Health Problems

This review critically evaluates the current trends of male reproductive health problems in relation to semen quality. Increasing trend in male reproductive disorders observed in recent years, are principally found to associate with lifestyle and environmental factors. Lifestyle-allied diseases could be controlled with modification in diet, living and working environment etc. This review outlines the changing trends in male reproductive health and highlights the alterations in semen quality, in scientific manner. Though scientific and public concern regarding the changes on male reproductive health has grown in past few decades but the demonstration of a geographical differences in sperm concentration, still appears to be controversial. The amplitude of the difference observed cannot only be explained by methodological or confounding factors, and must to some extent be attributed to ethnic, genetic or environmental factors. However, there are numerous reports indicating the chronologically declining sperm count and standard semen parameters in various population indicating the increasing trend of male reproductive health disorders.

Illness is perceived differently to disability because it can recover or be cured, which should correspond to the common health problems. Thus, incapacity associated with common health problems may be more accurately described as ‘long-term sickness’ rather than ‘disability’. That indeed reflects IB recipients’ own view: 90% of new claimants initially expect to return to work in due course (Green et al. 2001), and 27% of long-term recipients still regard themselves as ‘ill’ rather than disabled (Rowlingson & Berthoud 1996). Illness, disability, and incapacity may then be seen as inter-related issues. Illness implies feeling unwell, but that does not always limit activities: even if it does, any limitation may be partial and other activities can remain unrestricted. Most people who are ill do not regard themselves as ‘disabled’. Conversely, many people with disabilities do not feel unwell and do not regard themselves as ‘ill’. Neither illness nor disability necessarily means incapacity for work. The sick role, the disabled role and the patient role should be distinguished: becoming a patient should not automatically mean adopting a sick or disabled role. However, even though there are no biological reasons for permanent incapacity, people with common health problems (particularly mental health problems) now have lower rates of employment than some severe medical conditions (Labour Force Survey Summer 2002). There is a general perception that receipt of Incapacity Benefit implies that recipients are totally and permanently incapable of any work, that they cannot and (even worse) should not make any attempt at rehabilitation or (return to) work, and many recipients fear that trying to do so might lead to loss of benefits (Francis 2002).

The current study distinguished between EPC and GP P-consultations. Previous research suggests that immi- grants use of EPC services for all health problems de- clines with length of stay [6]. The authors suggested that this was because immigrants take time to understand the Norwegian health service and often use emergency care for non-urgent purposes, when an appointment with a GP would be suitable. However, the current study sug- gests that this is not the case in relation to mental health problems; as with GP P-consultations, the likelihood of having an EPC P-consultation increased with increased length of stay. This does not suggest that immigrants gradually switch from using EPC inappropriately to using GP services for mental health problems. Further, few indi- viduals used EPC services for P-consultations exclusively. Thus EPC services appear to be used in addition to, and not as an alternative for, a GP. This is an important and encouraging observation since a regular GP, who has ac- cess to more background and contextual information, is in a better position to detect and treat mental health prob- lems than an attending doctor at EPC services, who has limited information about a patient.

Korean American adolescents are a population that may be particularly vulnerable to mental health problems because of the potential cultural conflicts they face during an important developmental period. Yet little is known about the prevalence of their mental health problems. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of various mental health problems in a sample of Korean American adolescents, and to identify whether gender or age of the youth are associated with the types or severity of their mental health problems. This cross-sectional study included 138 Korean American adolescents from community settings in California. A demographic ques- tionnaire and the Youth Self Report (YSR) were completed by adolescents. Descrip- tive analyses and t-tests were used to examine the aims. Percent of the sample falling into “normal”, “borderline”, and “clinical” ranges for different mental health prob- lems was also determined based on normative scores provided in the YSR manual. Results indicate that 18% of the Korean American adolescents experienced clinically significant mental health problems. Most problems were of the internalizing type such as anxiety and depression where almost 23% of the youth reached the cutoff for clinical significance. The youth also experienced high levels of social problems, thought problems, and attention problems. However, scores for somatic complaints, rule- breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior as well as the composite score for exter- nalizing problems were in the “normal” range. Girls reported higher levels of anxie- ty/depression and somatic complaints than boys, contributing to their higher inter- nalizing score as well. Boys and older adolescents reported higher levels of rule- breaking behavior. A substantial percent of Korean American adolescents in this sample reported symptoms of anxiety and depression, especially girls. Findings sug- gest the need to screen for these problems in pediatric care and for development of prevention and referral programs in Korean American communities.

