intimate partner violence

One of the most important theories on this subject categorizes between different IPV dynamics. Insight into the dynamics of IPV is supposed to lead to easier and better decision- making processes by domestic violence professionals, appropriate sanctions, and more effective treatment programs tailored to the different characteristics of partner violence (Kelly & Johnson, 2008:478). On the other hand, differentiating among types of intimate partner violence has raised the concern that it will lead to the reification or misapplication of typologies and that abuse, as a result, will be missed with potentially lethal results (Ibid). Next to the IPV dynamics, there are also several perpetrator and victim subtypes to assist in the decision-making process of domestic violence professionals on suited follow-up actions. Those responsible for responding and managing domestic violence cases should profit the most from the potential benefits associated with Intimate Partner Violence Typologies (IPVT’s). These domestic violence professionals have a complicated job that calls for a mix of contradictory competencies. It is necessary to be flexible and receptive as well as decisive and accurate. In such crises, one needs to think fast and be constantly alert. At the same time, domestic violence professionals must be able to think precise and analytically about a particular case as well as reflect on it and other cases (Dijkstra, 2014:33). These professionals deal with facts, contexts, suspicion, emotions, statements from other agencies and personal issues of the ones involved, which calls for an open-minded cooperative attitude that balances gaining trust with being strict on certain points and posing critical questions (ibid). Something that is unclear is if and how the developed typologies on IPV are integrated into the practice of domestic violence professionals. Much research has been conducted on the categorization of different types of partner violence typologies, but only little research has been done on the applicability of these theories, especially in the Dutch context. Therefore, this thesis will research if and how domestic violence professionals, use typologies of partner violence.

The Dark Triad (DT) of personality comprises three socially aversive personality dimensions: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). These dimensions are positively correlated and share the common expression of callous manipulation (Furnham, Richards & Paulhus, 2013). The DT has been used to research antisocial behaviour in sub-clinical populations and provides additional value in predicting antisocial outcomes such as moral disengagement justifying unethical consumer behaviour, community violence, and sexual harassment proclivity (Pailing, Boon & Egan, 2014; Egan, Hughes & Palmer, 2015; Zeigler-Hill et al., 2016). The current study explores the influence of the DT and general personality traits on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), another antagonistic behaviour common in population samples.

Intimate partner violence represents a significant public health issue that has considerable societal costs. Supporting the development of healthy, respectful, and nonviolent relationships has the potential to reduce the occurrence of IPV and prevent its harmful and long-lasting effects on individuals, families, and the communities where they live. This technical package contains a variety of strategies and approaches that ideally would be used in combination in a multi-level, multi-sector approach to preventing IPV. Consistent with CDC’s emphasis on the primary prevention of IPV, the current package includes multiple strategies intended to stop perpetration of partner violence before it starts, in addition to approaches designed to provide support to survivors and diminish the short- and long-term harms of IPV. The hope is that multiple sectors, such as public health, health care, education, business, justice, social services, domestic violence coalitions and the many other organizations that comprise the civil society sector will use this technical package to prevent IPV and its consequences.

CONCLUSIONS. Participation in a 30-minute curriculum on intimate partner violence screening was associated with improvements in self-efficacy and significantly lower fear of offending parents 3 months after training. Nurses also showed improvement in the perception of resources available for nurses to manage intimate partner violence. Thirty-minute hospital-based curriculums that include victim testimonial video and practice role-playing to simulate parent interactions are recommended. Pediatrics 2009;123:562–568

Intimate partner violence is a major public health and social problem that affects people in every community, culture and country. Nurses can play a very important role in identifying victims who present to healthcare settings domestic abuse-related health issues. Evidence suggests that the majority of women who present to emergency departments have experienced domestic abuse at some point in their life, however, only 5% are identified by healthcare professionals. To be able to effectively identify and respond to victims, emergency nurses need to understand domestic abuse and its associated complexities. This article provides an overview of the issue, including the different types of abuse, prevalence, causes and effects on health. It also explores emergency nurses’ roles in identifying and managing various situations they may encounter at work.

