Design on switching sequence for control circuit by using Altera Max+Plus II

PERPUSTAKAAN UTHM

U N I V E R S I T I T U N H U S S E I N O N N M A L A Y S I A

B O R A N G P E N G E S A H A N S T A T U S T E S I S *

JUDUL :DESIGN ON SWITCHING SEQUENCE FOR CONTROL CIRCUIT BY USING ALTERA MAX+PLTTS n

Say a

SESI PENGAJIAN:

ROZIAH B1NTI AZIZ

2007/2008

( H U R U F BESAR )

mengaku membenarkan tesis ( PSM / Sarjana / Doktor falsafah )* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti b e r i k u t :

1. Tesis ini hakmilik Koiej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn. 2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. ** Silatandakan ( V )

SULIT

T E R H A D

( Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972 )

( Mengandungi maklumat T E R H A D yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi / badan dimana penyelidikan dijalankan

V

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS )

Alamat Tetap :

305 Jalan Merbah 1,

Felda Kahang Timur,

86000 Kluang, Johor

Disahk in oleh

AN P E N Y E L I A )

PROF. M A D Y A . DR. ZA1NAL A L A M BIN H A R U N

Nama Penyelia

Tarikh : 2 7 N O V E M B E R 2007 Tarikh : 2 7 N O V E M B E R 2007

CATATAN: Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

Jika tesis ini SULIT atau T E R H A D , sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau T E R H A D .

"I hereby acknowledge that I have read this report and I find that its contents meet the

requirements in terms of scope and quality for the award of Master of Electrical

Engineering with Honours."

Signature of Supervisor

Name of Supervisor

Date

Prof. Madya Dr. Zainal Alam Bin Harun

DESIGN ON S W I T C H I N G S E Q U E N C E F O R C O N T R O L C I R C U I T BY USING

A L T E R A MAX+PLUS II

ROZIAII BINTI A Z I Z

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award

of Master of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

ii

I declare that this report on "Design on Switching Sequence for Control Circuit By

Using Altera Max+Plus II" is the result of my own research except for works which

have been cited in the references. The report has not been accepted any degree and not

concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature

Name of Author ROZIAH B1NTI AZIZ

i i i

For my dearest husband Shahrizal,

IV

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T

In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and most Compassionate

First of all, I am greatly indebted to Allah SWT on His blessing to make this

project successful.

I would like to express my gratitude to honourable Prof. Madya Dr. Zainal Alam

bin Harun, my project supervisor for his guidance and help rendered throughout this

project.

Special thank and appreciation goes to all my friends, technicians and others

whose name could not be mentioned here one by one. Your encouragement, help and

concern is greatly appreciated.

My wannest thanks go to my parents and parents-in-law for their support. My

highest appreciation goes to my loving husband, Shahrizal Idris and my loving daughter

Nur Balqish Qaisarah for their unconditional support and love that continuously fed my

strength desire to succeed.

Finally, I wish to thank everyone who has helped in one way or another towards

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A B S T R A C T

The purpose of this research work is to design digital switching sequence for

control circuit. A digital system comes with more benefit than analog which is

programmable, faster, precise and flexible. These proposed digital switching sequences

are application for single-phase and three-phase inverters. By controlling analog circuits

digitally, system cost and power consumption can be drastically reduced. The switching

sequences are designed using Altera Max+Plus II and downloaded to University

Program (UP1) development board unit which consists of two types of Complex

Programming Logic Devices (CPLD). In this research work, MAX7000 has been chosen

to download the proposed switching sequence that has been designed. To prove the

validity of the switching sequences chosen for single-phase and three-phase inverter,

MATLAB/ Simulink is used as the simulation software. At the end of this research

work, the digital switching sequences for single-phase and three-phase inverter have

vi

A B S T R A K

Tujuan kajian ini dijalankan adalah untuk menghasilkan jujukan suis bagi litar

kawalan secara digital. Sistem digital adalah lebih baik berbanding dengan sistem

analog. Ia boleh diprogramkan, lebih pantas, persis dan mudali diubah suai. Jujukan suis

yang dihasilkan adalah untuk kegunaan penyongsang satu fasa dan penyongsang tiga

fasa. Dengan mengawal litar analog secara digital, kos sistem dan penggunaan kuasa

dapat dikurangkan secara mendadak. Jujukan suis dihasilkan menggunakan perisian

Altera Max+Plus II dan diprogramkan ke dalam papan (UP1) University Program.

