Urinary Tract Infections

However, there was a concomitant statistically sig- nificant increase in the number of urinary tract infections in male infants as the circumcision frequency rate de-. creased[r]

Urinary tract infections are a serious health problem affecting millions of people each year. Infections of the urinary tract are the second most common type of infection in the body. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about 8.3 million doctor visits each year. One woman in five develops a UTI during her lifetime. Natural remedies have been used for centuries to alleviate pain and discomfort as well as address the underlying symptoms. Natural remedies for urinary tract infections are safe and cause no side effects. They also support one’s physical, mental, and emotional health, rather than simply treating UTI symptoms. A number of antibiotics can be prescribed to treat urinary tract infections. However, certain antibiotics may not be safe for these pregnant, plan to become pregnant or are

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common occurrence in paediatrics. UTIs present in children as fever, anorexia, vomiting, lethargy and dysuria. Approximately 80% of the time, Escherichia coli is the causative bacteria in paediatrics, however, fungal UTI caused by Candida species can occur in premature infants. With an estimated 150 million UTIs occurring worldwide annually, this paper aims to establish the ideal management of urinary tract infections in paediatrics. Clinical signs and symptoms of UTI in paediatrics are dependent on age of the child. Neonates (0–27 days old) present with sepsis, vomiting, fever, and prolonged jaundice, while school aged children present with symptoms similar to adults such as dysuria and urgency. Diagnosis of a UTI can be done by using a urine dipstick or using the midstream clean catch method in toilet trained children, and using the transurethral catheterisation or suprapubic aspiration method for infants and young children. In the wake of antibiotic resistance, choosing the best anti-microbial agent for treatment is imperative. Whilst asymptomatic bacteriuria does not require antibiotic treatment, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination, cephalexin, cefixime and cefpodoxime are the preferred oral antibiotics, provided there are no known allergies. Ceftriaxone, ampicillin, cefotaxime and gentamycin are the recommended parenteral antibiotics, provided age, allergic status and renal function are considered prior to use. Careful consideration needs to be given before using prophylaxis in UTIs and should be reserved for extreme cases.

issues concerning urinary tract infections (UTIs) in uncircumcised male infants. They studied a large, relatively captive patient population and were able to assess inpatient and outpatient diagnoses of UTI during the first year of life. These authors have corroborated the association between foreskin presence and an increased incidence of UTIs. Additionally, they have reported a relatively higher frequency of such infections than that which is generally recognized. 2 Finally, Schoen et al 1 have

Urinary tract infections present a significant problem in both hospital medicine and general practice. The burden of infection is high and there are many challenges in diag- nosis and management. Several studies have identified the need for better education on asymptomatic bacteriuria and presentation of UTI in the elderly population. Symptomatic infections are often difficult to diagnose in older popula- tions where there are high levels of cognitive impairment and communication difficulties, such as amongst residents of institutional care.

voiding symptoms, clinical symptoms can help to identify women with recurrent urinary tract infections at the initial presentation even if urine culture reports are not available. Causes of irritative voiding symptoms include urethral syndrome, interstitial cystitis, and recurrent urinary tract infections. It is often difficult to identify women with recurrent urinary tract infections at their initial presentation in the office because urine culture reports may not be available. Generally the women with RUTI in our country are treated by general practitioners and the repeated use of antibiotics leads to resistance and a proper diagnosis is never established. A recent retrospective case controlled study differentiated between clinical symptoms predictive of recurrent UTI and irritative voiding symptoms. Women in the recurrent urinary tract infection group were significantly more likely to report symptoms after intercourse, a prior history of pyelonephritis, and prompt resolution of symptoms after taking antibiotics than women with irritative voiding symptoms (dysuria,urgency,and/or frequency). 8 Women in the recurrent

