Central African Republic

2 1,000 live births in 2012). In addition, institutional capacity, relationships, policies and practices regarding climate change risk assessment and management are not sufficiently developed to create an enabling environment for political and social leaders to support the formulation and implementation of effective solutions to a problem with complex multisectoral implications. According to a European Commission report on Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection, published on 30 June 2015, less than 35% of the Central African Republic’s population has access to drinking water and adequate sanitation. The activities financed by GEF will help to mitigate these weaknesses.

Through imports and exports by the Central African Republic can bring more productivity gains which in turn favor the increase of its GDP. But unfortunately, alongside its exports many products are exported in a raw way or these products need to be transformed first to the finished state which is the source of the creation of new jobs alongside small and medium-sized enterprises in order to derive economic growth. The exports of Central African products in their raw state constitute a shortfall on the part of the government, which is why the trade balance is still in deficit. So, we will graphically represent the level of imports and exports of the CAR's manufacturing products below:

Telecel – Central African Republic – Feasibility Study African Republic (CAR) is landlocked. It is mainly savannah in the north and equatorial forest in the south. Chad borders the north of the country, with Sudan to the east; Democratic Republic of Congo and Republic of Congo are on the southern border. Cameroon lies to the west. The Oubangui River, which forms the southern border and flows through the capital Bangui and then south to the Congo basin, is an important transport route.

Country Profiles Enterprise Surveys: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC -2011 3 http://www.enterprisesurveys.org The Country Profiles produced by the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the World Bank Group provide an overview of key business environment indicators in each country, comparing them to their respective geographic region and group of countries with similar incomes.** Breakdowns by firm size are presented in the Appendix of the document along with all indicators used to make the graphs. The same topics are covered for all countries with slight variations in indicators, subject to data availability. This format allows cross country comparisons. All indicators are based on the responses of firms.

Mamadou Ousmane Ndiath 1,2† , Karin Eiglmeier 3,4*† , Marina Lidwine Olé Sangba 1,5 , Inge Holm 3,4 , Mirdad Kazanji 6,7 and Kenneth D. Vernick 3,4 Abstract Background: In many African countries malaria has declined sharply due to a synergy of actions marked by the introduction of vector control strategies, but the disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Central African Republic (CAR). An entomological study was initiated with the aim to characterize the malaria vectors in Ban- gui, the capital of CAR, and determine their vector competence.

Results: An overall flock seroprevalence of 36.7% was found in Central African Republic during the 2008 – 2010 period. Virus prevalences were 34.2% (2008), 14.3% (2009) and 10.4% (2010) in Central African Republic and 39% (2007) and 34.9% (2009) in Cameroon. CAV DNA was found in cloacal swabs of 76.9% of seropositive chickens, suggesting that these animals excreted the virus despite antibodies. On the basis of VP1 sequences, most of the strains in Central African Republic and Cameroon belonged to 9 distinct phylogenetic clusters at the nucleotide level and were not intermixed with strains from other continent. Several cases of mixed infections in flocks and individual chickens were identified.

DOI: 10.4236/ojps.2019.93026 485 Open Journal of Political Science ations that followed the crisis of 1996 and 1997 were a success. In 1999, follow- ing the presidential election won by Ange-Félix Patassé, the United Nations con- sidered that their mission was accomplished. The United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA in its French initial) peacekeepers were withdrawn in April 2000. In May 2001, a fresh coup attempt again plunged the CAR into psychosis. This coup attempt created the rebellion of Bozizé who took power by force in 2003. We think that the UN agencies should help the CAR to realize the present peace process, whatever the time it should take.

Abstract Despite their peacekeeping role in the management of internal armed conflicts, some military peacekeepers have sexually exploited local populations in host countries, resulting in dire social and health consequences and threats to the success of international peace operations. Although researchers have examined sexual violence committed by peacekeepers, few researchers, if any, have used routine activities theory to examine sex offending by peacekeepers. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which situational opportunities influenced international military peacekeepers’ engagement in the sexual exploitation of civilians in the Central African Republic, a peacekeeping host country. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews with 15 research participants, including local witnesses, military officers, representatives of civil society organizations, and United Nations policy makers, and from public records obtained from online sources.

