ENERGY EFFICIENCY
IN PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Edited by
P. A. PILAVACHI
Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium
ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE
LONDON and NEW YORK
X l l l
CONTENTS
Preface v Conference Organization . . . . . . . . . . v i i
Plenary Session
Chairman: Dr P. A. PILAVACHI {Commission of the European Communities) Introduction . . . 3
Dr P. A. PILAVACHI (Directorate General for Science, Research and Development, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium)
Opening Address 5 Mr I. PALEOKRASSAS (Minister of Industry, Energy, Technology and
Commerce, Greece)
R & D A c t i v i t i e s o f t h e E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y . . . 9 M r P . Z E G E R S , o n b e h a l f o f P r o f . P . F A S E L L A (Director General f o r
Science, Research and Development, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium)
Activities on Energy Efficiency in the Greek Industry: Contribution of
CRES 15 Prof. N. CHRYSOCHOIDES (President of CRES, Greece)
Scientific Committee Dinner Address
The Maastricht Treaty on European Union: The Future of Europe . 33 Mr G. CONTOGEORGIS (Former Minister for the National Economy,
Greece; former Member of the Commission of the European Communities)
XIV
Session 1: Overview of Energy Intensive Sectors
Chairman: Prof. N. KOUMOUTSOS (National Technical University of Athens, Greece) The National Energy Strategy of the United States:-Industrial Energy Use
(Keynote Lecture) . . . 4 1
E. P. GYFTOPOULOS (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) International Co-operation in R & T D : Global Industry View (Keynote
Lecture) 49 D. BRICKNELL (European Chemical Industry Council—CEFIC, Belgium) Energy Saving in the Petrochemical Industry (Keynote Lecture) . . 61
P. TRAMBOUZE (Institut Francais du Petrole, France)
Saving Energy in Alumina-Aluminium Plants (Keynote Lecture) . . 73 N. DENAXAS, A. ZERVOS (Aluminium de Grece, Greece)
Session 1: Overview of Energy Intensive Sectors (continued)
Chairman: Dr E. N. CARABATEAS (General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece)
E n e r g y C o n s e r v a t i o n i n t h e I r o n a n d S t e e l I n d u s t r y . . . . 9 1 E . W O R R E L L , J . D E B E E R , K . B L O K ( U n i v e r s i t y o f U t r e c h t , T h e
Netherlands)
Paper and Energy: A Finnish View 101 A. KOMPPA (The Finnish Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Finland)
Latest Aluminium Recycling and Environmental Technology in Europe 111 O. H. PERRY, W. BATEMAN (Stein Atkinson Stordy Ltd, UK)
Session 2: Thermodynamic Cycles Chairman: Mr R. DUMON (CEC Expert, France) Nonconventional Thermodynamic Cycles for the Nineties: Comparisons
and Trends (Keynote Lecture) 123 S. S. STECCO (University of Florence, Italy)
Optimization of a Combined-Cycle Plant with Thermodynamic, Economic
and Environmental Considerations . . . 140 C. A. FRANGOPOULOS, V. A. BULMETIS (National Technical University of
Athens, Greece)
XV
Session 3: Drying
Chairman: Prof. R. W. K. ALLEN (UKAEA—Harwell Laboratory, UK) Modelling Radiative Heat Transfer in Industrial Enclosures . . . 153
J. ADNOT, W. CAI (Ecole des Mines de Paris, France), P. LIEVOUX, P.
HENNIG (Gaz de France, France), B. TUCKER (British Gas, UK), J.
HAMEURY, J. R. FILTZ (Laboratoire National d'Essais, France), J. J. PH.
