pulse oximeter

A 78-year-old female who presented to hospital with a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 3 was studied for a longer period. A Computed Tomography (CT) scan revealed the presence of a frontal temporal intracerebral hematoma. The patient underwent a craniotomy to evacuate the hematoma. The patient was sedated with Propofol and stabilized according to established treat- ment protocols. A cranial bolt was placed into the right frontal part of the skull by a neurosurgical registrar and ICP monitoring, together with routine ITU monitoring commenced. After obtaining assent from the patient’s relatives the optical fiber probe was introduced into the cranial bolt, so that the probe was penetrating the right frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. Signals were recorded from the brain tissue using the cerebral pulse oximeter for a period of 6 h while the patient was in the ITU. A commercial pulse oximeter on the patient’s finger recorded the arterial oxygen saturation. Blood samples were taken hourly from an indwelling arterial catheter for measurement of blood gases and oxygen saturation using a hemoximeter. The patient remained lightly sedated throughout the 6-h monitoring period and was mechanically ventilated throughout the monitoring per- iod. After approximately 6 h the patient was moving frequently, and appeared to be regaining consciousness so the optical fibers were removed from the bolt and monitoring stopped. The patient remained in the ITU for several days where she made a satisfactory recovery.

compromised due to the poor quality of the PPG signals. In order to investigate further the threshold where pulse oximetry fails to produce accurate SpO 2 values, we have developed a custom made multimode finger pulse oximetry probe that operates in conventional, reflectance and transmittance mode indepen- dently and also in a combined mode called transreflectance. Experiments on twenty healthy volunteers undergoing induced artificial hypoperfusion utilising a brachial blood pressure cuff were performed in order to investigate the possible threshold of failure to accurately estimate SpO 2 values from all pulse oximetry modes. The results suggest that the transreflectance pulse oximeter endures more in estimating accurately SpO 2

setting, which is commonly found in respiratory failure, sys- temic inflammatory response syndrome or chronic ob- structive pulmonary disease. The pulse oximeter can measure how well the hemoglobin is being saturated, but it cannot discern what exactly it is being saturated with, which can lead to false readings (e.g., saturated with oxy- hemoglobin or carboxyhemoglobin in carbon monoxide poisoning) [18]. Individualized pulse oximeter alarm set- tings may allow nurses to still be readily notified of critical events while reducing overall alarm rates.

The Pulse oximeter probe contains two light-emitting diodes of One transmits red light wavelength approximately 660 nm and the other transmits infrared light wavelength is 900-940nm. The pulseoxy probe operates at 500 on/off cycles /sec. Photo detector detects the amount of light absorbed by oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and connected to a microprocessor. The ratio of these two absorptions will give Sp02 reading [4]. This ratio number corresponds to the oxidization level of the blood

After induction of anesthesia and immediately after tracheal intubation, the probe contained within a sterile N-G tube was inserted into the esophagus by the anesthesiologist, via the patient’s mouth, under direct vision with a laryngoscope. The tip of the probe was placed at a depth of 35 cm in the esophagus as measured from the front incisors. Once the probe was in position, the light sources were switched on and signals recorded for 100 seconds. The probe was then withdrawn 5 cm at a time and signals recorded for a further 100 seconds at each position until the probe was at a depth of 15 cm. The arterial oxygen saturation was measured using a commercial finger pulse oximeter (Datex- Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland). The probe was removed at the end of the measurement period, before the patient was moved from the anesthetic room to the operating theatre, and surgery commenced. Each patient was reviewed post- operatively, to check for any adverse events.

Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive method for monitoring a person's O2 saturation. In its most common (transmissive) application mode, a sensor device is placed on a thin part of the patient's body, usually a fingertip orearlobe, or in the case of an infant, across a foot. The device passes two wavelengths of light through the body part to a photodetector. It measures the changing absorbance at each of the wavelengths, allowing it to determine the absorbances due to the pulsing arterial bloodalone, excluding venous blood, skin, bone, muscle, fat, and (in most cases) nail polish.There are many portable oximeters are available in the market, but they are not so accurate. To make accurate oximeter we are using here ARM based microprocessor/ microcontroller. . in this paper we give the compression between the real time results of haemoglobin( from our designed pulse oximeter) and the results from pathologyof same patient. We find the our designed pulse oximeter gave 94.204 % accurate result.

