CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1.2 Classifying and Analyzing the Data based on the Translation
Equivalence is the most important things that must be achieved in translation process. Translation equivalence occurs when an Source Language and a Target Language text or item are relatable to (at least some of) the same features of substances (Catford 1965:50). The use of equivalence techniques can be found in:
Data no. 1a, 2a, 12a, 15a, 1b, 2b, 3b, 5b, 6b, 8b, 1c.
Total Data 11
Example 1: Data no 1a.
Source Language Target Language
Penumpang yang terhormat,
kami akan melakukan
penghitungan jumlah penumpang.
Dear passengers, we will be conducting our final passenger count.
31 The example is from before take-off announcement of Lion Group’s Announcement. It can be seen in the source language “Penumpang yang terhormat”
translated into target language “Dear passengers” the translator used equivalence technique because the translator tends to translate terms and the words are commonly used in aviation by flight attendant to announce information to passengers in the plane.
Example 2: Data no 3b
Source Language Target Language
Dalam penerbangan ini, tidak diperkenankan untuk merokok.
Merokok dalam kamar kecil akan mengakibatkan alarm berbunyi.
Terima kasih atas perhatian anda.
“Terima kasih atas perhatian anda” translated into target language “Thank you for your attention”. The translator translate terms in the source language that is already prevalent in the target language. The term in source language is generally based on a phrase daily.
Example 3: Data no 6b
Source Language Target Language
Penumpang yang terhormat, saat ini kami telah siap untuk menyajikan
sajian berupa (makan
pagi/siang/malam)/(makanan ringan) yang disertai dengan aneka minuman.
Dear passengers, very soon we will be ready to serve (breakfast/lunch/dinner)/(snack) with assorted beverages.
32 From the example above it can be seen that the translator used equivalence technique because the translator translate the terms in source language “(makan pagi/siang/malam)/(makanan ringan) yang disertai dengan aneka minuman” into target language “(breakfast/lunch/dinner)/(snack) with assorted with beverages”
this sentence is generally based on a phrase daily in aviaton.
4.1.2.2 Amplification
In this technique, the translator adds details that are not present or conveyed in the source text but are necessary in the target text so that the recipients of the target text may understand what it is about. The use of amplification technique can be found in:
Data no. 1a, 4a, 6a, 13a, 15a, 2b, 3b, 5b, 1d, 3d
Total 10
Example 1: Data no 1a
Source Language Target Language
Penumpang kami yang terhormat, kami akan melakukan penghitungan jumlah penumpang.
Dear passengers, we will be conducting our final passenger count.
The data shows that the translator used amplification technique. In source language “penumpang kami yang terhormat, kami akan melakukan penghitngan jumlah penumpang” translated into “dear passengers, we will be conducting our final passenger count”. It can be seen in the target language the word “final” adds information that did not exist in source language.
Example 2: Data no 4a
Source Language Target Language
33 Untuk mengeratkan, tarik talinya,
melepaskannya, angkat tumpukan besi.
To tighten, pull the strap, to unfasten the seatbelt, lift the buckle.
From the data above, the translator translate the sentence in the source language “untuk mengeratkan, tarik talinya, melepaskannya, angkat tumpukan besi” into “to tighten, pull the strap, to unfasten the seatbelt, lift the buckle”. It can be seen that the translator used amplification technique in order to make the readers able to understand the information.
Example 3: Data no 3b
Source Language Target Language
Dalam penerbangan ini tidak diperkenankan untuk merokok.
Merokok dalam kamar kecil akan mengakibatkan alarm berbunyi.
Terima kasih atas perhatian anda.
This is a non-smoking flight.
Smoking in the lavatories will activate the smoke detector and an alarm will sound. Thank you for your attention.
In this sentence the translator used amplification technique. In source language the translator translate “merokok dalam kamar kecil akan mengakibatkan alarm berbunyi” into “smoking in the lavatories will activate the smoke detector and an alarm will sound”. The translator adds information “smoke detector” in target language in order to make the readers able to understand the information.
4.1.2.3 Literal Translation
Literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. It is also known as word for word translation. The use of literal translation technique can be found in:
Data no 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 6a, 8a, 9a, 10a, 11a, 15a, 2b, 3b, 5b, 7b, 1d, 2d, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d
Total 21
34 Example 1: Data no 3a
Source Language Target Language
Sabuk pengaman anda dipasang seperti ini, dan dikencangkan seperti ini.
Your seatbelt is fastened like this and tightened like this.
Example: Data no 4d
Source Language Target Language
Jangan kembungkan pelampung selama anda masih berada didalam kabin. Kembungkan pelampung sesaat anda akan meninggalkan pesawat melalui tempat keluar darurat atau atau setelah berada diatas sayap.
Do not inflate the life jacket while you are in the cabin. Inflate the life jacket just before you leave the aircraft through the emergency exits or when you are onto the wings.
Example 3: Data no 7d
Source Language Target Language
Awak kabin akan segera mempersiapkan bayi dan anak-anak.
The flight attendant will assist to prepare babies and children.
From the three examples above, it can be seen that the translator used literal translation technique. The translator translates the sentence in source language by word for word into target language.
4.1.2.4 Reduction
In this technique, the translator is more likely to reduce the number of elements in target language. The use of reduction technique can be found in:
35 Data no 2a, 5a, 9a, 10a, 12a, 15a, 2b, 4b, 7b, 8b
Total 10
Example 1: Data no 2a
Source Language Target Language
Kami persilahkan kembali ke temoat duduk sesuai dengan nomor kursi yang tertera di boarding pass anda.