ELICH (Technical University of Delft, The Netherlands), I. GUGLYURTLU (LNETI-DEC, Portugal)
Development and Evaluation of an Advanced Model for Spray Dryers. 163 P. HUTCHINSON (Cranfield Institute of Technology, UK), J. PEREIRA
(Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal), M. SOMMERFELD (Universitdt Erlangen-Niirnberg, Germany)
New Drying Methods for Aqueous Solutions at Low Temperatures . 179 G. MINDS, J. NYVAD (Danish Technological Institute, Denmark)
Absorption-Dehumidification: A Unit Operation for Heat Recovery from
Dryers 190 C. PRITCHARD, J. CURRIE (University of Edinburgh, UK)
Energy-Efficient Batch Drying of Structural Ceramics and Construction
Timber 201 A. DALHUIJSEN (TNO, The Netherlands), B. NORTON (University of
Ulster, UK)
High Temperature, Pressurized Wood Drying: Experimental and Simu-
lation Results 210 B. NORTON (University of Ulster, UK), F. N. DA SILVA (Instituto
Politecnico da Guarda, Portugal)
Techno-Economic Evaluation of Textile Bobbins Drying Processes . 220 J. RIBEIRO, I. CABRITA (Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia e
Tecnologia Industrial, Portugal), J. VENTURA (Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal), J. M. FIADEIRO (Centro Tecnolbgico das Industrias Textile do Vestuario, Portugal)
State of the Art in Dewatering Processes during Paper Manufacture . 230 J. P. VINCENT (Centre Technique de VIndustrie des Papiers, Cartons et
Celluloses, France)
Session 4: Sensors and Instrumentation
Chairman: Prof. F. DURST (Universitdt Erlangen-Niirnberg, Germany) Development of Advanced Sensors (Keynote Lecture) . . ' . . 245
F. DURST (Universitdt Erlangen-Niirnberg, Germany)
XVI
Selection of Instrumentation to Monitor Energy Efficiency of a Process
Heating System 261 K. URBANIEC, P. ZALEWSKI (Warsaw University of Technology, Poland)
A Device for the Measurement of Quality in an Evaporator Tube . . 270 D. A. MCNEIL, I. GRANT, K. CORNWELL (Heriot-Watt University, UK)
Sensors for Monitoring and Control of Furnaces, Kilns and Ovens . 280
G. DIMACZEK, H. G. FASSBINDER, D. STEVANOVIC, C. V. TRAN (A TZ-
EVUS, Germany)
Laser Deflection, Absorption and Diffusion in a Laminar Flame:
Application to Local Density, Temperature and Concentration Measure-
ments of Hydrocarbons 292 J. P. MARTIN, M. Y. PERRIN, J. C. ROLON (Ecole Cent rale de Paris,
France)
Probe and Optical Sensors for the Analysis of Turbulent Heat Transfer in
Recirculating Flames . , . . . 301 P. FERRAO, M. V. HEITOR (Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal)
Development of Gas Sensors for Coal Gasification Processes. . . 311 A. JACOBS, F. D E SCHUTTER, J. VANGRUNDERBEEK, J. LUYTEN (VITO,
Belgium), R. VAN LANDSCHOOT, J. SCHOONMAN (Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands)
Session 5: Separation Processes
Chairman: Prof. P. LE GOFF (Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine, France) Towards the Optimum Energy Efficient Separation Process (Keynote
Lecture) 325 K. E. PORTER (Aston University, UK)
Distillation
Intensive Hydrodynamic Regimes in Absorption Towers and Fractionat-
i n g C o l u m n s (Keynote Lecture) . . . . . . . . 3 3 9 N . N . K U L O V (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia), Y u . N . L E B E D E V
(Vniineftemash, Russia)
The Design and Optimization of Dividing Wall Distillation Columns . 351 C. TRIANTAFYLLOU (Exxon Chemical, France), R. SMITH (UMIST, UK)
XVH
Gas Adsorption
T h e M e t h o d o l o g y o f G a s A d s o r p t i o n P r o c e s s D e s i g n . . . . 3 6 1 N . J O R G E N S E N , E . K . M A C D O N A L D (UKAEA—Harwell L a b o r a t o r y ,
UK)
Advanced Flow Modelling for Industrial Applications: CFD Models of
Adsorbers 374 G. GOUVALIAS, N. C. MARKATOS, J. PANAGOPOULOS (National Technical
