1
Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 2002;288:2981-2997.
2 2001 Canadian Hypertension Recommendations: What's New & What's Not so New but is Still Important. CJHP 2002;55:4651.
3 FA McAlister, M Levine, KB Zarnke, et al. The 2000 recommendations for the management of hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17(5):543-559. 4 1999 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension. CMAJ 1999;161(Suppl):S1-S16.
5 1999 World Health Organization–International Society of Hypertension Guidelines:Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999;17:151-183. 6 6th Report-Joint National Committee on Prevention,Detection,Evaluation & Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-46. 7 Drugs for hypertension. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2001;43:17-22.
8
Drugs in Pregnancy & Lactation, 8th Ed. Briggs GE,et al. Wilkins;Baltimore, MD.2008. 9 Micromedex 2010 online
10 Hansten & Horn's Drug Interactions: Analysis & Management-Facts & Comparisons 2008.
11Treatment Guidelines: Drugs for Hypertension from The Medical Letter Feb 2003 & repeated
June 2005.
Medical Letter –Treatment Guidelines. Drugs for Hypertension. Jan 2009.
12 The
2010Canadian
Hypertension Education Program Recommendationswww.hypertension.ca
Canadian Hypertension Education Program. 2011 CHEP recommendations for the management of hypertension. http://hypertension.ca/chep/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/FullCHEPRecommendations_EN_2011.pdf . 13 ALLHAT Working Group. Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000;283:1967-75.
14 The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (The JNC 7); JAMA. 2003 May;289(19):2560-72.
15 Black HR, Elliott WJ, et al. Principal results of the Controlled Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular End Points (CONVINCE) trial. JAMA. 2003 Apr 23-30;289(16):2073-82. The CONVINCE trial did not demonstrate equivalence of a COER verapamil-based antihypertensive regimen compared with a regimen beginning with a diuretic or beta-blocker. When considered in the context of other trials of calcium antagonists, these data indicate that the effectiveness of calcium-channel therapy in reducing cardiovascular disease is similar but not better than diuretic or beta-blocker treatment.
16 Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, ET AL. Preventing Microalbuminuria in Type 2 Diabetes (BENEDICT). N Engl J Med. 2004 Oct 31
Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, et al. BENEDICT-B Study Investigators. Effects of verapamil added-on trandolapril therapy in hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria: the BENEDICT-B randomized trial. J Hypertens. 2011 Feb;29(2):207-16.
17
Turnbull F; Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003 Nov 8;362(9395):1527-35.
18 Wassertheil-Smoller S, Psaty B, Greenland P, et al. Association between cardiovascular outcomes and antihypertensive drug treatment in older women. JAMA 2004; 292:2849-59.
19 Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al.; REIN-2 Study Group. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease: multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Mar 12;365(9463):939-46.(Interpretation: In pts with non-diabetic proteinuric nephropathies receiving background ACE-inhibitor therapy, no additional benefit from further blood-pressure reduction by felodipine could be shown.) Additional articles:
ACCF- AHA-HRS Atrial Fibrillation 2011 Focused Update. Circulation 2011. http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/CIR.0b013e3181fa3cf4v1(Wann LS, Curtis AB, January CT, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (updating the 2006 guideline): A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2010; DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181fa3cf4.) Allan GM, Ivers N, Kolber M. Medical management of renal stones: More than analgesia? Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):198.
Bakris GL, Sarafidis PA, Weir MR, et al. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Feb 17.
Chen N, Zhou M, Yang M, et al. Calcium channel blockers versus other classes of drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4;8:CD003654. Diuretics are preferred first-line over CCBs to optimize reduction of cardiovascular events. The review does not distinguish between CCBs, ACE inhibitors or ARBs, but does provide evidence supporting the use of CCBs over beta-blockers.
Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Kusanovic JP. Nifedipine in the management of preterm labor: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Feb;204(2):134.e1-20.
Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, Wedel H, et al. ASCOT Investigators. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding
bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre RCT. Lancet. 2005 Sep 10;366(9489):895-906. (InfoPOEMs: In this study, patients with hypertension and at least 3 additional cardiac risk factors have slightly fewer deaths from all causes, slightly fewer strokes, and were slightly less likely to develop diabetes if they were treated with amlodipine plus perindopril than if they were treated with atenolol and bendroflumethiazide. One would need to treat between 60 and 1000 high-risk patients for a median of 5.5 years with amlodipine instead of atenolol to prevent one additional death. (LOE = 2b) )
Evangelista A, Tornos P, Sambola A, et al.. Long-term vasodilator therapy in patients with severe aortic regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005 Sep 29;353(13):1342-9. (InfoPOEMs: This small study does not find that vasodilators such as nifedipine (Procardia) or enalapril (Vasotec) delay the need for aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with asymptomatic but severe aortic regurgitation. The study was quite small, and although it is possible that a small but clinically important benefit was not detected, this seems unlikely since the trends actually run against active treatment. (LOE = 1b-) )
Frithsen IL, Simpson WM Jr. Recognition and management of acute medication poisoning. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Feb 1;81(3):316-23.
Gillis AM, Verma A, Talajic M, et al. CCS Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines. Canadian cardiovascular society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010: rate and rhythm management. Can J Cardiol. 2011 Jan-Feb;27(1):47-59. Hollingsworth JM, et al. Medical therapy to facilitate urinary stone passage: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2006 Sep 30;368(9542):1171-9. Patients given calcium-channel blockers or alpha blockers had a 65% (absolute risk reduction=0.31 95% CI 0.25-0.38) greater likelihood of stone passage than those not given such treatment (pooled risk ratio 1.65; 95% CI 1.45-1.88). The pooled risk ratio for alpha blockers was 1.54 (1.29-1.85) and for calcium-channel blockers with steroids was 1.90 (1.51-2.40). (InfoPOEMs: The limited amount of available data suggest that alpha blockers and calcium channel blockers appear to speed the passage of kidney stones. Furthermore, it appears that combining these medications with steroids provides additional benefit. (LOE = 1a-))
Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al. Benazepril plus Amlodipine or Hydrochlorothiazide for Hypertension in High-Risk Patients. (ACCOMPLISH) N Engl J Med. 2008 Dec 4;359(23):2417-2428. The benazepril-amlodipine combination was superior to the benazepril-hydrochlorothiazide combination in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension who were at high risk for such events.
