Department of Electronics Engineering Circuit Simulation
CIRCUIT SIMULATION USING PROTEUS
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
the gain and phase response of the circuit. It gives linear frequency response. The frequency is swept linearly from the starting frequency to the ending frequency with a step the next frequency generated by a constant to a present value.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Dr. V. P. Shetkari Shikshan Mandal’s
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology,
Budhgaon-416304
Department of Electronics Engineering
Circuit Simulation
Experiment No. : 10 Name of Experiment: Roll Number : Date Performed : Date Checked : Signature (Batch In-charge)Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Aim:
To study Fourier & Audio analysis using Proteus.
Objectives:
To understand principal of working of Fourier Transform
To understand the circuit arrangement of Fourier Transform
To understand the concept of Fourier Transform using proteus.
To observe the simulation of circuit and analyze using Fourier Transform.
Outcomes:
Students will be able to study Fourier Transform.
Students will be able to understand the concept of Fourier Transform
Students will be able to observe the simulation of circuit using Fourier Transform and its application.
Programme Educational Objective (PEO) Satisfied : 2,3
To enable student to analyse, solve electronics engineering problem by applying basic principles of mathematics , sciences and engineering and also be able to use modern engineering techniques , skills and tools to fulfill social needs
To enable to innovate , design and develop a variety of electronic and computer based components and system for applications including signal processing , communication , computer network and control system.
Theory:-
Development of Fourier Transform From Fourier Series:-
The exponential form of Fourier series representation of a periodic signal is given by, x(t)= +∞−∞ n𝑐 𝑒𝑗𝑛𝛺𝑡 ....1 Where, x(t)= 1 𝑇 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇 2 −𝑇 2 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝛺𝑡d(t) ….2
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
In the Fourier representation using equation (1), the Cn for various values of
n are the spectral components of the signal x(t), located at intervals of fundamental frequency 𝛺. Therefore the frequency spectrum is discrete in nature.
The Fourier representation of a signal using equation (1) is applicable for periodic signals. For Fourier representation of non periodic signals, let us consider that the fundamental period tends to infinity, the fundamental frequency Ω tends to zero or becomes very small. Since fundamental frequency Ω is very small, the spectral components will lie very close to each other and so the frequency spectrum becomes continuous.
In order obtain the Fourier representation of non -periodic signal let us consider that the fundamental frequency Ω0 is very small.
Let,
Ω0→ ∆ Ω0 .
On replacing Ω0 by ∆ Ω0 in equation (1) we get,
x(t)= +∞𝑐
−∞ n𝑒𝑗𝑛 ∆𝛺𝑡
On substituting for Cn in the above equation (2). (By taking Ƭ as dummy variable for
integration ) . we get, x(t)= +∞𝑛=−∞. [ 1 𝑇 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇 2 −𝑇 2 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝛺𝑡d(t)] 𝑒𝑗𝑛 ∆𝛺𝑡 ……(3). We know that, Ω0 =2𝜋f0= 2𝜋 𝑇 ; ∴ 1 𝑇= Ω 2𝜋 …(4) Since, Ω0→ ∆ Ω0 . 1 𝑇= Ω 2𝜋 On substituting for 1
𝑇 from equation (4) in equation (3) we get ,
x(t)= +∞ . 𝑛=−∞ [ 1 𝑇 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇 2 −𝑇 2 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝛺𝑡d(t)] 𝑒𝑗𝑛 ∆𝛺𝑡 . x(t)=1 2𝜋 . +∞ 𝑛=−∞ [ 1 𝑇 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑇 2 −𝑇 2 𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝛺𝑡d(t)] 𝑒𝑗𝑛 ∆𝛺𝑡 ∆ Ω.
Ω The fundamental period T tends to infinity. On letting limit T tends to infinity in the above equation we get,
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon When T ∞ ; Σ ∫ ; ∆ Ω Ω. x (t)= −∞+∞( −∞+∞𝑥(Ƭ)𝑒−𝑗𝑛𝛺𝑡dƬ ) 𝑒𝑗𝑛𝛺𝑡 dΩ. …..(5) x(t)= −∞+∞𝑥(𝑗Ω) 𝑒𝑗𝑛 ∆𝛺𝑡dΩ. X(jΩ)= +∞𝑥 (𝑡)𝑒−𝑗𝑛 ∞𝑡 −∞ dƬ …(6)
The equation (6) Fourier transform of x (t) and equation (5) is inverse Fourier transform of x (t).