University of Athens, Greece), M. J. TIERNEY (UKAEA^Harwell Laboratory, UK), S. HUBERSON, G. ZHONG (LIMSI-CNRS, France)
Some Energetic Aspects of Gas Phase Adsorption Systems . . . 388 A. MERSMANN, P. SCHWEIGHART, W. SIEVERS (Technische Universitdt
Munchen, Germany) Supercritical Extraction
Design and Analysis of Super-critical Extraction Processes . 398 G. HYTOFT, R. GANI, A. FREDENSLUND (The Technical University of
Denmark, Denmark)
Phase Equilibria and Process Simulation for High-Pressure Super-
critical Extraction Processes: Experimental Investigation . . . 412 G. Di GIACOMO, V. BRANDANI, G. DEL RE (Universitd diVAquila, Italy),
E. MARTINEZ DE LA OSSA (Universidad de Cadiz, Spain)
Session 5: Separation Processes (continued) Chairman: Prof. K. E. PORTER (University of Aston, UK) Melt Crystallization
Improvement of Melt Crystallization's Efficiency for Industrial Applic-
ations . . . 423 R. DE GOEDE (TNO, The Netherlands)
Evaporation
A b s o r p t i o n - D r i v e n M u l t i p l e Effect E v a p o r a t o r s : A S t u d y o f t h e A b s o r b e r - R e g e n e r a t o r C o u p l e . . . . 4 3 7
S. YANNIOTIS (Agricultural University of Athens, Greece), P. LE GOFF
(Institut National Poly technique de Lorraine, France)
The Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Falling Film Evaporators by a Non-
uniform Flow Rate 448 A. RAMADANE (SNEA-DRDIE, France), P. LE GOFF, BQ. LIU (Institut
National Polytechnique de Lorraine, France)
XV111
E n e r g y - E f f i c i e n t E v a p o r a t o r s i n t h e D a i r y I n d u s t r y . . . . 4 5 5
S . B O U M A N , R . W A A L E W I J N , P . D E J O N G , J . H . J . L . J . V A N D E R L I N D E N
(Netherlands Institute for Dairy Research, The Netherlands) Gas Separation
An Experimental Study of Direct-Contact Steam Condensers as
Noncondensable Gas Separators . • . 465 V. BONTOZOGLOU, A. J. KARABELAS (Aristotle University of Thessa-
loniki, Greece)
The Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Characteristics of a Large
Centrifugal Water Deoxygenator 475
K. AL-SHABAN, V. BALASUNDARAM, C. R. HOWARTH, C. RAMSHAW, J. R.
A. PEEL (University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) Electrically Enhanced Separation
Developments in Electrically Enhanced Separation Processes . . . 485 K. J. PTASINSKI, P. J. A. M. KERKHOF (Eindhoven University of
Technology, The Netherlands)
New Process for Reconcentration of Acid Wastes 495 G. Louis, P. LE PEURIAN (Electricite de France, France), F. ROMBAUT
(SNPE Ingenierie, France)
Session 6: Refrigeration and Refrigerants
Chairman: Prof. K. CORNWELL (Heriot-Watt University, UK)
Replacement of Rl2 in Refrigeration Systems 507 J. T. MCMULLAN (University of Ulster, UK), H. KRUSE (Universitdt
Hannover, Germany), R. CAMPORESE (Instituto per la Technica del Freddo, Italy), R. J. M. VAN GERWEN (TNO, The Netherlands) Development of Advanced Absorption Systems Driven by Low Tempera-
ture Heat Sources 521 I. BORDE, M. JELINEK, N. C. DALTROPHE (Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Israel)
A Thermodynamic Method for a Second Law Analysis of Two-Phase
Binary Mixture Processes . . . 531 D. A. KOUREMENOS, E. D. ROGDAKIS, G. E. HOUZOURIS (National
Technical University of Athens, Greece)
Heat Transfer Coefficient of a ' Film Condenser in a Dual Cycle
Refrigeration System 543
S. PIERUCCI, R. DEL ROSSO, A. SOGARO, C. FERRARI, S. GAUDENZI
(Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
XIX
Water Vapour Compression and Adiabatic Cooling in the Process Industry ' 552 H. MADSBOLL, F. ELEFSEN (Danish Technological Institute, Denmark)
Session 7: Heat Exchangers
Chairman: Prof. D. A. REAY (CEC Expert, UK) Enhancement of Heat Transfer
Compact Heat Exchangers for the Process Industry (Keynote Lecture) . 565 R. K. SHAH (General Motors Corporation, USA), J. M. ROBERTSON (AEA
Technology, UK)