The results of this study confirm that intimate partner violence is common in Bolivia. These findings are con- sistent with a large body of literature that shows that in- timate partner violence is common in Latin America [1-5]. Our data show that overall, nearly one in two women in Bolivia (47%) experienced some type of intim- ate partner violence in the past year. Nineteen percent of women in union report being physically abused by their partner and seven percent were sexually abused by him. Most victims of sexual abuse were also physically and/or psychologically abused. Moreover, one in five Bolivian women (21%) reported that they were psycho- logically abused by their partner, although they were not physically or sexually abused. A recent review article on the health implications of IPV noted that the majority of studies also found that women often experience more than one type of IPV [55].

The Impact of Discourse on a Coordinated Response to Intimate Partner Violence proportion of operational police. There is a degree of resistance to using the aide memoire, and admiralty components of the RAST which weaken its reliability as a tool. Similarly, the implementation of PFVOs requires attention as it appears that the conditions on the orders are not universally understood by police. A lack of understanding of the background and intentions of the RAST and PFVO means that police are not able to give consistent advice to victims. The interviews highlighted a strong theme running through police culture that a proportion of victims are abusing the system. Attitudes towards victims tends towards blaming victims who do not behave in ways that enable the intervention to work 'smoothly'; rather than questioning whether the intervention itself is not a good fit to the victims circumstances. Police spoke of dealing with a large cohort of repeat offenders/victims who were known to them for other illegal and criminal behaviour. Alcohol was viewed as the major catalyst for family violence amongst this group, as well as combinations of alcohol and drugs. Police provided details about dissatisfaction with

The NVAW Survey provides compelling evi- dence of the prevalence, incidence, and conse- quences of intimate partner violence in the United States. Information generated from the survey and presented in this report also ad- dresses many controversial issues surrounding intimate partner violence research, such as whether women and men suffer equal rates of violence at the hands of intimate partners, whether race and Hispanic origin affect one’s risk of intimate partner violence, and whether violence is more prevalent among same-sex cohabitants compared with heterosexual cohabi- tants. Thus, information presented in this report can help inform policy and intervention directed at violence perpetrated against women and men by intimate partners. Based on findings from the survey, the following conclusions can be drawn. 1. Intimate partner violence should be treated as a significant social problem. Analysis of the survey data validates previous research that shows intimate partner violence is a pervasive and serious social problem in the United States. According to survey estimates, approximately 1.5 million U.S. women and 834,732 U.S. men are raped and/or physically assaulted by an inti- mate partner annually. Because many of these victims suffer multiple victimizations, the num- ber of intimate partner rapes and physical as- saults perpetrated annually exceeds the number of intimate partner victims annually. Thus, an estimated 322,230 rapes and 4.5 million physical assaults are committed against U.S. women by intimate partners annually, and an estimated 2.9 million physical assaults are committed against U.S. men by intimate partners annually. [The es- timated number of rapes perpetrated against U.S. women annually is based on 16 women who re- ported being raped by an intimate partner in the

South Asia is considered to have a high prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. Therefore the World Health Organisation has called for context- specific information about IPV from different regions. A scoping review of published and gray literature over the last 35 years was conducted using Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Reported prevalence of IPV in Sri Lanka ranged from 20-72%, with recent reports of rates ranging from 25- 35%. Most research about IPV has been conducted in a few provinces and is based on the experience of legally married women. Individual, family, and societal risk factors for IPV have been studied, but their complex relationships have not been comprehensively investigated. Health consequences of IPV have been reported, with particular attention to physical health, but women are likely to under- report sexual violence. Women seek support mainly from informal networks, with only a few visiting agencies to obtain help. Little research has focused on health sector responses to IPV and their effectiveness. More research is needed on how to challenge gendered perceptions about IPV. Researchers should capture the experience of women in dating/cohabiting relationships and women in vulnerable sectors (post-conflict areas and rural areas), and assess how to effectively provide services to them. A critical evaluation of existing services and programms is also needed to advance evidence informed programme and policy changes in Sri Lanka.