Since the equation (6) extracts the frequency component of the signal , transformation using equation (6) is also called as analysis of the signal x (t).Since the equation (5) combines frequency components of the signal , the inverse transformation using equation (5) is also called as synthesis of the signal x (t).
Definition of fourier transform :_-
Let, x (t) = Continuous time signal X (jΩ) = Fourier transform of x(t)
The Fourier transform of continuous time signal, X(t) is defined as, X(jΩ)= −∞+∞𝑥 𝑡 𝑒−𝑗 Ωt 𝐷𝑡
Also, x(jΩ) is denoted as F{x(t)} where ―F‖ is symbol used to denote the Fourier transform operation.
𝐹{𝑥(𝑡)} = −∞+∞𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗 Ωtdt
Note:-Sometimes the Fourier Transform is expressed as a function of cylic frequency F,
rather than radian frequency Ω .The Fourier transform as a function of cyclic frequency F, is defined as,
X(jF)= −∞+∞𝑥(𝑡)𝑒−𝑗 2FПtdt
Condition for Existence of Fourier Transform :-
The Fourier transform of x(t) exists if it satisfies the following Dirichlet condition. 1.The x(t) be absolutely integrable .
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
2.The x(t) should have a finite number of Maxima and minima within any finite interval. 3. The x(t) can have a finite number of discontinuities within any interval.
Definition of inverse Fourier Transform:-
The inverse fourier transform of X(j )is defined as, X(t)=F-1 X jΩ =2П1 +∞𝑋 𝑗Ω 𝑒𝑗 Ω𝑡𝑑
−∞ Ω
The signals x(t) and X(j) are called Fourier Transform pair and can be expressed as shown below,
x(t) 𝑋(𝑗Ω) 𝐹
Note:-
When Fourier transform is expressed as a function of cyclic frequency F,the inverse Fourier transform is defined as,
X(t)=𝐹−1 𝑋 𝑗Ω = −∞+∞𝑥(𝑗𝐹)𝑒𝑗 2FПtdF
Frequency spectrum using Fourier Transform:-
The X(jΩ) is a complex function of Ω .Hence it can be expressed as a sum of real part and imaginary part as given below.
X(jΩ)=𝑋𝑟 𝑗Ω + 𝑗𝑋 𝑗Ω where ,
𝑋𝑟 𝑗Ω = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑋(𝑗Ω)
𝑋𝑖 𝑗Ω = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑋(𝑗Ω) The magnitude of X(jΩ) is called Magnitude Spectrum.
Magnitude Spectrum, 𝑋 𝑗Ω = 𝑋𝑟2(𝑗Ω) + 𝑋𝑖2(𝑗Ω)
Or
Magnitude spectrum , 𝑋(𝑗Ω) = 𝑋 𝑗Ω 𝑋∗(𝑗Ω)
where , 𝑋∗ 𝑗Ω = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑋(𝑗Ω)
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
The magnitude spectrum will always have even symmetry and phase spectrum will have Odd symmetry .The magnitude and phase spectrum together called Frequency spectrum.
Procedure using Proteus:
1. From main page of Proteus, click on ‗P‘ to click device from library.
2. In pick device, insert the component which has to be selected & click on ‗OK‘. 3. Place the all components on the Proteus screen.
4. Right click the component properties to change the required value 5. Add voltage probe at input and output circuit points.
6. Select the graph mode & choose Fourier & Audio analysis option.
7. Right click in the graph window and select add traces (input & output trace). 8. Right click & activate simulate graphs.
9. Observe output waveforms and analysis the results.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Fourier analsis:-
Audio analysis:-
Conclusion:
We have understood the concept of Fourier Transform and audio analysis.We can observe from waveforms that Fourier Transform is useful to find out major spectral components from the given signals.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology,
Budhgaon-416304
Department of Electronics Engineering
Circuit Simulation
Experiment No. : 11 Name of Experiment: Roll Number : Date Performed : Date Checked : Signature (Batch In-charge)Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Title:
Study of Decade Counter using IC 7490
Aim:
To study Decade Counter using IC-7490
Objectives:
To understand principal of working of decade counter using IC 7490.