Process Intensification: The UK Programmes to Encourage the Develop-
ment and Use of Intensified Heat Exchange Equipment and Technology 581
A. C. MERCER (ETSU, UK)
Compound Enhancement of Heat Transfer in a Gas-to-Gas Heat
Exchanger 591
M. M. OHADI, S. S. LI, A. I. ANSARI (University of Maryland, USA), R. L.
WHIPPLE (Michigan Technological University, USA)
E n h a n c e d E v a p o r a t i o n H e a t T r a n s f e r S u r f a c e s . . . 6 0 1 M. GROLL, S. ROSLER (Universitdt Stuttgart, Germany), C. MARVILLET
(GRETh, France), J. E. HESSELGREAVES (NEL, UK), K. CORNWELL, P. A.
KEW (Heriot- Watt University, UK)
A Rotating Disc Heat Exchanger . . . 613 S. Y A N N I O T I S (Agricultural University of Athens, Greece), D . K O L O K -
O T S A , P . V A L A C H I S (CRES, Greece)
B o i l i n g i n S m a l l P a r a l l e l C h a n n e l s . . . 6 2 4 K. CORNWELL, P. A. K E W (Heriot- Watt University, UK)
Session 7: Heat Exchangers (continued)
Chairman: Prof. M. GROLL (Universitdt Stuttgart, Germany) Advanced Heat Exchangers
New Concepts in Longitudinal Flow Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers . 641
J. E. HESSELGREAVES, M. MCCOURT (NEL, UK), P. MERCIER, S. S.
MANSUR (GRETh, France), T. MOROS (CRES, Greece)
Study of Distribution of Vapour-Liquid Mixtures in the Tube Side of a
Tube and Shell Heat Exchanger* 653 J. GARCIN, M. IDRISS, E. LAURO (GRETh, France)
* Text in French.
XX
Heat Pipes Heat Exchangers and Energy Efficiency in Process Technology 667 L. L. VASILIEV (Byelorussian Academy of Sciences, Byelorussia)
The Performance Characteristics of a Water/Water 'Polymer Film
Compact Heat Exchanger'(PFCHE) 673
C. R. HOWARTH, R. J. J. JACHUCK, C. RAMSHAW (University of
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK)
Systems Containing Contact Economizers for Flue Gas Heat Utilization 683 N. KOLEV, R. DARAKCHIEV, K. SEMKOV (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria)
P r e d i c t i o n o f t h e T h e r m a l P e r f o r m a n c e o f I n t e g r a t e d H e a t R e c o v e r y a n d
F i l t e r i n g M a t r i c e s f o r F l u e G a s e s . . . 6 9 2 M. GAIA, M. PEROTTI (Politecnico di Milano, Italy)
Energy Efficient Processing Using Spray Evaporation Cooling Techniques 702
C. R. HOWARTH, R. J. J. JACHUCK, C. RAMSHAW (University of
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK)
Session 7: Heat Exchangers (continued)
Chairman: Prof. A. KARABELAS (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece) Fouling
Generic Studies for Industrial Heat Exchanger Fouling . . . . 715
J. D. ISDALE (NEL, UK)
An Assessment of Data and Predictive Tools for Cooling Water Fouling of
Heat Exchangers 726 S. VALIAMBAS, N. ANDRITSOS, A. J. KARABELAS (Aristotle University of
Thessalon ik i, Greece)
Studies of Phosphate Scale Deposition in Heated Tubes. . . . 738 D. HAWTHORN (min-DEP Research, UK)
Session 8: Furnaces, Kilns and Ovens Chairman: Mr R. DUMON (CEC Expert, France) Energy Efficiency and Pollution Abatement in Glass Furnaces, Baking
Ovens and Cement Kilns (Keynote Lecture) . . . 753 M. G. CARVALHO, M. NOGUEIRA (Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal)
Numerical Simulation of the Combustion Aerodynamics Inside a Rotary
Cement Kiln . . . . 767 T. AVGEROPOULOS (Titan Cement Company, Greece), J. P. GLEKAS, C.
