New Jersey

The glass enclosure of the atrium is an extension of the plaza between the old city hall building and the new annex -- in essence a public park with a glass roof over a portion of it. In design, purpose, function and use, the city hall atrium must be treated as a “traditional” public forum. Perry Education Ass’n v. Perry Local Educators’ Ass’n, 460 U.S. 37, 45 (1983). Public parks and similar venues “have immemorially been held in trust for the use of the public, and time out of mind, have been used for purposes of assembly, communicating thoughts between citizens, and discussing public questions.” Ibid., quoting Hague v. CIO, 307 U.S. 496, 515 (1939). See also Schneider v. New Jersey, 308 U.S. 147 (1939) (city sidewalk as traditional public forum).

As previously discussed, farmers recognize nonmonetary values of agritourism that serve as motivators for alternative enterprise development. Rather than immediate monetary gain, motivation for developing agritourism may be found in fulfillment of entrepreneurial goals, needs for social contact, rural lifestyle pursuits, and expansion of employment opportunities for farm family mem- bers. Accounts from New Jersey farmers reveal additional benefits from agritourism that may confer deferred economic benefits (Schilling et al., 2006). For example, as a pragmatic matter, the allowance of non–fee-based hunting may reduce farm expenses associated with culling wildlife or revenue losses from crop damage caused by wild- life. Past research also identifies public education as a common impetus behind agritourism develop- ment; however, as previously noted the intended purpose of such interactions remains unclear. Interviews with New Jersey farmers suggest that such interaction may result in benefits accruing at the individual farm and industry levels. At the farm level, inviting the public onto farms facilitates messaging about the quality, freshness, safety, and environmentally beneficial nature of local food sourcing. It also provides farmers with customer feedback and insight on local demand for various products needed to appropriately tailor marketing efforts.

Raritan Landing was, surprisingly, not unlike small ports elsewhere in the colonies. This finding is surprising be­ cause New Jersey's trade is so often de­ scribed as different, as less important than that of other colonies. The com­ munity consisted of a cluster of houses, warehouses, and stores that grew up around a landing place at the head of navigation on the Raritan River (FIG. 2). All of this had been dismantled by the end of the 19th century-most of it lies buried under park land. The earli­ est warehouses date to about 1720 (Vermeule 1936); by 1740 there were probably about 100 families living at the Landing. The patterning of occupa­ tions that could be identified suggests that the community was never heavily agricultural; most occupations relate to port functions. It was a base for numbers of people identified as traders and carters or freighters (terms often used interchangeably), merchants, and shopkeepers.

The New Jersey Supreme Court acknowledged the difference between electronic and paper media in Higg-A-Rella, Inc. v. County of Essex, 141 N.J. 35 (1995). “Release of information on computer tape in many instances is far more revealing than release of hard copies, and offers the potential for far more intrusive inspections. Unlike paper records, computerized records can be rapidly retrieved, searched, and reassembled n novel and unique ways, not previously imagined.” Id. at 52.

Furthermore, as the Ninth Circuit pointed out in Batzel, there is “no need here to decide whether a ... website itself fits the broad statutory definition of ‘interactive computer service,’ because the language of § 230(c)(1) confers immunity not just on ‘providers’ of such services, but also on ‘users’ of such services.” 333 F.3d at 1030. The Superior Court of New Jersey agreed with this reasoning as well, and concluded that the website creator at issue was covered by the immunity provision of § 230 as a user as well as a provider of an “interactive computer service.” Donato, 374 N.J. Super. at 489. The rationale for this construction is that the website creator is the “user” of the website’s electronic host that provides or enables access by multiple users to a computer server, and he is also the “user” of an Internet Service Provider (ISP), which provides him access to the Internet. Id. at 487. This Court agrees that the plain language of § 230 specifically includes the word “user” with the intention of providing immunity to Internet users for content created by other individuals on the Internet. Thus, regardless of whether Ryan, as creator of his website, is deemed a “provider” or merely a “user” of an interactive computer service, it is clear that the immunity conferred by § 230 was intended to cover individuals in his situation.