Infrastructure to support an effective program includes development of policies for catheter indications, catheter selection, and catheter insertion and maintenance [4,7,52]. There must be sufficient staffing and staff education, to- gether with access to adequate and appropriate supplies. A means for documentation of urinary catheter use, in- cluding indications and dates of insertion and removal, should be established. Where an electronic patient record is used, documentation of catheter use and automatic re- minders for removal should be incorporated into this rec- ord. The development and implementation of “bundles” for prevention of catheter acquired urinary tract infections has been described. Introduction of a urinary catheter bundle which included education, catheter insertion and management guidelines, and CA-UTI surveillance, in in- tensive care units in 15 developing countries was followed by a 37% reduction in CA-UTI rate [15]. A state wide Table 2 Species isolated from bacteremia attributed to catheter-acquired urinary infection

pyelonephnitis in adulthood.’#{176} Little or no evidence supports this association; however, the relationship between bacteniuria in childhood and symptomatic urinary tract infections d[r]

Currently, numerous novel antibiotics or their combi- nations aimed to treat urinary tract infections are being tested in clinical trials. For example, combinations of beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors, siderophore antibiotics, novel fluoroquinolones, novel aminoglycosides, and novel tetracyclines are being evalu- ated for the potential to eradicate bacterial pathogens causing UTIs. Tetracyclines are a class of widely used antibiotics with broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as against intracellular organisms [37], and doxycycline, a tetracycline antimicrobial, has been identified as an op- tion for treatment of [9]. Importantly, Tang et al. showed that antimicrobial activity of DOX against Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) isolates might be additionally enhanced by combining doxycycline with gentamicin/amikacin [38]. Jernigan et al. also showed that combination therapy of doxycycline with gentamicin was more effective against KPC-producing isolates than monotherapy [39]. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, the combinatory effects of doxycycline with LL-37 and synergistic effects of LL-37 with ceragenins against multi-drug resistant E. coli responsible for UTIs have been not studied.

Lemaoui C. E [4], concluded that the bacteria have acquired in recent times, resistance to all classes of antibiotics currently used, sometimes posing major therapeutic problems. It is prudent to use these products with care to prolong their effectiveness [4]. Bacteria can easily develop a variety of antibiotic resis- tance mechanisms: either by selection of mutants or by acquisition of genetic material [2]. Of the 124 ECBUs completed, we identified 55 IU cases, 3 ECBUs were polymorphic. Among the 52 identified germs, 34 cases were E. coli or 65% of the identified germs. Several studies have shown that E. coli is the most com- mon germ found in urinary tract infections [3] [5]. Our study is similar to that of Hailaji N.S.M. et al. [3], who found 64.4% E. coli in their study.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections of any part of the urinary tract causing inflammation. Bacterial infections of the bladder or ureters are commonly known as cystitis. Other specific UTIs include urethritis (inflammation of the urethra) and pyelonephritis (inflammation of the pelvis and parenchyma of the kidney) and are considered more serious. If left untreated, the infection may lead to serious complications such as kidney damage or even death.

Since our founding in 1957, we have worked closely together with healthcare professionals and users to create products and solutions that are sensitive to their needs. This journey has given us a deep understanding of continence issues and we know that urinary tract infections (UTIs) are particularly concerning for catheter users. There are two types of catheters and the information in this booklet is focused on using an indwelling catheter. However, both indwelling and intermittent catheters both have an increased risk of UTI.

Abstract: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are common among the female population. It has been calculated that about one-third of adult women have experienced an episode of symptomatic cystitis at least once. It is also common for these episodes to recur. If predisposing factors are not identified and removed, UTI can lead to more serious consequences, in particular kidney damage and renal failure. The aim of this review was to analyze the factors more commonly correlated with UTI in women, and to see what possible solutions are currently used in general practice and specialized areas, as well as those still under investigation. A good understanding of the possible pathogenic factors contributing to the development of UTI and its recurrence will help the general practitioner to interview the patient, search for causes that would otherwise remain undiscovered, and to identify the correct therapeutic strategy.