PAPADOPOULOS (CRES, Greece)
XXI
Industrial Lime Kiln Computer Dynamic Simulation for Improving
Efficiency. . . 779 B. RIBEIRO, A. D. CORREIA (Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal)
The Modelling of the Glass Production Furnaces 789 M. D E N T E , G. B O Z Z A N O (Politecnico di Milano, Italy), E. SCORZA,
V. TORNO, G. BONO (A VIR, Italy)
Numerical Modelling of Ceramics Firing Kilns: Application t o the
Improvement of Energy Efficiency a n d Product Quality . . . . 800 P. LYBAERT, M. E L HAYEK, H. M E U N I E R (Faculte Polytechnique de
Mons, Belgium)
Use of Furnace Modelling to Improve Energy Efficiency in the Deep
Drawing Steel Sheet Industry 815 H. MEUNIER, M. CAMBIER (Faculte Polytechnique de Mons, Belgium)
Session 8: Furnaces, Kilns and Ovens (continued)
Chairman: Prof. H. L. J. MEUNIER (Faculte Polytechnique de Mons, Belgium) On the Optimisation of Expansion Processes of Industrial Minerals . 827
T. BERDI, M. FOUNTI, E. KAKARAS, A. KLIPFEL, Z. NTOUROS (National Technical University of Athens, Greece)
Quality and Energy Control of Industrial Biscuit Baking . . . 837 U. DE VRIES, P. VERLAAN, M. VAN DER VLIERT (TNO, The Netherlands)
Session 9: Combustion
Chairman: Prof. H. L. J. MEUNIER (Faculte Polytechnique de Mons, Belgium) C a t a l y t i c C o m b u s t i o n : C u r r e n t S t a t u s a n d I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r E n e r g y
E f f i c i e n c y i n t h e P r o c e s s I n d u s t r i e s (Keynote Lecture) . . . . 8 4 9 D. A. REAY (David Reay & Associates, UK)
Modeling and Simulation of Hydrogen-Oxygen Combustion on Platinum
Catalyst ". . , . . . . . . 862 O. DEUTSCHMANN, J. WARNATZ (Universitdt Stuttgart, Germany), M. D.
