1.4.1 Application scale
As far as the application scale is concerned, a difference must be made between “ membranes in biorefinery ” and “ membranes in vegetable oil and fat ” . For the latter, Figure 1.9: Membrane unit (in installation) for pilot recovery of “ goodies ” from extractant solvent.
The tank at the top is used for rinsing the membrane with permeate (courtesy of Solsep.com)
1.5 References 21
the application scale will be more traditionally organized, which means larger instal-lations at an industrial site for “ vegetable oil refinery ” . Also the fact the instalinstal-lations must be equipped for non-aqueous solutions (thus water-proof), and the fact that the installations will require professional personnel “ 24 – 7 ” , means that most likely only installations that are integrated into a larger separation processes will be the standard.
For the topic “ membranes in biorefinery ” one tends to look more at the “ economy of chain ” instead of the more traditional “ economy of scale ” as described above.
In western industry there is a strong tendency towards modularization of food and chemical processing plants. However, this is not the most ideal situation for pro-cessing biomass. In fact it makes more sense to process the biomass at the place where it is generated, using fast and flexible processing units that can rapidly be deployed and moved across geographical regions depending on local customer needs. “ Facto-ries in containers ” inherently have smaller throughputs than traditional large-scale facilities (batch or continuous), but they do have the advantage of smaller transport costs.
This setup can also deliver a competitive edge for specialty products in emerging economies, in situations where time-to-market is critical, and/or in a situation where the biomass needs to be processed quickly after harvesting.
1.4.2 Outlook
The future for the use of membranes in “ biomass refinery ” is bright, particularly if the practice of developing installations at the site where the biomass is genera-ted becomes more common. The concept of “ factories in containers ” can easily be applied to separation using membrane systems. Furthermore, if these separation ins-tallations are sensibly coupled (integrated) with a mild extraction process, this type of setup will be seen more often in the future.
As far as the use of membranes in “ vegetable oil and fat ” , much will depend on the way the total refinery process is organized. As mentioned above, it is difficult to replace a part of an existing installation especially if this installation is (heat) integ-rated with the rest of the plant.
1.5 References
1. Schippers JC. Desalination by reverse osmosis in horticulture. III International Symposium on Water supply, 1981. Available at: actahort.org.
2. Cuperus FP, Bouwer S Th, Boswinkel G, van Gemert RW, Veldsink JW. The upscaling of an enzymatic reactor for the production of apple juice. In: R. Bredesen (editor) Proc. ESF Meeting on Catalytic Membranes. May 30 – June 1, 1997 Oslo.
3. Echavarr í a AP, Torras C, Pag á n J, Ibarz A. Fruit juice processing and membrane technology application. Food Eng Rev 2001;3:136 – 158.
4. Bird J. The application of membrane systems in the dairy industry. J Soc Dairy Tech 1996;49:
16 – 23.
5. Bargeman G, Timmer M, van der Horst C. Nanofiltration in the food industry. In: Nanofiltration:
Principles and Applications. Schäfer AI, Fane AG, Waite TD (eds). Elsevier Advanced Technology, Oxford; 2005, 305 – 328.
6. El Rayess Y, Albasi C, Bacchin P, Taillandier P, Raynal J, Mietton-Peuchot M, Devatine A.
Crossflow microfiltration applied to oenology: A review. J Memb Sci 2011;382:1 – 19.
7. Catarino M, Mendes A. Dealcoholizing wine by membrane separation processes. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2011;12:330 – 337.
8. Rausch KD. Front end to backpipe: membrane technology in the starch processing industry.
Starch/St ä rke 2002;54:273 – 284.
9. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). What is a Biorefinery? http://www.nrel.gov/
biomass/biorefinery.html (Accessed September 2013) .
10. Vos DJ, Rustenburg S. A process for the conversion of biomass of plant origin, and a combustion process. Patent application WO 2012023848 A1.
11. Hielscher GmbH. Ultrasound Technology – Ultrasonic Extraction and Preservation. http://www.
hielscher.com/ultrasonics/extraction_01.htm (Accessed September 2013) .
12. Vinatoru M, Toma M, Radu O, Filip PI, Lazurca D, Mason TJ. The use of ultrasound for the extraction of bioactive principles from plant materials. Ultrason Sonochem 1997;4:135 – 139.
13. TOP BV. Pulsed Electric Field (description); http://en.topwiki.nl/index.php/ Pulsed_Electric_
Field_(PEF) (Accessed September 2013).
14. Pulsed Electric Field Processing; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Openman/Pulsed_Electric_
Field_Processing (Accessed September 2013).
15. Supercritical fluid extraction; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluid_extraction (Accessed September 2013).
16. Lee S, Shah YT. Supercritical fluid extraction of algae oil. In: Biofuels and Bioenergy: Processes and Technologies. CRC Press;2012,37 – 39.
17. Scott K. Handbook of Industrial Membranes; Elsevier Advanced Technology: Oxford, UK.
18. Mulder M. Basic principles of membrane technology; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
19. Cross-flow filtration; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-flow_filtration (Accessed September 2013).
20. Driving Forces in Membrane Processes; http://mempro.net/basics/drivingforces.html (Accessed September 2013).
21. Taamneh Y, Ripperger S. Performance of Single and Double Shaft Disk Separators. Physical Separation in Science and Engineering, 2008. Article ID 508617, 5 pages. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Available from: downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2008/508617.pdf.