Terdapat dua jenis CPLD (Complex Programming Logic Device) di dalam satu unit

papan UP1. Dalam kajian ini, MAX7000 dipilih untuk memprogramkan jujukan suis

yang telah dihasilkan. Bagi membuktikan kesahihan jujukan suisyang digunakan,

simulasi dijalankan ke atas litar penyongsang satu fasa dan tiga fasa menggunakan

perisian MATLAB/Simulink.. Pada akhir kajian ini, jujukan suis secara digital telah

berjaya dihasilkan dan diprogramkan seperti yang dikehendaki. Dapatan kajian sedia

Vll

TABLE O F C O N T E N T S

C H A P T E R C O N T E N T S P A G E

THESIS STATUS CONFIRMATION

SUPERVISOR'S CONFIRMATION

TITLE i

TESTIMONY ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAJC vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATIONS xv

C H A P T E R 1 I N T R O D U C T I O N 1

1.1 Introduction to Power Electronic 1

1.1.1 History of Power Electronic Devices 2

1.1.2 Definition of Power Electronics 2

1.1.3 Significance of Power Electronics 3

1.2 Power converter 3

1.2.1 AC to AC Converter (Cycloconverter) 4

1.2.3 DC to AC Converter (Inverter)

1.2.4 DC to Dc Converter (Chopper)

5

5

1.3 Problem statement 6

1.4 Aim of the study 8

1.5 Objectives of the study 9

1.6 Research Scopes 9

1.7 Report Outline 10

C H A P T E R 2 L I T E R A T U R E R E V I E W 11

2.1 Basic Theory of Inverter 13

2.1.1 Voltage Source Inverter 13

2.1.1.1 Half Bridge VSI 14

2.1.1.2 Full Bridge Voltage Source Inverter 15

2.1.1.3 The Basic Principle of the Three-Phase

Bridge VSI Inverter 18

2.1.1.4 The 120° Conduction Type 22

2.1.1.5 The 180° Conduction Type 25

2.1.2 The Ideal Current Source Inverter 28

2.1.2.1 The Single-Phase Current Source

Bridge Inverter 28

2.1.2.2 The Three-Phase Current Source

Bridge Inverter 30

2.2 Programmable Logic Device 32

2.2.1 Introduction 32

2.2.2 Digital Logic Design 32

2.2.2.1 Techniques of Traditional

XIV

2.2.2.2 Integrated Digital Logic design 37

2.2.3 Comparison of Traditional and Integrated

Digital Design 38

2.2.4 CPLDs and FPGAs 41

2.2.5 Altera CPLD 43

2.2.6 Altera MAX 7000S Architecture 45

2.3 Review of Important Research Works on

CPLD as Based-Controller 48

C H A P T E R 3 M E T H O D O L O G Y 51

3.1 Research Flow 51

3.2 Simulation on Inverter by Using

MATLAB/Simulink 53

3.2.1 Pulse Generator Block 54

3.2.2 Switching Sequence for Single

Phase Inverter 57

3.2.3 Switching Sequence For

Three-Phase Inverter 60

3.3 Design On Switching Sequence By

Using ALTERA Max+Plus II. 62

3.3.1 Design Entry 64

3.3.1.1 Schematic Capture 64

3.3.1.2 Hardware Description

Language (HDL) 66

3.3.2 Compilation 70

3.3.3 Simulation 71

XIV

3.3.4.1 Downloading Design To

The UP 1 Development Board 72

3.3.4.2 Hooking Up the UP1 Board

To the Computer 73

3.4 Gate Driver Implementation 75

3.4.1 PCB Design 77

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 78 4.1 Result of Altera Max+Plus II Simulation 79