ALLENDORF, R. J. KEE, M. E. COLTRIN (Sandia National Laboratories, USA)
NOX Emissions from a Front Wall Fired Pulverised Coal Boiler . . 872 J. L. T. AZEVEDO, M. G. CARVALHO, C. F. M. COIMBRA (Instituto
Superior Tecnico, Portugal), A. J. BRANCO (Electricidade de Portugal, Portugal)
XXII
A Low NOV Gas Burner with a Radiant Flame 883 G. J. NATHAN, R. E. LUXTON (University of Adelaide, Australia)
Experiments in Large Scale Combustion Systems and the Characterization
of the Burning Equipments 893 J. CASSIANO, M. HEITOR, A. MOREIRA, T. SILVA (Instituto Superior
Tecnico, Portugal) ;
Session 10: Process Integration
Chairman: Prof. S. PIERUCCI (Polltecnico di Milano, Italy) Make Use of the Utility Systems to Obtain Flexible Heat Exchanger
Network Satisfying the Minimum Energy Requirement (Keynote Lecture) 905 B. KALITVENTZEFF (Universite de Liege, Belgium)
A Retrofit Design Model for Improving the Operability of Heat Exchanger
Networks 915
K. P. PAPALEXANDRI, E. N. PISTIKOPOULOS (Imperial College, UK)
New Criteria for the Design of Optimal Heat Exchanger Networks . 929 I. S. ANDREOU (Hellenic Aspropyrgos Refinery, Greece)
P a r a d i g m s in P r o c e s s I n t e g r a t i o n : A T e c h n i c a l a n d E p i s t e m o l o g i c a l
A p p r a i s a l . . . . 9 4 1 G. J. PROKOPAKIS (SPEC Ltd, Greece), V. KINDI (Deree College, Greece) Practical Aspects of Process Integration and their Implications for Design 950
E. KOTJABASAKIS, I. D. GREMOUTI (UMIST, UK)
Quantitative Modelling of Production Chains with Respect to Environ-
mental Effects 960 A. J. D. LAMBERT, W. T. M. WOLTERS, J. CLAUS (Eindhoven University of
Technology, The Netherlands)
Design and Energy Analysis of Absorption-Driven Multiple Effect
Evaporators . . . 970
S. C. BIKOS, J. R. FLOWER (University of Leeds, UK), S. YANNIOTIS
(Agricultural University of Athens, Greece)
Session 10: Process Integration (continued) Chairman: Mr J. KOSMADAKIS (Motor Oil, Greece)
Simulation and Optimization of an Integrated Industrial Energy System 985 A. I. LYGEROS, C. MERENTITIS (Hellenic Aspropyrgos Refinery, Greece)
XX111
Heat Integration of a New Formic Acid Pulping and Recovery Process. 996 E. MUURINEN, J. SOHLO (University of Oulu, Finland)
Integration of Absorption Heat Transformers in the Process Industry:
Applications in the Oleochemical, Pulp and Paper Industries . . . 1005 G. ALY, K. ABRAHAMSSON, A. JERNQVIST (University of Lund, Sweden) Energy Conservation in the Sugar Industry 1015
A. GIDNER, A. JERNQVIST (University of Lund, Sweden)
Session 11: Dynamic Simulation and Batch Processes Chairman: Prof. D. TSAHALIS (University of Patras, Greece) Dynamic Simulation
Simulation and Control of Fast Transients in Process and Utility Plant. 1027 H. YEUNG, A. GUILBERT (Cranfield Institute of Technology, UK), G.
HEYEN, B. KALITVENTZEFF (Universite de Liege, Belgium), K. MURPHY,
D. MARCHIO (Ecole des Mines de Paris, France), M. GILL (W. S. Atkins, UK)
Reliability Aspects of Energy Efficient Operation of Technical Systems . 1040 G. BECKER, A. BEHR, G. BARTSCH (Technical University of Berlin,
Germany) Batch Processes
D e s i g n o f E n e r g y E f f i c i e n t B a t c h P r o c e s s e s . . . 1 0 5 0 G. ASHTON (Linnhoff March Ltd, UK)
A Simple Technique for Analyzing Waste-Heat Recovery with Heat-
Storage in Batch Processes 1063 S. STOLTZE, B. LORENTZEN, P. M. PETERSEN, B. QVALE (Technical
University of Denmark, Denmark)
Session 12: Efficient Production and Use of Electricity C h a i r m a n : Prof. E. M A C C H I (Politecnico di Milano, Italy) T h e I n c r e a s e d Electric P o w e r P r o d u c t i o n from t h e T h e r m a l P o w e r S t a t i o n s