Survey research related to intimate partner violence (IPV) has dramatically increased since the first publication of the Journal of Intimate Partner Vio- lence 20 years ago. The overall purpose of this article is to review the prog- ress in survey research related to IPV in the U.S. general population during this 20-year time period and provide future directions for survey research for the next 10 years. For this brief review, surveys using a random sample of individuals or couples from the general population of the United States were examined. These surveys include the following: The National Family Vio- lence Survey (NFVS) and National Family Violence Resurvey (NFVR)

The American Academy of Pediatrics and its members recognize the importance of improving the physician’s ability to recognize intimate partner violence (IPV) and understand its effects on child health and development and its role in the continuum of family violence. Pediatri- cians are in a unique position to identify abused caregivers in pediatric settings and to evaluate and treat children raised in homes in which IPV may occur. Children exposed to IPV are at increased risk of being abused and neglected and are more likely to develop adverse health, behavioral, psychological, and social disorders later in life. Identifying IPV, therefore, may be one of the most effective means of preventing child abuse and identifying caregivers and children who may be in need of treatment and/or therapy. Pediatricians should be aware of the profound effects of exposure to IPV on children. Pediatrics 2010;125:1094–1100

This US document further states that domestic violence can affect people of any race, sexual orientation, religion or gender and occurs across all socioeconomic and educational levels. Couples of the opposite or same sex, and those who are married, living together or dating are affected.Due to international differences in definitions of domestic violence, we use the term intimate partner violence for this metasynthesisas defined by the World Health Organization: 21

Half of the men in batterer intervention programs appear to abuse alcohol or drugs, approximately half of the men in treatment for substance abuse batter, between a quarter and half of the women in treatment for substance abuse have been battered, and a substantial portion of the women in IPV programs are substance abusers (Gondolf, 1999, Chermack, Fuller & Blow, 2000; Fals-Stewart & Kennedy, 2005, Fals-Stewart, 2003, Lawson, 1994; Downs, 2001; Ogle & Baer, 2003). Despite these high numbers, the relationship between substance abuse (SA) and intimate partner violence (IPV) is complex and should not be reduced to ideas about one causing the other. Many theoretical perspectives explain the co-occurrence of SA and IPV including: substance use disruption of thinking processes; adverse childhood experiences; power motivation; during the process of obtaining and using substances; and co-occurring situations like hostile personalities, antisocial personality disorder, or poverty; however none of these theories account for all the co-occurrence of SA and IPV to indicate that SA causes IPV. Therefore, we recommend practitioners learn to ask a series of questions rather than adhere to a single theory. The questions are: (1) When did the perpetrator or victim use drugs or alcohol relative to an episode of IPV, what did they use, and how much? (2) What aspects of personality or living conditions might be influencing SA and IPV? (3) What power and control issues are in play in this case? (4) What was the specific situation and setting in which the SA and IPV occurred? (5) What is the family and social history of violence, trauma, and SA in the life of victim and perpetrator that is background to the current situation? And, (6) to what do the victim and perpetrator attribute the IPV and the SA, and how do they believe SA and IPV are linked?

Intimate partner violence represents a significant public health issue that has considerable societal costs. Supporting the development of healthy, respectful, and nonviolent relationships has the potential to reduce the occurrence of IPV and prevent its harmful and long-lasting effects on individuals, families, and the communities where they live. This technical package contains a variety of strategies and approaches that ideally would be used in combination in a multi-level, multi-sector approach to preventing IPV. Consistent with CDC’s emphasis on the primary prevention of IPV, the current package includes multiple strategies intended to stop perpetration of partner violence before it starts, in addition to approaches designed to provide support to survivors and diminish the short- and long-term harms of IPV. The hope is that multiple sectors, such as public health, health care, education, business, justice, social services, domestic violence coalitions and the many other organizations that comprise the civil society sector will use this technical package to prevent IPV and its consequences.

METHODS. A community-based cohort of 112 children (aged 6 to 13 years) was asked to self-report on physical, verbal, and relational types of bullying and victimization experienced in the past year. Parents reported on their child’s externalizing and internalizing behaviors during the previous 6 months using items from Achen- bach’s Child Behavior Checklist. The frequency of parental experiences of intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization at 2 time points during the pre- ceding 5 years was measured using Conflict Tactics Scale items. The association of intimate partner violence and parent-reported child behavioral problems was examined, followed by exposure to intimate partner violence and child-reported bullying or victimization. Parental risk factors (eg, race/ethnicity, education, prob- lem drinking) that predispose to intimate partner violence were controlled for using propensity score statistical modeling.