(Bakris GL, Sarafidis PA, Weir MR, et al. Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized, controlled trial. Lancet 2010; DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62100-0.)
Lafuente-Lafuente Carmelo, Isabelle Mahé, Fabrice Extramiana. Management of atrial fibrillation. BMJ 2009;339:b5216, doi: 10.1136/bmj.b5216
Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, Brunner HR, Ekman S, Hansson L, Hua T, Laragh J, McInnes GT, Mitchell L, Plat F, Schork A, Smith B, Zanchetti A; VALUE trial group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet. 2004 Jun 19;363(9426):2022-31
.
Leenen FH, et al. Clinical Events in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomly Assigned to Calcium Channel Blocker Versus Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Hypertension. 2006 Jul 24; [Epub ahead of print]
Lyell DJ, Pullen KM, Mannan J, et al. Maintenance nifedipine tocolysis compared with placebo: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Dec;112(6):1221-6. When compared with placebo, maintenance nifedipine tocolysis did not confer a large reduction in preterm birth or improvement in neonatal outcomes.
Makani H, Bangalore S, Romero J, et al. Effect of Renin-Angiotensin system blockade (ACEI/ARB) on calcium channel blocker-associated peripheral edema. Am J Med. 2011 Feb;124(2):128-35. Medical Letter- Treatment Guidelines. Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. Sept 2010.
Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.
O'Connor CM, et al. Effect of amlodipine on mode of death among patients with advanced heart failure in the PRAISE trial. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Oct 1;82(7):881-7. Olson KR, et al. Calcium channel blocker ingestion: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Washington (DC): American Association of Poison Control Centers; 2005.
http://www.aapcc.org/DiscGuidelines/CCB%20guidelinefinal.pdf
Pepine CJ, et al.; INVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 Dec 3;290(21):2805-16.
Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, et al. on behalf of the ASCOT-BPLA and MRC Trial Investigators. Effects of beta blockers and calcium-channel blockers on within-individual variability in blood pressure and risk of stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2010 Mar 11.
Saseen JJ, et al. Comparison of nifedipine alone and with diltiazem or verapamil in hypertension. Hypertension. 1996 Jul;28(1):109-14.
Shibata MC, Leon H, Chatterley T, et al. Do calcium channel blockers increase the diagnosis of heart failure in patients with hypertension? Am J Cardiol. 2010 Jul 15;106(2):228-35.
Singh A, Alter HJ, Littlepage A. A systematic review of medical therapy to facilitate passage of ureteral calculi. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Nov;50(5):552-63. Epub 2007 Aug 3. Our results suggest that "medical expulsive therapy," using either alpha-antagonists or calcium channel blockers, augments the stone expulsion rate compared to standard therapy for moderately sized distal ureteral stones. This meta-analysis of low-quality studies shows that ureteral stone passage can be enhanced by treating patients with an alpha-blocker such as tamsulosin (Flomax) or the calcium channel blocker nifedipine (Procardia). Better studies may refute these findings, but for now either approach is an option. (LOE = 1a-)
Stone PH, et al.; Antianginal efficacy of ranolazine when added to treatment with amlodipine: the ERICA (Efficacy of Ranolazine in Chronic Angina) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Aug 1;48(3):566-75. Epub 2006 Jun 15. Sucu Murat, Yuce Murat, Davutoglu Vedat. Amlodipine-induced massive gingival hypertrophy Can Fam Physician April 2011 57: 436-437.
Treatment Guidelines from the Medical Letter. Pharmaceutical Drug Overdose. Sept 2006. (Beta blockers/Calcium-channel blockers: Treatment glucagon, calcium chloride, calcium gluconate) van Gelder IC, Groenveld HF, Crijns HJ, et al. Lenient versus strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation. (RACE 2)N Engl J Med 2010; DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1001337.
Wang L, Li YM, Li L. Meta-analysis of randomized and controlled treatment trials for achalasia. Dig Dis Sci. 2009 Nov;54(11):2303-11. Epub 2008 Dec 24. Sublingual nifedipine results in excellent or good clinical results in approximately 75% of adults with mild to moderate achalasia. For those patients not responding to pharmacotherapy, laparoscopic or thoracic myotomy is more effective than either botulinum toxin injection or pneumatic dilation. (LOE = 1a-)
Wilcox CB, Nassar N, Roberts CL. Effectiveness of nifedipine tocolysis to facilitate external cephalic version: a systematic review. BJOG. 2011 Mar;118(4):423-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02824.x. Worcester EM, Coe FL. Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2;363(10):954-63.
Wright JM, Musini VM. First-line drugs for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD001841. First-line low-dose thiazides reduce all morbidity and mortality outcomes. First-line ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers may be similarly effective but the evidence is less robust. First-line high-dose thiazides and first-line beta-blockers are inferior to first-line low-dose thiazides.
Wright AJ, Gomes T, Mamdani MM, et al. The risk of hypotension following co-prescription of macrolide antibiotics and calcium-channel blockers. CMAJ. 2011 Feb 22;183(3):303-7. Zimetbaum Peter. In the Clinic: Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Intern Med December 7, 2010 153:ITC6-1; doi:10.1059/0003-4819-153-11-201012070-01006