of G r e e c e O p e r a t i n g with I m p r o v e d Efficiency ' . . . 1075 E. KAKARAS, N. PAPAGEORGIOU (National Technical University of
Athens, Greece)
A Better U n d e r s t a n d i n g of W o o d a s a M a t e r i a l : A W a y t o I n c r e a s e d
E n e r g y Efficiency w h e n M a k i n g M e c h a n i c a l Pulps? . . . . . 1086 M . H T U N , L. S A L M E N , L. E R I K S S O N (STFI—Swedish Pulp-and Paper
Research Institute, Sweden) • . ,
XXIV
The Inductive Heating of Packed Beds and its Applications to Compact
Fluid Heaters and to the Regeneration of Spent Activated Carbon . 1096 P. DUQUENNE, G. LACOSTE (Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse,
France), A. DELTOUR (ENSEEIHT, France)
Session 13: Chemical Reactors
Chairman: Prof. G. FROMENT (Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Belgium)
Multifunctional Reactors (Keynote Lecture) 1109 K. R. WESTERTERP (Twente University, The Netherlands)
Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to Chemical Reaction Engineer-
ing 1122 P. TRAMBOUZE (Institut Francois du Petrole, France)
The Use of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Analyse Various Designs of
Chemical Reactor . . . . 1 1 3 2 M. J. TIERNEY, B. A. SPLAWSKI, G. L. Q U A R I N I (UKAEA—Harwell
Laboratory, UK)
N e w M e t h a n o l P r o c e s s e s . . . . 1 1 4 2 K. R. WESTERTERP (Twente University, The Netherlands)
Reversed Flow Methanol Synthesis. . . . 1 1 5 4 K. M. VANDEN BUSSCHE, G. F . FROMENT (Rijksuniversiteit Gent,
Belgium), W. G L A S Z , H. BOSCH, L. L. VANDIERENDONCK (DSM
Research, The Netherlands)
Achievements and Trends in Reforming System Design . . . . 1169 P. ORPHANIDES (Orphanides Consultants, Greece)
Energy Savings in Aluminium Electrolysis by Continual Monitoring and
Control of the A1F3 Content of the Cryolitic Melt . . . . 1181 V. VASSILIADOU, I. PASPALIARIS (National Technical University of
Athens, Greece), D. STEFANIDIS, D. GEORGANTONIS(Aluminium de Grece, • Greece)
Chemical Fixed Bed Reactor with Integrated Heat Exchanger with Sinter
Metals - . • 1191
T. J. M. VAN WINGERDEN, J. DER KINDEREN (GASTEC, The Netherlands), J. GEUS (The Netherlands), P. NEUMANN (Germany)
XXV
Session 13: Chemical Reactors (continued)
Chairman: Prof. K. R. WESTERTERP (University of Twente, The Netherlands) Increased Yield and Energy Efficiency through Process Intensification . 1207
J. HANNON, R. KING (BHR Group Ltd, UK)
Development of an Inductively Heated Reactor 1217
D. GARDNER (EA Technology, UK)
Session 14: New Process Routes
Chairman: Prof. K. R. WESTERTERP (University of Twente, The Netherlands) A Modified Caprolactam Process: Environmental and Technical Optimiz-
ation of the Raschig Section 1229
C. GOATIN, S. TONTI, R. STROZZI, F. CAINELLI, P. FURLAN, F.
PIGNATARO (EniChem Anic, Italy)
Session 15: Exergy Analysis
Chairman: Prof. E. P. GYFTOPOULOS (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA) Exergy Loss: A Basis for Energy Taxing 1241
G. HIRS (University of Twente, The Netherlands)
Exergy Analysis of Adiabatic and Diabatic Distillation Columns: An
Experimental Study . . . . 1254 R. RIVERO, T. CACHOT, P. LE GOFF (Institut National Polytechnique de
Lorraine, France)
Exergy and Pinch Analyses of Kraft Pulp Mill 1268 G. LOMBARDO, F. GUILLET, E. MURATORE (Centre Technique de
Flndustrie des Papiers, Cartons et Celluloses, France), S. VIINIKAINEN
(VTT/PLT, Finland)
Index of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . 1277