Demand for community home care services continues to increase due to demographic changes. Unfortunately, the home care organizations can not cope with this boost of people in need of home care due to a significant short- age of employees. The resulted heavy workload pressur- ing the professional care givers may have negative im- pact on the quality of the provided care. For instance, professional care givers postpone updating the medical records of the patients due to a lack of time. As a so- lution for speeding up the process, this study proposes a model capable of detecting health-problems based on the historical medical records of the patients and their personal profile (age and gender). Relationships between health-problems, as well as relationships between health- problems and personal profile were identified and inte- grated in a classification-machine-learning-based model. The obtained model is able to predict 31 different health- problems with an overall accuracy of 89.96%, the accuracy ranging from 99.3% to 67.2% per problem.

Disproportionately more young people in the English criminal justice system than outside it have mental health problems (DH, DfES 2006). For example, ninety per cent of young offenders in prison have a mental health problem (DH, DfES, 2006), including substance misuse and trauma related to sexual abuse (Nicol et al, 2000; Chitsabesan et al, 2006). Such morbidities may themselves cause criminal behaviour. Many young people with such needs have not been diagnosed, or have not accessed child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS), particularly in the light of service reductions (Nicol et al, 2000; YoungMinds, 2011). Transition to adulthood presents particular

India today is a booming economy and the third fastest growing in the world. At one level, India hopes to become a major force at the global stage, yet, over one third of income is spent towards pport for health, education, housing etc. becomes critical. However, since independence, little has changed in context to changing the social has taken numerous steps towards tandards and the health situation of citizens in India, the impact has not been as profound as anticipated. The government of India has been making efforts through a galaxy of programs and initiatives over the years to improve the health situation of the nation. In the wake of the Alma Atta declaration of ‘Health for All by 2000’, these efforts have gained substantial momentum. Though efforts are being made in the right direction, more needs to be done to achieve s. The current paper is a review of the major health problems

One hundred and forty-six common health problems were found in the 109 households studied within the period of one month. This represents 1.3 cases per household per month; 8.9% of the households did not report any illness during the period of study. Self-medication was common among the studied community. Only about 43% of treatments were sought from skilled health professionals (doctors, pharmacists and nurses) [Table 1]. The cost of treatment (in US dollars) per household per month was found to be $14.7. Infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases of the digestive and respiratory system were found to be the common health problems in the community [Table 2]. The common classes of medicines used by the community members during the study period were analgesics (23.6%), antimalarials (17.9%) and antibiotics (14.2%) [Table 3]. The patent medicine stores (36.7), hospitals/primary health centers (24.1) and the community pharmacies (21.5) were the common sources of medicines reported by study respondents. Statistical analysis showed that patent medicine store is the preferred sources of medicine among community members [Table 4]. The common factors that in uenced community members’ choice of treatment were previous knowledge and experience of patient about service provider and treatment (44.4%), cost (18.9%) and perceived severity of condition (16.7%) [Table 5].

ing mental health problems: Addiction, Anxiety, Asperger’s, Autism, Bipolar Disorder, Dementia, Depression, Schizophrenia, self harm and suicide ideation. These conditions are commonly encoun- tered by mental health practitioners and contribute significantly to treatment costs. We aimed to iden- tify linguistic characteristics that are specific to any of the mental illnesses covered and can be used for text classification tasks. The investigated character- istics include lexical as well as syntactic features, the uniqueness of vocabularies, and the expression of sentiment and happiness. Our results suggest that there are linguistic features that are discriminative of the user communities used in this study. Fur- thermore, applying a clustering method on subred- dits, we could show that subreddits mostly contain a topic-specific vocabulary. Moreover, we could also highlight that there are differences in the way that sentiment is expressed in each of the subred- dits. Source code and related materials are avail- able from: https://github.com/gkotsis/ reddit-mental-health.