Abstract Governments around the world committed to the Responsibility to Protect principle at the World Summit in 2005. The principle declares that states have the primary responsibility to protect its population from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and that this responsibility is transferred to the international community if a state would be unable or unwilling to protect its population. This is a controversial principle since it implies a modification of both state sovereignty and the norm of non-intervention. This study investigates how the R2P is referred to, and why, in the case of the Central African Republic. This will be done by conducting a critical discourse analysis of resolutions from the United Nations Security Council. The two main wings of the English school theory, solidarists and pluralists, will be applied in order to understand the nature of R2P. This study finds clear references to the R2P but also indications of sensitivity surrounding the sovereign concept and the international response. The conclusion can be drawn that the solidarist international society can better explain how the R2P is referred to in the United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning the Central African Republic.

Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences 192 In addition, the U.N. Mapping Report (U.N. Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, 2017) narrated that “thousands of women and girls in the Central African Republic were survivors of conflict-related sexual violence” (p. 206). The report explained that survivors of conflict-related sexual violence experienced trauma and “deprived of the means to cater for their own recovery and livelihood or that of other people under their care” (p. 206). Thus, the dire needs of the victims could have determined or explained the nature of the sexual relationship between them and victims. In this research, I found that, to an extent, technological factors, including the increased use of cheap and easy to use social media, facilitated connections between local communities and peacekeepers, and helped keep social relationships. One research participant explained that with technology, it was easy and cheap to connect and remain in touch with peacekeepers. They would exchange telephone and connect with WhatsApp and other social media contacts. Even at a distance, there were connections between sex predators and their targets through social media channels.

For the purposes of this article, two country cases of external intervention, located at the two poles of a spectrum of intensity, have been selected: Liberia (very strong engagement) and the Central African Republic (rather weak engagement). This variation in the intensity of en‐ gagement is one of the essential differences between the two countries, which are both (a) very poor (ranked 176 and 178 out of 179 in the Human Development Index / 2006 values) and (b) small in terms of population size (3.3 and 4.2 million people, 2006) and which both (c) have a particularly violent contemporary history. It could be expected that this intensity of outside engagement has some bearing on the quality of services provided by state security organs because the following assumptions can be made: (1) the intensity of civil war influ‐ ences the stability of formal security forces, and outside engagement (peacemak‐ ing/peacekeeping) should lower this intensity; (2) the frequent reshaping of security forces in line with the directives of new heads of state creates a loyal core, but a frustrated mass, of se‐ curity forces, and external engagement in security‐sector reform should be conducive to a professional army beyond the immediate reach of changing presidents.

Linguists have long been producing grammatical decriptions of yet undescribed languages. This is a time-consuming process, which has already adapted to improved technology for recording and storage. We present here a novel application of NLP techniques to bootstrap analysis of collected data and speed-up manual selection work. To be more precise, we argue that unsupervised induction of morphology and part-of-speech analysis from raw text data is mature enough to produce useful results. Experiments with Latent Semantic Analysis were less fruitful. We exemplify this on Mpiemo, a so-far essentially undescribed Bantu language of the Central African Republic, for which raw text data was available.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract A bad conservation of food is recognized as being one of the critical constraints upon food security among resource poor population across Africa. We have evaluated the traditional management of pests in fish in Central African Republic. The data were analyzed by a factor analysis of corre- spondence. The Group I contained sensitive species of fish to the attacks of Dermetes frishii, Der- metes lardarius and Dermestes carnivorus. There were: Labeocoubie, Mormyrus deliciosus, Poly- dactylus quadrifilis, Auchenoglanis occidentalis, Synodontis nigrita, Hydrocynus forskalli, Distri- chodus rostratus, Hydrocynus goliath and Mormyrusrume. The group II contained sensitive species of fishes to the attacks of D. maculatus. There were: Cyprinus carpio, Malapterurus electricus, Oreo- chromis mossambicus, Barbus occidentalis and Oreochromis mossambicus. Clariasgariecilus is the mostsensitive of dried fish to the attacks of Dermestes. Oreochromis mossambicus, Mormyrusrume and Synodontis nigrita are the last sensitive of dried fish to the attacks of Dermestes. The results showed that the tradictional management of dried fish in Central African Republic couldn’t be efficient for reducing the development of Dermestes.

for the presidential and legislative elections in 18 months; (d) respecting human rights; (e) fighting impunity; (f) establishing judiciary reform; and (g) respecting international standards with regard to detention. In particular, he stated that the Government was committed to continuing work on the establishment of a national human rights commission; adopting before the end of the transition a law on the abolition of the death penalty; closing the prisons of Bossembélé and Camp de Roux, while ensuring that no illegal detention centre is created; supporting the Mixed Commission of Inquiry in charge of investigating crimes committed since 2004; and fighting sexual violence. He issued a standing invitation to Special Rapporteurs to visit the Central African Republic. The Minister of Justice also reaffirmed his country’s commitment to continue working with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, to participate in the universal periodic review in October 2013 and to start working on transitional justice mechanisms. 34. Subsequently, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution condemning all the violations of human rights and acts of violence perpetrated against the civilian population and calling on the transitional authorities to take all necessary steps to put an immediate stop to all acts of violence against the civilian population and to take all necessary steps to ensure that perpetrators are brought to justice. The Human Rights Council also requested the High Commissioner to submit to the Council, at its twenty-fourth session, an interim report on the human rights situation and, at its twenty-fifth session, a report evaluating the needs for technical assistance and capacity-building in the Central African Republic.