4.2 Result of Hardware Experimental 87

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 88

5.1 Conclusion 89

5.2 Author's Contribution 90

5.3 Future Work 91

REFERENCES 92

APPENDIX A VHDL CODE IN DESIGNING SWITCHING

SEQUENCE APPLICATION FOR SINGLE PHASE

INVERTER 95

APPENDIX B VHDL CODE IN DESIGNING SWITCHING

SEQUENCE APPLICATION FOR THREE-PHASE

INVERTER 103 APPENDIX C MAX EXPANSION SIGNAL NAMES & DEVICE

CONNECTIONS 112 APPENDIX D FLOWCHARTS OF THE PROCEDURES IN

x i

LIST O F FIGURES

F I G U R E NUMBER T I T L E PAGE

2.1 Half-Bridge VSI 14

2.2 Output Voltage Waveform With Resistive Load 15

2.3 Full-Bridge Inverter 16

2.4 Square Wave Output Voltage 17

2.5 A Three-Phase Inverter 19

2.6 Switching States of a Three-Phase Inverter 20

2.7 120° -firing with Y-connected R-Load. 24

2.8 180°-firing with Y-connected R-Load 27

2.9 Single-Phase Current Source Inverter

(a) circuit diagram 29

(b) Load current waveform 29

2.10 Three-Phase Current Source Inverter

(a) circuit diagram 31

(b) Load current waveform 31

2.11 Digital Logic Design 33

2.12 The Design Tradeoffs of Different Technologies 34

2.13 MAX 7000 macrocell 46

2.14 MAX 7000 CPLD Architecture 47

3.1 Flowchart of research work 53

3.2 Pulse waveform 54

X l ll

3.4 (a) Block Parameters for SI and S2 57

(b): Block Parameters for S3 and S4 58

3.5 Switching Sequence for Single Phase Inverter 58

3.6 Schematic Diagram for Single Phase Inverter 59

3.7 Line-to-line Voltage Output for Single Phase Inverter 59

3.8 Switching Sequence for Three-Phase Inverter 60

3.9 Schematic Diagram of Three-Phase Inverter. 61

3.10 Line-to-line Output Voltage of Three-Phase Inverter 62

3.11 Flow in Designing Using Altera Max+Plus II 63

3.12 Schematic Capture in Designing Switching Sequence

for Single Phase Inverter 65

3.13 Schematic Capture in Designing Switching Sequence for

Three Phase Inverter 66

3.14 (a) VHDL code for switch a (Sa) 68

(b): VHDL code for switch a (Sal) 69

3.15 VHDL compilation without error 70

3.16 UP 1 Development Board 72

3.17 UP 1 device selection jumper for programming 73

3.18 MAX_EXPANSION Numbering Convention 74

3.19 Schematic Diagram of Gate Driver 76

3.20 Print Layout 77

3.21 PCB for Gate Driver 77

4.1 Simulation Result of Switching Sequence for

Single-Phase Inverter 80

4.2 Simulation Result of Switching Sequence with 120° Firing Angle

Application for Three-Phase Inverter. 81

4.3 (a) Output Waveform of SI and S2 for Single-Phase Inverter 82

(b) Output Waveform of S3 and S4 for Single-Phase Inverter 83

4.4 (a) Output Waveform of Sa for Three-Phase Inverter 84

X l l l

(c) Output Waveform of Sb for Three-Phase Inverter 85

(d). Output Waveform of Sbl for Three-Phase Inverter 85

(e) Output Waveform of Sc for Three-Phase Inverter 86

(0 Output Waveform of Scl for Three-Phase Inverter S6

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Corresponding Voltage with Four Switching States 16

2.2 Switching Patterns in Three-Phase Inverter 21

2.3 Switching Pattern for Six Intervals with 120°-firing angle 23

2.4 Switching Pattern for Six Intervals with 180°-firing angle 25

2.5 Comparison of PLD, Standard or Discrete logic,

and Full-custom IC. 36 2.6 (a): Comparison of traditional and integrated digital by tools. 38