It is extremely difficult to localize childhood urinary tract infections, because the bladder washout technique’8 is hand to do in toddlers and numerous laboratory tests have been shown [r]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) is recommended to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in newborns with antenatal hydronephrosis (HN). However, there is a paucity of high-level evidence supporting this practice. The goal of this study was to conduct a systematic evaluation to determine the value of CAP in reducing the rate of UTIs in this patient population. METHODS: Pertinent articles and abstracts from 4 electronic data- bases and gray literature, spanning publication dates between 1990 and 2010, were included. Eligibility criteria included studies of children , 2 years old with antenatal HN, receiving either CAP or not, and reporting on development of UTIs, capturing information on voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) result and HN grade. Full-text screening and quality appraisal were conducted by 2 independent reviewers. RESULTS: Of 1681 citations, 21 were included in the fi nal analysis (N = 3876 infants). Of these, 76% were of moderate or low quality. Pooled UTI rates in patients with low-grade HN were similar regardless of CAP status: 2.2% on prophylaxis versus 2.8% not receiving prophylaxis. In children with high-grade HN, patients receiving CAP had a signi fi cantly lower UTI rate versus those not receiving CAP (14.6% [95% con fi dence interval: 9.3 – 22.0] vs 28.9% [95% con fi dence interval: 24.6 – 33.6], P , .01). The estimated number needed to treat to prevent 1 UTI in patients with high-grade HN was 7.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common and potentially serious bacterial infection of childhood. History and examination findings can be non-specific, so a urine sample is required to diagnose UTI. Sample collection in young precontinent children can be challenging. Bedside dipstick tests are useful for screening, but urine culture is required for diagnostic confirmation. Antibiotic therapy must be guided by local guidelines due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Duration of therapy and indications for imaging remain controversial topics and guidelines lack consensus. This article presents an overview of paediatric UTI diagnosis and management, with highlights of recent advances and evidence updates.

Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infectious pathology in the general population, including in patients with renal insufficiency. The main issue in patients with renal insufficiency is the adaptation of the dosages of antibiotic treatments. The best treatment is prevention by early detection of urinary tract infections and adherence to good antibiotic prescribing practices. Controlling bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a public health priority that requires concerted action in health and research institutions. Prevention of cross- transmission and reduction of selection pressure by rational use of antibiotics are two essential components.

Urinary Tract Infections in Girls: Age at Onset and Urinary Tract Abnormalities. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/62/2/237[r]

While once believed to represent a sterile environment, the human urinary tract harbors a unique cellular microbiota. We sought to determine whether the human urinary tract also is home to viral communities whose membership might reflect urinary tract health status. We recruited and sampled urine from 20 subjects, 10 subjects with urinary tract infections (UTIs) and 10 without UTIs, and found viral communities in the urine of each subject group. Most of the identifiable viruses were bacteriophage, but eukaryotic viruses also were identified in all subjects. We found reads from human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in 95% of the subjects studied, but none were found to be high-risk genotypes that are associated with cervical and rectal cancers. We verified the presence of some HPV genotypes by quantitative PCR. Some of the HPV genotypes identified were homologous to relatively novel and uncharacterized viruses that previously have been detected on skin in association with cancerous lesions, while others may be associated with anal and genital warts. On a community level, there was no association between the membership or diversity of viral communities based on urinary tract health status. While more data are still needed, detection of HPVs as members of the human urinary virome using viral metagenomics represents a non-invasive technique that could augment current screening techniques to detect low-risk HPVs in the genitourinary tracts of humans.

ABSTRACT: The urinary tract infections (UTI’s) are common infections that can affect kidneys, ureters, and urethra. About 40% of urinary tract infections are caused during hospitalization and globally an estimated 600,000 patients are affected per year. Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in women due to their short urethra and its anatomical proximity to the anal orifice. A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination and blood in the urine. A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. Bacteriuria is a major risk factor for the development of urinary tract infections during pregnancy and with further risk of preterm birth & pyelonephritis if untreated. This study was carried out to isolate and identify bacterial organisms involved in the first trimester of pregnancy. A cross sectional study was conducted from February, 2019 to June 2019. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from pregnant women. UTI was diagnosed by urine culture on standard culture media. Out of 25 pregnant women included in this study, 15 (60.0%) were symptomatic and 10 (40.0%) asymptomatic. Escherichia coli (64%) was the most commonly found bacterial isolate followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%), Klebsiella sp. (12%) and Proteus sp. (04%). Antibiotic susceptibility test by Kirby-Bayer Disc diffusion method revealed that Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Amikacin and Co-trimoxazole were sensitive to all bacterial isolates, and Amoxicillin, Norfloxacin and Erythromycin were resistant to all bacterial isolates.