Abstract: This paper measures the impact of 30 Walmart openings on the municipal tax base using panel data for New Jersey municipalities from 1998-2007. We consider the impact of the new Walmart on the home municipality as well as the nearest adjacent municipality in the year the outlet opens as well as the two subsequent years. Because Walmart may exert differing effects on residential and non-residential values, we undertake separate analyses of the impact of Walmart on the residential and non-residential tax bases. We find that a new Walmart has a significant positive impact on the growth in the tax base in host municipalities the second year that it is open, but not in years one and three. In addition, the impact of the Walmart on the growth in the tax base depends on the size of the municipality. In the average-sized municipality, the real equalized tax base growth rate rises only about 0.35 percentage points in the second year . This effect is primarily the result of Walmart’s impact on residential values in the host municipality. By contrast, a new Walmart causes a modest but consistently negative effect on growth of the tax base in the adjacent municipality across all three years that we are able to measure. In the average sized municipality for our sample, the real equalized tax base growth rate falls rate falls 0.065, 0.081, and 0.096 percentage points, respectively. This effect occurs primarily through the Walmart’s impact on growth of non-residential values. The cumulative effect of this reduction in growth in the adjacent municipality is roughly two thirds of the increase in growth experienced by the home municipality.

As a legal right, privacy has been aptly described as “a haystack in a hurricane,” 1 and indeed, recognition of a constitutionally protected right has been subject to considerable controversy. The very notion of a legally protected right to be let alone is of comparatively recent vintage. 2 New Jersey protects the variety of interests that are encompassed by that right more effectively than any federal constitutional precedents.

In Desilets v. Clearview Regional Board of Ed., 137 N.J. 585 (1994), the New Jersey Supreme Court held that a junior high school violated a student’s First Amendment rights when it censored the student’s reviews of R-rated movies in the school newspaper. The school board tried to justify its decision to suppress the movie reviews, but the court found that its policy was “at best equivocal and inconsistent.” Id. at 593. “The record suggests only that such a policy, if it exists, is vaguely defined and loosely applied, and that its underlying educational concerns remained essentially undefined and speculative.” Id. at 593. Here, similarly, the defendants’ reasons for disciplining Ryan were purely speculative.

There is a right to anonymity on the Internet. In a very recent case, widely hailed as a landmark, the New Jersey Superior Court held that “people who have committed no wrong should be able to participate online without fear that someone who wishes to harass or embarrass them can file a frivolous lawsuit and thereby gain the power of the court’s order or discover their identity.” Dendrite International v. Doe, 2001 N.J. Super. LEXIS 300 (July 11, 2001).

Abstract: A healthy, productive workforce improves the socioeconomic interests and stability of society. In the early 20th century, federal worker’s compensation law was modified from intentional and unintentional negligence tort law to a no-fault system; this was designed to optimize the outcome of work-related injuries for both employers and employees. It was recognized that the integrity of the worker’s health was essential to society. Each state inde- pendently legislated medical and fiscal management of occupational injuries and illness. The state of New Jersey presently has a system to evaluate the complex processes that the worker and worker’s family experience after a work-related injury. The current legislation may encourage antipathy and mental regression during a vulnerable period of the worker’s life. Reflecting on potential legislative shortcomings may stimulate ideas to create improved treatment outcomes.

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Several small studies, primarily in clinical populations, have measured ZEN exposure during the prepubertal period [13–15]. An Italian study (n = 63) examined 32 girls with central precocious puberty and 31 healthy controls [13]. Girls with detectable levels of ZEN (n = 6) and α-zearalenol were taller and proportionally heavier (p < 0.01) than girls with undetectable levels of these mycoestrogens. Asci et al. measured ZEN levels in girls living in the Mediterranean area of Turkey (n = 78) [14]. Girls were divided into three groups: girls with prema- ture thelarche (PT), girls with idiopathic precocious pu- berty (IPP), and a control group. The authors reported that girls in the PT group had twice the levels of ZEN compared to the control group (p = 0.07). Similarly, girls in the IPP group had 2.8 times the levels of ZEN com- pared to the control group (p < 0.05). In the Jersey Girl study, a cross-sectional study of healthy 9–10 year old girls in the U.S., we previously reported that peripubertal girls with detectable ZEN in urine were of shorter stat- ure (p < 0.0001) and less likely to have reached the onset of breast development than girls with undetectable ZEN (Prevalence ratio: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.60, 1.04) [16]. We now extend these findings in the Jersey Girl Study cohort using follow-up data gathered for up to 10 years post-baseline. The aim of the current analysis is to examine baseline levels of ZEN, α-ZAL, and their phase-1 metabolites in relation to sub- sequent growth and onset of menarche. To our know- ledge, this is the first longitudinal analysis of urinary mycoestrogens and pubertal outcomes in healthy girls.

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Note. The cancer mortality rates are based on 2000 Census Populations and are from the following seven states including California, Hawaii, Illinois, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Was[r]