(b): Comparison of traditional and integrated digital by elements 39

(c): Comparison of traditional and integrated digital

by circuit design flow 39

(d): Comparison of traditional and integrated digital

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LIST O F SYMBOLS/ ABBREVIATIONS

Symbols:

L - Micro (106)

: - Ohm

/ - Frequency (Hz)

X - Pi(180)

6 - Sum

Z - Omega

JV - Phase displacement

C - Capacitance

k - kilo (103)

L - Inductor

m - mili (10~3)

M - Mega (106)

x v i

Abbreviations:

AC - Alternating Current

DC - Direct Current

THD - Total Harmonic Distortion

UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply

CVCF - Constant Voltage and Constant Frequency

KV - Kilo-Volt

BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor

TTL - Transistor-transistor Logic

MOS - Metal Oxide Semiconductor

CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

MCT - MOS-Controlled Thyristor

IGBT - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

PWM - Pulse Width Modulation

ASIC - Application Specific Integreter

DSP - Digital Signal Processor

PAL - Programmable Array Logic

IEEE - Electrical and Electronic Engineer

GAL - General Array Logic

CPLD - Complex Programmable Gate Array

FPGA - Field Programmable Gate Array

VHDL - Very High Description Language

HVDC - High Voltage Direct Current

GTO - Gate Turn-Off

EDA - Electronic Design Automatic

x v i i

UP - University Program

LED - Light-emitting diode

ADC - Analog to Digital Converter

P1D - Proportional Integral Derivative

RAM - Random Access Memory

RMS - Root mean square

U/D - Up / Down

VSI - Voltage Source Inverter

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Power Electronic

Power electronic can be defined as the use of electronic devices to control and

convert electric power. Power electronic is combined of power, electronics and control.

It may be defined as the applications of solid-state electronics for the control and

conversion of electric power. It is based on the switching of power semiconductor

devices whose power handling capabilities and switching speeds have improved

tremendously over the years. The switching characteristics of power devices permit the

control and conversion of electric power from one to others. Versatile circuit topologies

1.1.1 History of Power Electronic Devices

Power Electronics began with the introduction of the mercury arc rectifier in

1900. This was followed by the first electronic revolution which began in 1984 with the

invention of the silicon transistor.

The second electronic revolution began in 1958 with the development of

thyristor. This caused the beginning of new era for power electronics, since many power

semiconductor devices and power conversion techniques were introduced using

thyristor. Next, was the microelectronics revolution which gave the ability to process a

huge amount of data in a very short time. The power electronics revolution with merges

power electronics and microelectronics provides the ability to control large amount of

power in very efficient manner. Power electronics have already found an important place

in modem technology and are now used in a great variety of high-power products,

including motor controls, power supply and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

systems [1],

1.1.2 Definition of Power Electronics

Power electronics is defined as the application solid state electronics for the

control and conversion of electronic power. Power electronic is based on the switching

of power semiconductor devices whose power handling capabilities and switching

speeds have improved tremendously over the years. It is presently playing an important

role in modem technology and is used in variety of high power product for example;

3

1.1.3 Significance of Power Electronics

The demands for control of electric power exist for many years. The generation,

transmission and distribution of electric power are almost Alternating Current (AC)

today. But, in industry, transportation, agriculture, and everyday life often demand

Direct Current (DC) power. In any technically and economically defined situation, it is

necessary to provide the most suitable form of energy to meet the demand of user [3],

Power electronics is the technology associated with the efficient conversion, control and

conditioning of electric power by static means from its available input form into the

desired electrical output form. The goal of power electronics is to control the flow of

energy from an electrical source to an electrical load with high efficiency, high ability,

high reliability, small size, light weight and low cost [4],

1.2 Power converter

Power electronics converters are a family of electrical circuits which convert

electrical energy from one level of voltage, current or frequency to another level using

semiconductor- based electronic switch. Versatile circuit topologies can be found in

power electronics for difference applications [5],

The essential characteristic of these types of circuits is that switches are operated

only in one of two states - either fully ON or fully OFF, unlike other types of electrical