An effective, comprehensive program to prevent sexual violence and/or intimate partner violence takes a multitude of approaches including mobilizing communities around sexual violence and/ or intimate partner violence prevention and building and/or joining well-organized, broad-based coalitions that can more effectively create change in communities. Other essential activities are implementing strategies that promote positive social norms among youth, families, adults, and community institutions, and developing and implementing public and organizational policies aimed at preventing sexual violence or intimate partner violence. Another key approach is training professionals to engage in sexual violence prevention and/or intimate partner prevention. Practitioners doing sexual violence prevention or intimate partner violence prevention work do not have enough resources, time, or avenues to reach everyone. However, professionals in other fields can influence risk and protective factors for sexual violence and/ or intimate partner violence within their own spheres of influence. Training those professionals to incorporate intimate partner violence and/or sexual violence prevention into their existing work can dramatically increase the breadth of your impact.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “intimate partner violence” (IPV) is actual or threatened physical or sexual violence or psychological and emotional abuse directed toward a spouse, ex-spouse, current or former boyfriend or girlfriend, or current or former dating partner. Intimate partners may be heterosexual or of the same sex. 1

Background: Intimate-partner physical violence is the intentional use of physical force by husbands with potential to cause death, disability, injury or harm to their wives. It usually results in considerable health consequences for both abused women as well as children. Aim: The study's aim is to estimate the prevalence of intimate-partner physical violence against wives in Mosul and determine the associated factors. Methods: The current study adopted a health-institutional cross-sectional study design and a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. The study had interviewed 1302 wives in child-bearing age during their attendance to 20 primary health care centers distributed in Mosul District over approximately ten months duration. They were inquired about their current exposure to physical abuse by their husbands. Chi- square test was applied to test the significance of association between prevalence of intimate-partner physical violence and the studied socio-demographic variables. Estimation of such association was appraised by calculation of odds ratio. Results: The prevalence of physical intimate-partner violence in Mosul was 241 per 1000 wives. It was higher in peri-urban and rural localities (28.1%) than urban families (P=0.001). It was significantly affected with some socio-demographic characters of wives and husbands as well as their marriages' constituents. Conclusions: Almost one every four women in Mosul was a victim of abusive behavior of her husband. However, comparing the estimated prevalence among different countries was difficult because of varying definitions of the term, cultural taboos and the normalization of violence in many areas, all leading to lack of reliable data.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is used to describe violence or a pattern of abusive behaviors between intimate partners (Toro-Alfonso & RodrIguez-Madera, 2004). This term not only suggests that violence can be perpetrated by women as well as men with no restriction to marital, heterosexual or homosexual relationships, but also helps in distinguishing IPV from other types of violence such as child abuse and elder abuse. The World Health Organization (WHO) (1997) defines IPV as a range of sexually, psychologically, and physically coercive acts used against women by current or former male intimate partners. Though this definition identifies men as perpetrators of violence against women, WHO later (2002) acknowledged that women can also be violent towards their male partners (Anderson, 2002; Archer, 2000, 2002; Brown, 2004; Capaldi, Kim, & Shortt, 2007; Capaldi & Owen, 2001; Hamberger & Potente, 1994; Straus & Gelles, 1986).

This study used World Values Survey data to investigate which demographics (gender, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, religiosity, and views towards gender equality) of people in two patriarchal societies, China and India, are associated with attitudes towards intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants were asked to rank their attitudes towards IPV on a scale of 1 to 10. Logistic regression and linear regression analyses were run for India and China to determine the effects of gender, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, religiosity, and gender equality on the likelihood that participants favor IPV or oppose IPV. The model for India was statistically significant, indicating male, lower middle, upper middle, and upper socioeconomic classes, older age, no longer married, and no religious affiliation were more likely to favor IPV. The model for China was also statistically significant, with male the only significant predictor for favorable attitude. Linear regression analyses were performed for India and China using the participants who favor IPV to determine which variables (gender, socioeconomic status, age, marital status, religiosity, and gender equality) are associated with favoring IPV to a greater extent. The model for India was statistically significant, with never married, lower class, upper class, and supportive attitudes towards gender equality having a positive relationship with more favorable attitudes towards IPV. The model for China was not statistically significant. Overall, results may help target individuals at higher risk for victimization or perpetration of IPV with prevention strategies.