Mobile ad hoc network (MANET)

Medium access control is a Protocol. It's arrangement of tenets or proccess to proficient utilization of shared medium, for example, remote, by various client. There are many of Issues of MANET( Mobile AD-Hoc Network) with MAC Layer. MAC layer is a lower sub layer of data-link layer. MAC layer is concerned with per link communication. Impact in MAC layer is the Major Issues in remote Transmission. It enables a few hub in system to share the medium utilizing the channel get to control components. Specially appointed remote systems present more noteworthy difficulties than framework remote systems at the MAC layer. so nonappearance of a unified controller. Macintosh conventions classes into two general classifications of conflict free and dispute based MAC conventions. MANETs have their unique constraints and characteristics. Macintosh conventions embody rule for efficient access to remote shared medium assume basic job in the conclusive and reasonable sharing of rare remote data transmission. The idea of the remote channel brings new issues like time shifting channel, area subordinate transporter detecting, and blasted blunders. Medium access control (MAC) conventions are a functioning point in nowadays, which organize the efficient utilization of the restricted shared remote asset. Be that as it may, in these remote systems, the restricted remote range, time-shifting spread qualities, appropriated numerous entrance control, low unpredictability, and vitality requirements together force significant challenges for MAC convention configuration to give dependable remote correspondences high information rates.

In recent years, wireless networks such as wireless LAN used in various places due to its simplicity and flexibility. The concept of wireless network is not new. The DARPA around early 70’s establish the base of ad hoc network. This technology enables wireless networking environments where there is no fixed infrastructure. Mobile Ad-hoc network does not have fixed infrastructure, it is composed of mobile devices. Energy consumption is a crucial factor for the designing of energy efficient routing protocols. The basic objectives of MANET routing protocols are to maximize energy efficiency, maximize networkthroughput, maximize network lifetime and to minimize end-to-end delay in network.

A Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is wireless systems which consist of mobile nodes that are dynamically communicate to each other over a wireless channel. Mobile ad-hoc networks are collection of various wireless networks like sensor network, cellular network, which consist of large number of mobile nodes. Nodes in MANETs can join and leave the network according to their requirements. In this network, there is no fixed set of infrastructure and centralized administration. The changeable nature of this type of networks makes it highly susceptible to various link attacks. The basic requirement for a secured networking is powerful and secure routing protocol which insures the integrity of network, availability authenticity and confidentiality. Many previous security solutions for the wired networks are ineffective and inefficient for MANET environment.

In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), a collection of mobile hosts with wireless network interfaces form a temporary network without the aid of any fixed infrastructure or centralized administration Intrusion detection can be defined as a process of monitoring activities in a system, which can be a computer or network system. The mechanism by which this is achieved is called an intrusion detection system (IDS).

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) [1] is co-operative collection of mobile nodes communicating with each other through wireless links, without requiring any supporting infrastructure. In MANET [2] all the nodes can connect dynamically in an arbitrary manner due to their mobility. The nodes in the network behave both as autonomous nodes and as routers. In MANET, node mobility affects the quality of service requirement of applications by causing frequent link failures. Quality of Service can be assured by achieving a more deterministic network behavior [3, 4]. In MANET, because of the random mobility of the nodes network behavior is not deterministic mostly. Therefore, probabilistic approach can help in predicting the network behavior and thus providing QoS.

ABSTRACT: A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is subclass of Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) in which vehicles act as mobile nodes. Many MANET routing protocol such as AODV and DSR are not suitable VANET .This is because VANET differs from MANET in aspects like topology and mobility model. This paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different Inter Vehicular Routing protocols and mainly deals with Transmission Strategies of Routing Protocol.

A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) include a collection of mobile hosts that perform basic networking functions like packet forwarding, routing etc. while not the assistance of a longtime infrastructure. Nodes of associate degree ad-hoc network place confidence in one to a different in forwarding a packet to its destination, thanks to the restricted vary of every mobile host’s wireless transmissions. Security in Edouard Manet is an important part for basic network functions like packet Forwarding and routing [1]. So as to supply property in an exceedingly mobile unintentional network all nodes need to perform routing of network traffic. though varied unintentional routing protocols are projected like Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), Dynamic supply Routing (DSR) and unintentional On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), that assumed associate degree surroundings wherever all the nodes ar utterly cooperative and trustworthy and no security mechanism has been thought-about [2]. Intrusion detection (ID) in MANETs is additional advanced and difficult than in fastened networks, due to the issue in fulfilling the wants of IDS [3] (namely the power to gather audit information from the network, and apply ID techniques to notice intrusion with an occasional rate of false positives and an efficient response to intrusion) and since some characteristics of MANETs produce operational and implementation complexities. Further challenges for IDSs in MANETs ar as follows:

ABSTRACT: Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is one of the most promising fields for research and development of wireless network. As the popularity of mobile device and wireless networks significantly increased over the past years, wireless ad-hoc networks has now become one of the most vibrant and active field of communication and networks. A mobile ad hoc network is an autonomous collection of mobile devices (laptops, smart phones, sensors, etc.) that communicate with each other over wireless links and cooperate in a distributed manner in order to provide the necessary network functionality in the absence of a fixed infrastructure. This type of network, operating as a stand- alone network or with one or multiple points of attachment to cellular networks or the Internet, paves the way for numerous new and exciting applications. This paper provides insight into the potential applications of ad hoc networks, various attacks and discusses the technological challenges that protocol designers and network developers are faced with.

mobile nodes, it discover their route itself for communication between mobile nodes of MANET. MANET is a self creating self-organize and self administrative network. Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) are no configuration, self-organizing, and MANET has dynamic in nature in which nodes are free to move, networks formed by set of mobile nodes connected through wireless medium. These networks can be formed on the fly, without need any fixed infrastructure, each node should act as a router, Wireless ad hoc network is gaining its popularity day by day because the device communicate with each other using a wireless physical medium without relying on pre-existing wired infrastructure. Moreover, each node in an ad-hoc network are self-configurable in nature and takes help of “multi-hop routing” technique to communicate with those nodes which are beyond communication range. But, these features give additional vulnerabilities along with those existing in the traditional wired network. Since the advent of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency packet radio networks in the early 1970s, a number of protocols have been developed for mobile ad-hoc networks. Prediction based routing for mobile ad-hoc network or this application is used in battle field, disaster recovery, natural calamity, reuse operation, fast traffic information deliver on highways during travel, network extension, cloud computing, tactical networking, entertainment, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Private Area Network (PAN), health monitoring, tracking application, managing the aquatic environment, localization application, law enforcement, emergency service, educational application,

Abstract. In the future more and more devices connected to the Internet will be wireless. Wireless networks can be classified into two types of networks: network with infrastructure (i.e. networks with base stations, gateway and routing support), which is called Mobile IP, and network without infrastructure which is called ad hoc networks. Mobile IP tries to solve the problem of how a mobile node may roam from its network to foreign network and still maintain connectivity to the Internet. Ad hoc network tries to solve the problem if the infrastructure is not available or inconvenient for its use such as in rural environments. Integrating ad hoc into Mobile IP provide new feature for Mobile ad hoc network such as Internet connectivity, streamline communication with another network. This paper presents the development of a test bed for integrating Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET) into Mobile IPv6.

MANET-Mobile Ad-hoc network. “Ad-hoc" signifies "for that specific reason". [1]. There is no requirement of any base like infrastructure and devices are associated without wires. All devices in MANET are self-configured. Every node in this network contain mobile and it can also change to other device frequently. As ad hoc need flat infrastructure, ad-hoc are totally different from alternative network, work on shared medium (example: - radio), have dynamic topology. Still as finish hosts this network on each pc device act as a router. Paper is organized as follows. Section II describes automatic text detection using morphological operations, connected component analysis and set of selection or rejection criteria. The flow diagram represents the step of the algorithm. After detection of text, how text region is filled using an Inpainting technique that is given in Section III. Section IV presents experimental results showing results of images tested. Finally, Section V presents conclusion.

ABSTRACT: The main task of the Mobile Ad-hoc Network is to reduce traffic and achieve high accuracy of the network. By using the KNN Query processing, the query-issuing node first forwards a KNN query using geo- routing to the nearest node from the point specified by the query. Then, the nearest node from the query point forwards the query to other nodes close to the query point, and each node receiving the query replies with the information on itself. In this process, the adopt two different approaches: the Explosion method and the Spiral method. But the security of the network is moderate, the Quality of service parameter is low and the network is will reach high if this method is used to the larger network.

Routing is one of the challenging issues in mobile ad-hoc network. Existing protocols for ad-hoc network can generally be categorized into pro-active and re-active protocols types. It is a well known fact that most of these protocols have certain weaknesses. Some of the main problems include Limitation: Most of the well known protocols in this area are limited to a particular scenario i.e. does not perform well in all environments; Lack of analytical studies: not sufficient work has been conducted to evaluate their performance with respect to other techniques of similar types. Moreover, proposed schemes focus on routing without considering their affects on some other routing relates issues [BMA04].

For the safe communication among the network security is the main factor in unfriendly environment. With dynamic nature of the network it results in emergence of challenges. Due to the dynamic nature of the network hackers or unauthorized users can easily accessing the network. As mobile ad-hoc networks are temporary developed for some time so security solutions created for the wired network may not suitable for mobile ad-hoc network. All movable nodes perform the every function like routing, data forwarding and network management. Therefore these nodes must be ready for attack every time for communication.