To understand the circuit arrangement decade counter using IC 7490.
To understand the procedure of ―decade counter using IC7490‖ using proteus.
To observe the simulation of circuit.
Outcomes:
Able to understand principal of working of decade counter using IC 7490 circuit.
Able to understand the circuit arrangement of decade counter using IC7490 circuit.
Able to understand the procedure of decade counter using IC7490 circuit using proteus.
Able to observe the simulation of circuit.
Programme Educational Objective (PEO) Satisfied : 2,3
To enable student to analyse, solve electronics engineering problem by applying basic principles of mathematics , sciences and engineering and also be able to use modern engineering techniques , skills and tools to fulfill social needs
To enable to innovate , design and develop a variety of electronic and computer based components and system for applications including signal processing , communication , computer network and control system.
Theory:
A circuit used for counting the pulses is known as a Counter. Basically there are two types of counter:
1. Asynchronous counter (ripple counter) 2. Synchronous counter
In case of asynchronous counter all the flip-flops are not clocked simultaneously, whereas ,in a Synchronous counter all the flip-flops are clocked simultaneously. A Ring counter and twisted ring counter is the examples of synchronous counter.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Fig1. Internal Structure of 7490
It consists of four flip-flop internally connected to provide a mod-2 and a mod-5 Counter. The mod-2 and mod-5counters can be used independently or in Combination. There are two reset inputs R1and R2 both of which are to be connected to logic 1level for clearing all the flip-flops. The two inputs S1 and s2 when Connected to logic 1 level, are used for setting the counter to 1001.
The 7490 integrated circuit counts the number of pulses arriving at its input.The number of pulses counted (up to 9) appears in binary form on four pins of the ic.When the tenth pulse arrives at the input, the binary output is reset to zero (0000) and a single pulse appears at another output pin.
So for ten pulses in there is one pulse out of this pin. The 7490 therefore divides the frequency of the input by ten.If this pulse is applied to the input of a second 7490 then this second ic will count the pulses from the first ic. It will give one pulse out after 100 pulses have been applied to the first ic.The 7490 can be connected to divide by other values.
Pin Diagram
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Decade Counter Truth Table
Clock Count
Output bit Pattern Decimal Value QD QC QB QA 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 0 2 4 0 0 1 1 3 5 0 1 0 0 4 6 0 1 0 1 5 7 0 1 1 0 6 8 0 1 1 1 7 9 1 0 0 0 8 10 1 0 0 1 9
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
Advantages of decade counter
1. Decade counter are easier to design.
2. With all clock inputs wired together there is no inherent propagation delay.
3. Overall faster operation may be achieved compared to any counters
4. Decade counter are faster and more reliable as they use the same clock signal for all flip- flops.
Disadvantages of decade Counters:
1. An extra "re-synchronizing" output flip-flop may be required.
2. To count a truncated sequence not equal to 2n, extra feedback logic is required.
3. Counting a large number of bits, propagation delay by successive stages may become undesirably large.
4. This delay gives them the nickname of "Propagation Counters".
5. Counting errors occur at high clocking frequencies. Components:- IC 7490, IC 7447,resistors.
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon Procedure using Proteus:
1. From main page of Proteus, click on ‗P‘ to click device from library.
2. In pick device, insert the component which has to be selected & click on ‗OK‘. 3. Then place the all components on the Proteus screen.
4. Right clik the component properties to change the required value 5. Add voltage probe at input and output of diagram.
6. Select the graph mode & choose AC sweep analysis option
7. Right click in the graph window and elect add traces(input & output trace). 8. Right click & activate simulate graph
9. Observe input & output waveforms and analysis the results.
Decade Counter using proteus
Department of Electronics Engg., P.V.P.I.T., Budhgaon
We understand that the 7490 integrated circuit counts the number of pulses arriving at its input. The number of pulses counted (up to 9) appears in binary form on four pins of the IC When the tenth pulse arrives at the input, the binary output is reset to zero (0000) and a single pulse appears at another output pin.