22. Jaffrin MY. Dynamic shear-enhanced membrane filtration: A review of rotating disks, rotating membranes and vibrating systems. J Memb Sci 2008;324:7 – 25.
23. V-SEP, the new way to separate; http://www.vsep.com/pdf/VSEP_Brochure.pdf (Accessed September 2013).
24. Cuperus FP, Ebert K. Nanofiltration in organic media. In: Sch ä fer A, Fane AG, Waite, TD, eds.
Nanofiltration – Principles and Applications. Elsevier: Oxford, UK; 2005, 521.
25. Garcia V, P ä kkil ä J, Ojamo H, Muurinen E, Kreiski R. Challenges in biobutanol production: how to improve efficiency. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2011;15:964 – 980.
26. Bilad MR, Vandamme D, Foubert I, Muylaert K, Vankelecom IFJ. Evaluation of submerged microfiltration process to harvest freshwater and marine microalgae. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/
bitstream/123456789/340930/1/Bilad .
1.5 References 23
27. Vane LM. A review of pervaporation for product recovery from biomass fermentation process.
J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2005;80:603 – 629.
28. Klok AJ, Martens DE, Wijffels RH, Lamers PP. Simultaneous growth and neutral lipid accumulation in microalgae. Bioresour Technol 2013;134:233 – 243.
29. Molina Grima E, Belarbia E-H, Acien Fernandeza FG, Robles Medina A, Chisti Y. Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnol Adv 2003;20:491 – 515.
30. Wijffels R. Biorefinery of microalgae. 9th European Congress of Chemical Engineering ECCE9/
ECAB 2. The Hague, April 22 – 25, 2013.
31. Rossignol N, Vandanjon L, Jaouen P, Quemeneur F. Membrane technology for the continuous separation microalgae: culture medium: compared performances of cross-flow microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Aquacult Eng 1999;20:191 – 208.
32. Algae oil extraction. http://www.oilgae.com/algae/oil/extract/extract.html (Accessed September 2013).
33. Gupta S. Refining of triglyceride oils. US Patent. 4533501, 1985.
34. Segers JC, den Bieman HACI. Cleaning Method for Membranes. Unilever. European Patent Application EP 1997 702024998, Published, 2001.
35. Degumming of Edible Oil and Fat. Nishin Oil Mills Ltd. Japanese Patent JP 2001 01 7080. Filed January 23, 2001.
36. Lamonica DA. Method for Refining Oil. Rochem Separation Systems. US Patent 5543329. Filed August 13, 1996.
37. Manjula S, Subramanian R. Membrane technology in degumming, dewaxing, deacidifying and decolorizing edible oils. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006;46:569 – 592.
38. Jirjis B, Muralidhara HS, Otten, DD (Cargill, Inc). Method for removing phospholipids from vegetable oil miscella, method for conditioning a polymeric microfiltration membrane, and membrane. US Patent 2001;6:207 – 209.
39. Jirjis B, Muralidhara HS, Otten DD (Cargill, Inc). Method and Apparatus for Processing Vegetable Oil Miscella, Method for Conditioning a Polymeric Microfiltration Membrane, Membrane, and Lecithin Product. US Patent 2004:6833149.
40. Koris A, Vatai G. Dry degumming of vegetable oils by membrane filtration. Desalination 2002;148:149 – 153.
41. Arora S, Manjula S, Gopala Krishna AG, Subramanian R. Membrane processing of crude palm oil. Desalination 2006;191:454 – 466.
42. Raman LP, Cheryan M, Rajagopalan N. Deacidification of soybean oil by membrane technology.
J Am Oil Chem Soc 1996;73:219 – 224.
43. Zwijnenberg H, Peinemann K-V, Ebert K, Cuperus FP. Acetone-stable nanofiltration membranes in deacidifying vegetable oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 1999;76:83 – 87.
44. Koseoglu SS. Membrane applications and research in the edible oil industry: an assessment.
J Am Oil Chem Soc 1990;67:239 – 249.
45. de Morais Coutihno C, Chih Chiu M, Correa Basso R, Badan Ribeiro AP, Guaraldo LA, Goncalves, Viotto LA. State of art of the applications of membrane technology to vegetable oils. Food Res Int 2006;42:536.
46. Cuperus FP. Membrane used for processing of organic solvents. Presentation at Euromembrane 2012. http://nym14.ce.ic.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Petrus Cuperus NYM14.pdf (Accessed September 2013).
47. Takac S, Karakaya A. Recovery of phenolic antioxidants from olive mill wastewater. Recent Patents Chem Eng 2009;2:230 – 237.
48. Sarmento LAV, Machado RAF, Petrus JCC, Tamanini TR, Bolzan A. Extraction of polyphenols from cocoa seeds and concentration through polymeric membranes. J Supercrit Fluids 2008;45:64 – 69.
49. Liguori L, Russo P, Albanese D, Di Matteo M. Evolution of quality parameters during red wine dealcoholization by osmotic distillation. Food Chem 2013;140:68 – 75.
50. Jiang H, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Chen P. Environment-friendly preparation method for high-ester catechin tea polyphenol. CN102240343 (A); 2011.
51. Cassano A, Conidi C, Giorno L, Drioli E. Fractionation of olive mill wastewaters by membrane separation techniques. J Hazard Mater 2013;248 – 249:185 – 193.