Mobile Ad Hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile terminals that are able to dynamically form a temporary network without any centralized administration. Such networks are characterized by: Dynamic topologies, existence of bandwidth constrained and variable capacity links, energy constrained operations and are highly prone to security threats. Due to all these features routing overhead is a major issue in ad hoc networks. The traditional routing protocols for MANETS undertakes set-up and maintain routes between nodes. The existing routing protocols may be categorized into Proactive ones and Reactive ones. e.g. Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) , Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Reactive/On-demand, e.g. Dynamic Source Routing

DSR [18] is one of the most popular routing protocols in MANETs. It is specifically designed for multi-hop communication in wireless network with mobile nodes. DSR adapts to the fully autonomous network, without the need of pre-existed infrastructure. The pro- tocol is composed of two main processes which are Route Discovery and Route Maintenance respectively. Route Discovery is a the process by which a node S tries to find a source route reaching a destination node D to achieve its transmission. Route Discovery is used only when S attempts to communication with D but does not know a route to D yet. Route Mainte- nance is the process by which node S is able to get the knowledge of the recent topology changes in the network, such as an unavailable path to destination D due to a broken link. When Route Maintenance informs S of a source route is broken, S will either try to use an- other route if it happens to have it cached, or will initiate a Route Discovery again to find a new route for subsequent packets to D. These two mechanisms execute totally “on demand”. DSR does not advertise any routing information periodically in the network, which lowers the extra control overhead transmitted in the channel. The above two mechanisms work together to allow mobile nodes to discover and maintain routes to arbitrary destinations in MANET as needed.

Denial of service (DoS) is another type of attack, where the attacker injects a large amount of junk packets into the network. These packets overspend a significant portion of network resources, and introduce wireless channel contention and network contention in the MANET. A routing table overflow attack and sleep deprivation attack are two other types of the DoS attacks. In the routing table overflow attack, an attacker attempts to create routes to non- existent nodes. Meanwhile the sleep deprivation attack aims to consume the batteries of a victim node. For example, consider the following Fig. 3. Assume a shortest path exists from S to X and C and X cannot hear each other, that nodes B and C cannot hear each other, and that M is a malicious node attempting a denial of service attack. Suppose S wishes to communicate with X and that S has an unexpired route to X in its route cache. S transmits a data packet toward X with the source route S --> A --> B --> M --> C --> D --> X contained in the packet’s header. When M receives the packet, it can alter the source route in the packet’s header, such as deleting D from the source route. Consequently, when C receives the altered packet, it attempts to forward the packet to X. Since X cannot hear C, the transmission is unsuccessful.

MANET [1] [2] is an accumulation of mobile nodes that can cooperate with each other without utilizing wires. In this, nodes inside the transmission range can convey straightforwardly else they can utilize different nodes to send packet (PKT). Organization of MANET is modest and because of this it is the major concern of research. A utilization of MANET reaches from substantial scale portable systems to little, static systems restricted by the power resources. The fundamental objectives of the MANET routing protocols are – maximize network lifetime, energy proficiency, network throughput and delay minimization. To accomplish these objectives, many routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. The routing protocols in MANETs are categorized into three classes: proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols [3] [4]. A few difficulties confronted by MANET are dynamic topology, requirements on resources, management of data transfer capacity and PKT broadcast overhead, which makes trouble to configuration routing protocols. MANET empowers the change of data among the various detached system or all the more famously

In the next generation of wireless communication systems, there will be a need for the rapid deployment of independent mobile users. Significant examples include establishing survivable, efficient, dynamic communication for emergency/rescue operations, disaster relief efforts, and military networks. Such network scenarios cannot rely on centralized and organized connectivity, and can be conceived as applications of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links. Since the nodes are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably over time. The network is decentralized, where all network activity including discovering the topology and delivering messages must be executed by the nodes they, i.e., routing functionality will be incorporated into mobile nodes.

Location-Based Routing for Scalability. Many existing routing protocols proposed within the MANET working group of IETF, are designed to scale in networks of a few hundred nodes. They rely on state concerning all links in the network or links on a route between a source and a destination. This may result in poor scaling properties in larger mobile ad hoc networks or when nodes frequently disconnect to save battery. More recently, there has been a growing focus on a class of routing algorithms that rely largely, or completely, on location (and possibly mobility) information. These algorithms improve network scalability by reducing the total routing overhead. The idea is to use location information in order to reduce propagation of control messages , to control packet flooding , to reduce intermediate system functions or to make simplified packet forwarding decisions .