Exercise and diet
ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR EXERCISE Depending on any other co-morbidities, absolute
contra-indications for exercise will be as for those cited for other individuals (Appendix A, Table A.1).
Suggested reading
SUMMARY
● Obesity is now recognized as a disease in its own right and can increase risk of:
type II diabetes cardiovascular disease several types of cancer gallbladder disease musculoskeletal disorders respiratory problems.
● Despite obesity having strong genetic determinants, the principal causes of the rise in obesity are seden-tary lifestyles and high-fat and energy-dense diets.
● Overweight/obesity is a complex issue and factors that contribute are hormones, drugs, illness, environ-mental and psychological issues.
● Active obese individuals show lower morbidity and mortality rates than normal weight sedentary indivi-duals. Therefore, being physically fit and overweight may be less risky to health than being slim and unfit.
● Realistic weight loss goals should be set at around 0.25 kg to 0.5 kg and should be considered part of a lifestyle change.
● Physical activity/exercise intervention should commence with light PA/exercise.
● Increases in any lifestyle physical activity should be greatly encouraged.
● To maximize energy expenditure, interval and longer bouts of PA/exercise are effective. Accumu-lative shorter bouts may be a suitable alternative.
● A programme that integrates both aerobic and resis-tance PA/exercise is most effective at maintaining FFM and metabolic rate.
● Habitual appropriate PA/exercise intervention can result in:
modification of associated disorders, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes and insulin resis-tance, blood lipids and blood pressure.
↓ rates of morbidity and mortality
↑ aerobic fitness
↓ body fat
maintenance of FFM
↑ RMR and energy expenditure enhanced insulin sensitivity assistance in weight management.
● Co-morbidities and factors such as breathlessness and mobility should be considered within the PA/exercise programme.
Suggested readings
Groer M W, Shekleton M E 1989 Basic pathophysiology: a holistic approach, 3rd edn. Mosby, St Louis
Vander A J, Sherman J H, Luciano D S 1990 Human physiology.
McGraw-Hill, New York
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INTRODUCTION
The objective of this chapter is to emphasize to the exercise practitioner how acute and habitual physical activity (PA)/exercise may alter the potential of the blood to coagulate or bleed. The aim is also to highlight those individuals who are at increased risk of thrombosis during and after PA/exercise as a result of increased blood coagulation potential (El-Sayed 1996, Gibbs et al 2001, Morris et al 2003).