The primary outcome was the time taken (in seconds) from completion of application of the sensor to the ap- pearance of the fi rst reliable display of both oxygen saturation and heart rate on the pulse oximeter. Application of the sensor was considered complete in both techniques only if the sensor was attached to the oximeter through the extension cable, the oximeter was switched on, and the sensor was ap- plied to the infant ’ s hand. Reliable dis- play of heart rate and pulse saturation was de fi ned as a stable display of heart rate and saturation without blinking. Primary outcome was recorded only in the absence of a “ low signal quality ” message on the pulse oximeter screen. Secondary outcomes measured in- cluded time from birth to start of sensor application (the point when the patient sensor touched the neonates ’ hand was considered as the start of sensor application), time taken for sensor application, total time taken from birth to appearance of fi rst reli- able signal, proportion of infants in whom reliable data could not be recorded, and where the sensor had to be reapplied due to lack of signal. At least 2 investigators attended all deliveries; 1 investigator was primarily responsible for placement of the sensor while the other investigator recorded different time intervals by using a stopwatch (model HS-80TW; Casio Inc, Tokyo, Japan) with an accuracy of 1 millisecond. The time measurements made on the stopwatch in this trial are depicted in Fig 1. The recorded data

compromised due to the poor quality of the PPG signals. In order to investigate further the threshold where pulse oximetry fails to produce accurate SpO 2 values, we have developed a custom made multimode finger pulse oximetry probe that operates in conventional, reflectance and transmittance mode indepen- dently and also in a combined mode called transreflectance. Experiments on twenty healthy volunteers undergoing induced artificial hypoperfusion utilising a brachial blood pressure cuff were performed in order to investigate the possible threshold of failure to accurately estimate SpO 2 values from all pulse oximetry modes. The results suggest that the transreflectance pulse oximeter endures more in estimating accurately SpO 2

RESULTS. Among those eligible, 2805 (45%) nurses in 59 (60%) NICUs responded. Forty (68%) of 59 NICUs had a policy that specified a pulse oximeter saturation target range for extremely preterm infants. Among 1957 nurses at NICUs with policies, 540 (28%) accurately identified the upper and lower limits of their NICU’s policy and also targeted these values in practice. NICU-specific SDs for individual nurse target limits were less at NICUs with versus without a policy for both upper and lower limits. Hierarchical linear modeling identified presence of pulse oximeter

in Table 1. The oxygen saturation values calculated for patient 5 are considerably lower than the results obtained for the other patients. The finger pulse oximeter reading indicated a value of 99% for the systemic arterial oxygen saturation in this patient. In the absence of any measurement errors, this result suggests that a high proportion of the blood in the pulsating vessels close to the probe contained blood of low oxygen saturation. This effect may be unusual, and may have arisen as a result of the patient’s individual pathology. Alternatively the cerebral veins may be pulsatile in all patients but the effect is not apparent unless the probe is positioned in a region where the density of veins is particularly high. The incompressibility of the brain,

This paper presents the different ways to predict the diabetics patients to have learned. Among those noninvasive blood glucose measurement techniques can be used easily and accuracy of these methods is higher as compared to invasive analysis. Invasive Analysis for diabeties prediction is also a great research but it is very expensive and painful in real time. So in this paper, First to find patient have diabetic or not , and second is body tempreture and pulse oximeter have check also using noninvasive methods NIR system.

Alginate impressions of the upper and lower arches of primary and permanent dentition were taken and a die-stone model was prepared. These models were given to a biomedical engineer (LUB DUB Medical Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Chennai) to be used as a template for designing the custom made pulse oximeter probe. The mesiodistal width and the vertical height of the permanent central incisors were measured with the help of a vernier caliper from the cast given. Measurements of the labial and palatal curvature of the incisors from the gingiva to the incisal edge were taken using Radius Gauge. These measurements were used to draw the three dimensional view of the tooth structure using PRO-Engineering 3D software. With this tooth design a well adapted custom made pulse oximeter probe was drawn over it using the same software. This probe is a type of clip with two halves which will be stabilized with the help of a hinge pin and low tension spring.

explanation for this finding may relate to the differences in the techniques used for measuring oxygen saturation. The pulse oximeter analyzes haemoglobin saturation in whole blood in vivo [18], whereas Sa O 2 measured by CO-oximetry requires red blood cell lysis prior to analysis. Under normal physiologi- cal conditions, algorithms incorporated in the pulse oximeter account for this [11], although the validity of this adjustment has not been tested outside normal physiological ranges. Alternatively, the effects of the complex interactions between cardiac output [19], systemic vascular resistance [20], tem- perature [19] and vasoactive drugs [14,21] on precision of measurements using the pulse oximeter might have con- tributed to this finding. A further study looking at the precise contribution of each of these factors would be required to elu- cidate the aetiology of these findings definitively.