Abstract: Despite numerous technical advances in recent years, many occupational health problems still persist in modern dentistry. These include percutaneous exposure incidents (PEI); exposure to infectious diseases (including bioaerosols), radiation, dental materials, and noise; musculoskeletal disorders; dermatitis and respiratory disorders; eye injuries; and psychological problems. PEI remain a particular concern, as there is an almost constant risk of exposure to serious infectious agents. Strategies to minimise PEI and their consequences should continue to be employed, including sound infection control practices, continuing education and hepatitis B immunisation. As part of any infection control protocols, dentists should continue to utilise personal protective measures and appropriate sterilisation or other high-level disinfection techniques. Aside from biological hazards, dentists continue to suffer a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), especially of the back, neck and shoulders. To fully understand the nature of these problems, further studies are needed to identify causative factors and other correlates of MSD. Continuing education and investigation of appropriate interventions to help reduce the prevalence of MSD and contact dermatitis are also needed. For these reasons, it is therefore important that dentists remain constantly informed regarding up-to-date measures on how to deal with newer technologies and dental materials. Key words: Dentistry, Infectious diseases, Dermatitis, Musculoskeletal pain

This study sought to investigate people’s health problems in Zvimba district, Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The study was confined to a single district, Zvimba district in Mashonaland west province. The district is one of the top health care providers with more health care centres than other rural districts in Zimbabwe (Mhandu and Chazireni, 2016; Chazireni and Harmes, 2013). Zvimba district is in central northern Zimbabwe. bordered by Guruve district to the north, Mazowe district to the east, the city of Harare to the southeast, Chegutu district to the south, Kadoma district to the southwest and Makonde district to the west and northwest. Its capital, Murombedzi, is located about 110 kilometres west of Harare and 48 kilometres south of the town of Chinhoyi.

Introduction: Mental health problems are serious issues in Indonesia. The prevalence of severe mental disorder in Indonesian population is 1.7‰. In community, people with mental disorder are often stigmatized, while in fact this stigmatization could negatively impact them. One of the most common form of discrimination toward people with mental disorder is the practice of pasung. Method: This research conducted a survey study on 1,269 respondents in East Java (in which the prevalence of severe mental disorder is 2.2‰). The instruments used were Community Attitudes towards Mental Illness (CAMI), Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS), and a sociodemographic questionnaire.

In Bangladeshi society, mental health problems are associated with strong stigma and lack of awareness [11, 14, 25], which are the barriers for access to care services [7, 22]. A study conducted in the capital city of Bangladesh [26], in 2008, concluded that a lack of knowledge about mental illness symptoms was respon- sible for more than two-thirds of the delays (69%). Other reasons included social stigma (12%), delays by doctors (8%), belief systems (8%) and the lack of social and financial support (3%). In a study in India, only 10% of the mental health patients received evi- dence-based treatment due to obstacles related to stigma [3]. Erroneous perceptions about mental ill- ness in the Indian community resulted in overall delays in help seeking and the choice of a non-medical care provider [22]. Therefore, even if mental health care is made available at all levels in Bangladesh, it is pos- sible that persistent stigma and discrimination will continue to hamper access to psychiatric care. It is critically important to build mental health literacy and implement strategies to combat the lack of knowledge, stigma and discrimination for the whole Bangladeshi population [5].

College students are people in society, their psychological state also matures, but the main environment for college students to study and live is the university campus, the understanding of reality is still not deep enough (Goldberg, 1992). For college students have all kinds of psychological problems, as ideological and political education workers, we should provide an effective solution (Goldberg, 1978). The role of the university is to cultivate all-round development of talent, not the labor force “copy”. In the face of the rapid social life rhythm to bring college students in the heart of the urgent desire to distort the concept of suc- cess, should focus on the world outlook, outlook on life, the construction of val- ues and the correct ideological and political concepts, health psychology (Okojie, 2011). Based on the purpose of cultivating college students, combining with the contemporary characteristics and positive factors, it is the most important prob- lem to find effective countermeasures to solve the mental health problems of college students.

The Juvenile offenders in Juvenile Justice System are reported to have mental health problems. As many as 70 percent of youth in the Juvenile Justice system are affected with the mental disorder and one in five suffer from mental illness which impairs their ability to function as a young person and grow into an responsible adult. Children with unaddressed mental health sometimes enter a juvenile justice system that is ill – equipped to assist them, even if they receive a level of assistance, some are then released without access to ongoing needed mental health treatment. An absence of treatment may contribute to a path of behaviour that includes continued delinquency and eventually, adult criminality. The Bureau of Justice statistics estimates that more than three quarters of mentally ill offenders in detention centres had prior offenses. Effective assessment and comprehensive responses to court – involved juveniles with mental health needs can help to break this cycle and produce healthier young people who are less likely to act out and commit crimes.

