.F in al I n s tr u c tio n s
Mow t h a t you h a v e v ie w e d th e e n tire t a p e ,
. t r y to fo rm u la te t h e .in s tru c tio n s w h ic h y o u
•-■would h a v e g iv e n to th e c h ild a t th e b e g in
n in g of th e s e s s i o n in o rd e r to o rie n t him
--to t h e t a s k a t h a n d . A fter you h a v e th o u g h t
fo r a m o m e n t, s p e a k d ir e c tly to th e c h ild
•.once a g a in — a s if h e w ere h e re in th is ro o m .
. (P le a s e p re c e d e w h a t y ou a re a b o u t to re c o rd
b y th e w o r d '" I n s t r u c t io n s ." )
REFERENCES
A dair,. J. G . , a n d E p s te in , J o y c e . V erbal c u e s in th e m e d ia tio n of e x p e rim e n te r b i a s . P ap er p r e s e n te d a t th e a n n u a l m e e tin g
of th e M id w e s te rn P s y c h o lo g ic a l A s s o c ia tio n , C h ic a g o , M ay 1 967.
A llp o rt, G .. W,. The ro le of e x p e c ta n c y . In H . C a n tril (Ed.) T e n sio n s th a t c a u s e w a r s . U rb a n a , I llin o is : U n iv e rs ity of I ll i n o i s , 1950,
4 3 - 7 8 . '
B arb er, T. X. , an d S ilv e r, M . J. F a c t , f ic tio n , an d th e e x p e rim e n te r b ia s e f f e c t . P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u lle tin M o n o g ra p h , 7 0 , N o . 6, • . P art 2 , D e c e m b e r 1968, 1 - 2 9 . (a)
B a rb e r, T. X. , an d S ilv e r, M . J. P itf a lls in d a ta a n a l y s is a n d in te r p r e ta tio n : A r e p ly to R o s e n th a l. P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u lle tin M ono g r a p h , 7 0, N o . 6 , P art 2 , D e c e m b e r 1968, 4 8 - 6 2 . (b)
B e e z , W . V. In flu e n c e of b ia s e d p s y c h o lo g ic a l re p o rts on te a c h e r b e h a v io r . U n p u b lish e d m a n u s c rip t, In d ia n a U n iv e r s ity , 1967.
C a h e n , L. S . E x p e rim e n ta l m a n ip u la tio n o f b ia s in t e a c h e r s ' s c o rin g of s u b je c tiv e t e s t s . P ap er p r e s e n te d a t th e a n n u a l m e e tin g
of th e A m erican P s y c h o lo g ic a l A s s o c ia tio n , N ew Y ork, S ep tem b er 1 966.
C ro w n e , D.. P . , and M a rlo w e , D . The a p p ro v a l m o tiv e . N ew York: W ile y , 1964.
G u th rie , E. R. The p s y c h o lo g y o f hum an c o n f l i c t . N ew York: H arp e r & Row, 1938. .
H a v ig h u rs t, R. J. E d u c a tio n for th e g r e a t s o c ie ty . The I n s t r u c t o r , 7 5 , ■ 3 1 , 62, S ep tem b er 1965, 6 5 -6 6 . K ap la n , M . S. , an d S p rin g e r, B. P s y c h o lo g ic a l e v a lu a tio n s an d te a c h e r p e r c e p tio n s of s tu d e n ts . Jo u rn a l of S chool P s y c h o lo g y , 1967, 5 (4 ), 2 8 7 -2 9 1 . " L a g e m a n n , J. K. S e lf - f u lf illin g p ro p h e c y - A k e y to s u c c e s s .. R e a d e rs D i g e s t , F e b ru a ry 1969, 8 0 - 8 3 . 30
31
M a r w i t , S . J . , a n d M a r c i a , J. E. T e s te r b ia s and r e s p o n s e to p ro je c tiv e I n s t r u m e n ts . Jo u rn a l of C o n s u ltin g P s y c h o lo g y , 1 9 6 7 , 3 1 ,
2 5 3 - 2 5 8 . .
M a s lin g , J. D if f e r e n tia l in d o c trin a tio n o f e x a m in e rs an d R o rsc h a c h r e s p o n s e s . Jo u rn al of C o n s u ltin g P s y c h o lo g y , 1 9 6 5 , 2 9 , 1 9 8 -2 0 1 . M e r to n , R . K. The s e lf - f u l f i l li n g p ro p h e c y . A n tioch R e v ie w , 1 9 48, 8 , 1 9 3 -2 1 0 . xG m e, M . T . The n a tu re of h y p n o s is : a r t if a c t an d e s s e n c e .. Jo u rn al of A bnorm al a n d S o c ia l P s y c h o lo g y , 1959, 5 8 , 277-2.99. -R o s e n th a l, R. E x p e rim e n te r e f f e c ts in b e h a v io ra l r e s e a r c h . N ew York: A p p lc to n - C e n tu r y - C r o f ts , 1966. • R o s e n t h a l , R. S e lf - f u lf illin g p ro p h e c y . P sy c h o lo g y t o d a y , S ep tem b er 1 9 6 8 , 4 4 - 5 1 . (a) R o s e n th a l, R. E x p e rim en ter e x p e c ta n c y an d th e r e a s s u r in g n a tu re of th e n u ll h y p o th e s is d e c is io n p ro c e d u re . P s y c h o lo g ic a l B u lletin M o n o g ra p h , 7 0 , N o . 6, P art 2 , D e c e m b e r 1968, 3 0 - 4 7 . (b)
R o s e n th a l, R. , an d F o d e , K. T hree e x p e rim e n ts in e x p e rim e n te r b i a s . P s y c h o lo g ic a l Re p o rts M o n o g ra p h , 1963, 12, 4 9 1 -5 1 1 . R o s e n th a l, R. , an d J a c o b s o n , L e n o re . T e a c h e rs ' e x p e c ta n c ie s : D e te r m in a n ts of p u p ils ' IQ g a i n s . P s y c h o lo g ic a l R e p o r ts , 1966, 19, 1 1 5 -1 1 8 . R o s e n th a l, R . , an d J a c o b s o n , L e n o re . P ygm alion in th e c la s s r o o m : T e a c h e r e x p e c ta tio n an d p u p ils ' i n t e l l e c t u a l d e v e lo p m e n t. N ew York: H o lt, R in e h a rt, an d W in s to n , I n c . , 1968. . R o s e n th a l, R. , P e rs in g e r, G . W . , M u lry , R. C . , V ik an -K lin e, L in d a , a n d G ro th e , M . C h a n g e s in e x p e rim e n ta l h y p o th e s e s a s d e te r m in a n ts of e x p e rim e n ta l r e s u l t s . J o u m a juof_Pro2e c trv e_ T ech n ig jjo s an d P e r s o n a lity A s s e s s m e n t, 1964, 2 8 , 4 6 5 -4 6 9 .
R o s e n th a l, R . , P e rs in g e r, G . W . , V ik a n -K lin e , L in d a , an d F o d e , K. L . The e f f e c t of e a r ly d a ta re tu rn s on d a ta s u b s e q u e n tly o b ta in e d b y o u tc o m e - b ia s e d e x p e r im e n te r s . S o c io m e try , 1963, 26, - 4 8 7 -4 9 8 .
32