R E S E A R C H Open Access Sentinel surveillance of influenza-like illness in the Central African Republic, 2010 – 2015 Alexandre Manirakiza 1* , Marie-Yvette Batoumbou Ketta 1 , Ulrich Vickos 2 , Giscard Francis Komoyo 2 , Sandra Garba-ouangole 2 , Colette Bangue 3 , Edgar Djimbele 3 , Ombretta Pasotti 4 , Eugene Kanga 5 , Eloi Nicaise Mboufoungou 6 , Brice Martial Yambiyo 1 , Kathleen Victoir 7 , Jean-Chrysostome Gody 3 , Mirdad Kazanji 8 and Emmanuel Nakoune 2

Abstract Background: The causative agent of yellow fever is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family transmitted by infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly in Africa. In the Central African Republic since 2006, cases have been notified in the provinces of Ombella-Mpoko, Ouham-Pende, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto and in Bangui the capital. As the presence of a vector of yellow fever virus (YFV) represents a risk for spread of the disease, we undertook entomological

Other inclusion criteria were jaundice, anorexia, diarrhoea, nausea or severe asthenia. Individuals should also have had no history of exposure to blood, such as transfusion. Informed consent was obtained from all patients included in the study. For those under 18, parental con- sent was obtained. Each participant or parent was informed of the results of the serology. The study was approved by the Medical Committee of the Institut Pas- teur in Paris (France) because of, until the third trimester of 2006, the Central African Republic did not have his own Ethics Committee. Before that time, all the research projects at the Institut Pasteur de Bangui (which is related to Institut Pasteur in Paris, France) were sub- mitted to the Ethics Committee of the Institut Pasteur in Paris (France). Once ethical approval was received, administrative authorization was obtained from the Min- istry of the Public Health of the Central African Republic.

Gustave Bobossi Serengbe 1,2 , Jean-Methode Moyen 3 , Rosine Fioboy 2 , Edith Narcisse Beyam 4 , Cyriaque Kango 2 , Colette Bangue 2 and Alexandre Manirakiza 5* Abstract Background: Implementation of malaria control strategies may face major social and cultural challenges. Hence, understanding local knowledge about malaria helps in designing sustainable community-based malaria control programmes. We designed a pilot survey in communities in the Central African Republic to evaluate recognition of malaria symptoms, perceptions of the causes of malaria and knowledge of key preventive measures.

In the Central African Republic, stroke accounted for 8.8% of hospitalized patients in the neurology unit in Bangui in 2004, with a one-month mortality rate of 33% [12]. The causes and factors associated with mortality from stroke in Central Africa are not yet known. The insufficiency of the means of neurological exploration, and source of diagnostic errors, hampers the efficient management of the patient’s victims of these affections which results in an increase of the mortality. This high lethality would also be related to a longer admission period where patients admitted beyond 24 hours would be more at risk of death. The admission period for patients with stroke may be a pre-hospital prognostic factor associated with mortality, very few documented factor in Sub-Saharan Africa. That is why we conducted this study to evaluate the prognostic value of the intake period of patients suffering stroke on survival time in a month of hospitalization in Bangui hospitals.

Muslims have been present on the Central African territory before the French penetration in two ways: by breeding in the northwest of the country, later by raids (Sabone 2015:29). With regards to Christianity, Catholics remain united despite the war and are structurally and spiritually organized. Having some recognized episcopal credibility, Catholic leaders often meaningfully intervene in multiple social and military and political crises of the Central African Republic requesting the political authorities of the country to show their political maturity by working not for the destruction of the country, but rather for the interest of their people and for peace and dignity and the development of the country. Yet, Protestants and Evangelicals in general, because of their doctrinal or tribal reasons, and selfish interests concerning church positions and so on, are consistently in division, breaking away from each other. This situation generally robs them much of their pastoral influence in the country. Nevertheless, from time to time some of them are involved in some military and political crises in the country; one of such examples is the theologian Isaac Zokoué (Aristide 2016).