After a revival in the middle of the century, the fiscal crises of the 1970s were paralleled by growing disparities in the health of urban residents when compared with suburban and rural populations. Rates of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and mental health disorders were higher among residents of cities than the general population (Prince, Wu, Guo, Robledo, O'Donnell, & Yusuf, 2015). In addition, the emerging human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic and the rise of cocaine use in the 1980s exacerbated the problems faced by urban areas and compounded the growing burden of urban disease. A seminal article in the early 1990s found that the mortality rate among males in northern Manhattan, New York City, was higher than the mortality among men in Bangladesh (McCord & Freeman, 1990). Similarly, in less- wealthy countries, infectious diseases (e.g., malaria) were the largest contributors to morbidity and mortality in urban areas throughout the 20th century (Guariguata, Whiting, Hambleton, Abstract: Industrialization process in Nigeria is a key government response to job creation and the overall development of the country. Specific cities in the country’s six geo-political zones have been earmarked as industrial areas with massive investment both by local and international investors. One major side effect of this development however, is the production of waste effluents that are hazardous to human health. Industrialization has developed modern megacities whose way of life is heterogeneous with that in the villages. Rural poverty has pushed villagers to the cities, which were never planned to accommodate immigrants. Public health and social problems have arisen lowering the quality of life. Problems of pollution, crime and chronic morbidity increases. This can be seen as more people migrate from the rural areas to the urban areas. There is increase demand on healthcare as there is limited health care facilities, personnel and services. This can be seen cities like Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt just to name but a few. This article is focused on health problems associated with urbanization and industrialization, and it’s implications to nursing in Nigeria.

Because of the overlap of symptoms between mental health problems and developmental disabilities, it is often difficult to make a firm diagnosis in the early stages. For example, becoming very irritable, often losing one’s temper and lashing out at others might be due to frustrations in a person who has trouble communicating because of their disability, or it can signal depression or other mood problems. It is important for clinicians to take a good history of what the person was like before the problems started and ask if there are factors in the person’s life that have changed before they can say whether a person has a mental health problem. Mental health professionals are very concerned about behaviours that may have changed for the worse. These are clues to the beginning of a mental health problem. It is equally important to see if there are physical (i.e., medical) problems that are not being taken care of that might be causing the change in behaviour. It is common for people with developmental disabilities to experience what looks like a mental health problem but is actually a response to an undiagnosed and untreated medical issue. Left untreated, a medical issue can lead to a secondary mental health problem or, at the very least, to serious emotional distress. For example, a person who is chronically constipated and who may not be able to appropriately express the source of their pain or the need for help might exhibit serious challenging behaviours that will only stop once the constipation is addressed.

A range o f variables relating to the structure of the health system and health care providers may also affect the extent to which individuals report their mental health care needs as being adequately met. Those practitioners from whom help is being sought may not recognise that their patients have mental health problems (Andersen and Harthorn, 1989; Howe, 1996; Munk-Jorgensen et al, 1997). Service providers who have limited training or experience in counselling may be reluctant to offer psychological therapy (Stone and Blashki, 2000). Practitioners faced with a heavy workload may consider that time pressures do not permit them to offer such time consuming treatment (Schattner and Coman, 1998). Alternatively, those providing care may be unwilling to offer psychological therapy to particular patients, for example, those who are less educated or are seen as uncommunicative (Eisenberg, 1979; Waitzken, 1984). In Australia, providers other than general practitioners and medical specialists are not permitted by law to offer assistance in the form o f prescribed medication. Those practising in a medical setting may not have accurate information on the types of assistance, for example, practical help, that are available from the community sector (Wilson and Read, 2001). Such factors will all reduce the likelihood that those seeking mental health help are provided health care that adequately addresses their needs.

Mental health problems for different cyber-bullying involvement types on the whole resemble those for bullying involvement types. Same kind of youth involved in online and offline risks[r]

As grown ups spend most of their productive part of life at work, given to the rise of attention to the dimensions of the workplace for the individual, the research question of this article consists in the inclination between problems coming from the workplace and depression. Driven from relevant survey data monitoring depression and mental health problems at the workplace, the research has the nuances of a policy paper in the hands of a psychologist collected throughout the evidences and collected data of European, national and international working documents. Because whatever is psychological is purely biological, concern about human mental health and wellbeing is always present in psychologists’ analysis. Depression is one brain-centered related disorder which not only impacts individuals lifestyle, but even increments their economies. The benefit of knowing which are the cognitive, emotional and behavioural reflections of depressed employees in workplace would help professionals to diagnose earlier complications and work better on treatment and interventions. So far, there is an abundant scientific literature focused on depression and the “black dog” analogy, considering the disorder as one of the artifacts of our postmodernist era.