government: Public

administra-tions should use ICT tools to enhance

transparency, accountability and

efficiency—at all levels of government,

and in particular at the local level:

- In the delivery of public services to citizens and to enterprises.

(40)

WSIS Draft Action Plan

“42. Cultural and linguistic diversity:

...Means should be developed for enabling access to information resources in different languages, in

particular online translation tools...

...Means should be developed for processing information in local languages: for instance, standard character sets and language codes, dictionaries, general and

application software.

...Non-written languages should be preserved by supporting the use of digital audio...”

(41)

WSIS Draft Action Plan

“53. Specific initiatives: The

develop-ment of an e-Strategy entails

under-standing what to promote, where to

promote it, and how to tailor and

imple-ment activities to achieve maximum

impact.... Specific initiatives could include:

...Developing a platform for showcasing applications.”

(42)

WSIS Draft Action Plan

“53. International cooperation...

- A cumulative knowledge process should be fostered by systematic networking between grassroots initiatives, by creation of websites, by facilitating exchange of information and

experience, and through dissemination of good practices.”

(43)

Observers’ Contribution to the

Draft WSIS Action Plan

“[14] Open-source/free software shall be adopted by all public authorities and bodies:

- Awareness of open-source/free software should be created, especially in the developing

countries.

- Capacity in open-source/free software develop-ment should be built through the developdevelop-ment of incubator funding, a knowledge warehouse of

(44)

...development of regional and national open-source/free software portals, and by ensuring that technical experts in developing countries have full opportunity to participate in the

development of open-source/free software. - A “Programmers Without Frontiers” initiative,

focused on open-source/free software as applied to development needs, should be launched and coordinated, under the auspices of the UN.

- A collaborative network of open-source/free

software technology tools for civil society must be promoted.

(45)

Observers’ Contribution to the

Draft WSIS Action Plan

“[25A.] Privacy: ...

- National compulsory projects using ICTs, such as electronic national ID card initiatives and electronic health care card initiatives, should be prudently

assessed, with consideration of privacy issues.

- Databases of information on individuals, which have been established by governments, such as health

(46)

- Uniform legal protection of communications privacy is needed to avoid interference and monitoring of Internet traffic and personal

communications. For exceptional cases at the workplace, regulations and collectively

negotiated agreements are required to

determine who can carry out the monitoring and under which conditions.”

(47)

Observers’ Contribution to the

Draft WSIS Action Plan

“[29.] Market environment: The creation of a transparent and predictable legal and regulatory environments, with the objective to promote

competition and investment in ICT infrastructure and applications, should include actions such

as:...

(48)

Observers’ Contribution to

the Draft WSIS Action Plan

“[34.] Intellectual property rights:...

- A specific status concerning transition and developing countries shall be recognised in regards to IPRs.

- Authors must be encouraged to retain ownership of their copyrights and not to

automatically transfer copyrights to publishers or other intermediaries.”

(49)

Observers’ Contribution to

the Draft WSIS Action Plan

“[41 A] There is a need to prioritize and

develop uses of ICTs for development e.g.

agriculture and early warning systems.”

(50)

Observers’ Contribution to

the Draft WISIS Action Plan

“[34.] Intellectual Property Rights

Fair use:

- Non-commercial use and private copying of digital content should be regarded and protected as fair use.

- Computer software should not be protected by copyright, or at least, the protection period of computer software should be shortened.

Software shall not be patentable, in principle.”

(51)

Global Internet Policy

Initiative (GIPI)

Founded December 2000

Partnership between Internews & the Center for

Democracy and Technology

Multiple funders – mainly USAID, AIDCO (EU), Open Society Institute, Dutch Government, Markle

MODULE 6: ICT Applications

MODULE 6:

MODULE 6:

ICT Applications

ICT Applications

ROBERT HORVITZ

Project Manager

Global Internet Policy Initiative

http://www.internetpolicy.net/

[email protected]

AGENDA

AGENDA

–

–

Part 1

Part 1

 Social issues related to ICT applications:

AGENDA

AGENDA

–

–

Part 2

Part 2

 Draft WSIS “Declaration of Principles”

and “Action Plan” in relation to ICT

applications –

a closer look

Apple Computer Co. (1977

The first “killer application” for

The first “killer application” for

the PC: VisiCalc (1979)

the PC: VisiCalc (1979)

Patents vs. Copyrights

Patents vs. Copyrights

Separation of domains

was

clear:

 Patents for devices and processes

 Copyrights for literary works and

multimedia content

This distinction was blurred in 1980s by

software

, which is both a

“language-based” product and a “virtual machine.”

Patents vs. Copyrights

Patents vs. Copyrights

 Patents protect processes, techniques,

features –

concepts

– against

unauthor-ized production, sale and use.

 Copyrights protect the specific

form

of

a cultural product against

copying

.

Patents vs. Copyrights

Patents vs. Copyrights

IT Economics (2003 data)

IT Economics (2003 data)

Global ICT market: ~$1 trillion

Global PC hardware sales: $170 billion

Total software sales: $180 billion

End-user software sales: $76 billion

~80,000 “open source” software projects

now underway on Internet

COUNTRIES WITH MORE MOBILE

COUNTRIES WITH MORE MOBILE

THAN FIXED

WILL SLOWER GROWTH IN PC

WILL SLOWER GROWTH IN PC

OWNERSHIP LIMIT INTERNET

OWNERSHIP LIMIT INTERNET

GROWTH?

GROWTH?

New Paradigm: Smart Mobility

Telecom Applications

Telecom Applications

Management

_–

_{Part 1}

Social issues related to ICT applications:

_–

_{Part 2}

Draft WSIS “Declaration of Principles”

Patents for devices and processes

Copyrights for literary works and

Patents protect processes, techniques,

Copyrights protect the specific