The accuracy, precision and the rapidity of the estimate are all important. Regarding accuracy and precision, our clinical observation has been that the rate of increase of pressure in the cuff is more gradual in the high body mass patients, where a larger, higher volume cuff is required for accurate blood pressure measurement. This could make the accurate and precise visual estimation of blood pressure using DOT/ROT easier in obese patients than in low body mass patients, where the escalation of pressure is more rapid. As regards response time, NIBP readings often take longer in obese patients, and it is important to establish the time taken for the estimation of blood pressure, as well as the time saved by doing the visual estimate, across the physiological range of body mass indices. It was therefore decided to study the effect of the larger cuff required in patients with a raised body mass index on the accuracy and precision of estimation of SBP by disappearance/reappearance of the pulse oximeter trace (DOT/ROT) with cuff inflation during SA for

In this study, 6 (19%) contaminated pulse oximeter probes isolated 2 different pathogenic microorganisms each, pre decontamination. Additionally, 6 (18%) pulse oximeter probes remained contaminated post decontamination, of which 4 were contaminated with skin commensals, namely: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas lautus. Of note, these decontaminated pulse oximeter probes were on patients’ fingers pre-decontamination, 3 of which were visibly soiled with blood, and 2 of which had visible cracks on their internal surfaces. These characteristics possibly reflect the build-up of tissue residuals (sebum, blood, debris) on pulse oximeter probes that impede terminal decontamination processes [39]

Background: ICU is a specially staffed and fully equipped unit of the hospital where patient requiring intensive care is kept. In order to meet the demand of seriously ill patients a numbers of sophisticated equipments and gadgets are used. Studies have shown that there is a need for knowledge about the operating system of these machines used in ICU to execute the treatment protocols by the ICU staff. Various therapeutic procedures are done depending on the readings of the machines and monitoring of the values is required before and after the treatment sessions. So it becomes mandatory for the ICU staff to have good command over the parameters of the equipment. The objective of the study is therefore to find out the awareness of two important machines namely the Mechanical ventilator and Pulse oximeter among the ICU staff including the physiotherapist in north eastern states of India. Methods: An observational cross section study has been done with 200 subjects who is working in ICU for more than 6 months.

The conventional pulse oximeters use transmission sensors in which the light emitter and detector are on opposing surfaces of the tissue bed. These sensors are suitable for use on the finger, toe, or earlobe; when tested under conditions of low perfusion, finger probes performed better than other probes [9]. Recently, pulse oximeter probes that use reflectance technology have been developed for placement on the forehead [10]. The reflectance sensor has emitter and detector components adjacent to one another, so oxygen saturation is esti- mated from back-scattered light rather than transmitted light. In critically ill patients with low perfusion, the bias and precision between SpO 2 and SaO 2 were lower for

Nellcor N-100 pulse oximeter: difference between pulse oximeter readings (transcutaneous oxygen satura- tion [tcSo2]) and simultaneously determined oxygen sat- uration in arterial blood [r]

Abstract. Two case studies of the development of Smartphone self-reporting mHealth applications are described: a wellness diary for asthma management combined with Bluetooth pulse oximeter and manual peak flow measurements; and a questionnaire for ecological assessment of distress during fertility treat- ment. Results are presented of user experiences with the self-reporting applica- tion and the capture of physiological measurements in the case of the asthma diary project and the findings from a phone audit at an early stage of design in the case of the in vitro fertilisation (IVF) study. Issues raised by ethics commit- tees are also discussed. It is concluded that the optimal adoption of Smartphone self-reporting applications will require a good appreciation of user and ethics panel requirements at an early stage in their development, so that the correct de- sign choices can be made.

Pulse oximeter probe has two light emitting diodes. One transmits red light (640nm) while the other transmits infrared light (940 nm). Oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin differentially absorb red and infrared light. This differential is analyzed by the machine to determine the oxygen saturation (Asgeir Sigurdsson). Since pulse oximeter tests register the oxygen saturation of tissue they are less vulnerable to limitations and variations which are inherent to other pulp sensitivity tests. (Joe Camp, 2008) This case report present revascularization of traumatized central incisors with open apices using pulse oximetry.