Please return to your seat as indicated on your boarding pass.
It can be seen from the data above that the translator uded reduction technique. The word “kami” in source language is omitted in target language. The translator did not delete the whole information because the word “kami” only explained the word “persilahkan”.
Example 2: Data no 5a
Source Language Target Language
Apabila tekanan di kabin berkurang secara tiba-tiba, masker oksigen akan keluar dari panel diatas anda sehingga terjangkau.
In case of loss of pressurization, oxygen mask will drop automatically from the panel above you.
From the example above the translator used reduction technique. It can be seen in source language the word “secara tiba-tiba” and “sehingga terjangkau” did not exist in target language. The translator deleted a part of information because the translator reduce the information by removed “secara tiba-tiba” and “sehingga terjangkau”.
36 Example 3: Data no 7b
Source Language Target Language
Kami mohon maaf apabila pilihan yang anda sukai tidak tersedia (jika tersedia pilihan makanan)
Please accept our apology if your choice of meal is not available (if any choices)
The data shows that the translator used reduction technique. The word
“makanan” in source language is omitted in target language. In this case, the translator removed the word “makanan” without changed the meaning of the sentence.
4.1.2.5 Modulation
In this technique, the translator changes the point of view, focus, or the cognitive aspect that exist in the source language. The use of modulation technique can be found in:
Data no 6a, 7a, 13a, 14a, 1c, 2d
Total 6
Example 1: 7a
Source Language Target Language
Penumpang yang membawa anak harus memakai masker oksigen terlebih dahulu baru menolong anaknya.
If you are travelling with children, put your oxygen mask first then help the children.
From the data above the translator used modulation technique. The translator changed the focus in source language “penumpang yang membawa anaknya”
translated into “if you are travelling with children” in target language.
37 Example 2: Data no 1c
Source Language Target Language
Saat ini kita memasuki cuaca yang kurang baik, silahkan kembali ke tempat duduk anda dan kenakan sabuk pengaman
Due to weather condition we would like to ask you to return your seat and fasten your seatbelt.
The data above used modulation technique because the translator changes the focus or point of view. It can be seen in source language “silahkan” and the translator changed the focus in target language into “we would like to ask you”. In this case, the focus or point of view in source language and target language is different.
4.1.2.6 Compensation
Compensation replaces the item information or position effects in the source language in other parts of the target language because it can’t be realized in the same section in the source language. The use of compensation can be found in:
Data no 7d
Total 1
Example 1: Data no 7d
Source Language Target Language
Pelajarilah kartu petunjuk tentang cara menyelamatkan diri yang terdapat di dalam kantung kursi depan anda.
Take the safety instruction card from the seat pocket in front of you and study the evacuation information.
38 The data above is a part of emergency announcement in Lion Group’s announcement. It can be seen that the translator used compensation technique. The translator replaces the position of information about safety card in source language into target language.
4.1.2.7 Borrowing
Borrowing can be in the form of pure borrowing without making any changes such as the word “zig-zag” or in the natural borrowing where the word from source language is adjusted to the target language spelling such as “music” which comes from the word “music”. The use of borrowing technique can be found in:
Data no 12a, 8b, 1d, 6d.
Total 4
Example 1: Data no 8b
Source Language Target Language
(Dibaca pada bulan Ramadhan) (Read in the month of Ramadhan)
From the data above, the translator used borrowing technique (pure borrowing). In source language the word “Ramadhan” translated into “Ramadhan”
in target language because the translator borrows the word from Arabic.
Example 2: Data no 1d
Source Language Target Language
Atas nama Captain…, dengan menyesal kami beritahukan bahwa karena adanya kerusakan teknik, kita terpaksa harus melakukan pendaratan darurat diatas (daratan atau air) dalam waktu… menit lagi.
On behalf of Captain…, I inform you due to a technical failure, we are forced to make an emergency landing on (land or water) in about… minute.
39 From the data above, the translator used borrowing technique (pure borrowing). It can be seen in source language the translator translates the word
“Captain” into target language “Captain”. Although the word “Captain” means
“Kapten” in Indonesia, but the translator chose the original one because it is a daily phrase in aviation.
Example 3: Data no 6d
Source Language Target Language
Setelah aba-aba “EVACUATE”
buka sabuk pengaman, tinggalkan semua barang, cepat keluar. Tetap duduk dengan tenang.
After command “EVACUATE”
open seatbelt, leave everything and get out. Keep calm, remain seated.
In the data above the translator used borrowing technique (pure borrowing).
In source language the word “EVACUATE” the translator translate into target language “EVACUATE”. Even though the word “EVACUATE” means
“EVAKUASI” in Indonesia, but the translator still used the original one because the flight attendant want to announce the passenger.
4.1.2.8 Generalization
Generalization translates a term with the term that is already well known in public and known to the wider community. This technique is used when a term in the source language refers to specific section, which parallels in the target language that does not exist and refers to the same section. The use of generalization can be found in:
Data no 14a, 1b, 3b, 4b, 8b, 1d
Total 6
40 Example 1: Data no 3b
Source Language Target Language
Dalam penerbangan ini tidak diperkenankan untuk merokok.
This is a non-smoking flight.
In the data above shows that the translator used generalization technique. In source language “dalam penerbangan ini tidak diperkenankan untuk merorok”
translated into “this is a non-smoking flight” in target language. The translator translates the text in target language because the text is more general in order to make the passenger understand about the announcement.
Example 2: Data no 8b
Source Language Target Language
Kami mohon maaf kepada Bapak-Ibu yang sedang menjalankan ibadah puasa.
We apologize for those fasting passengers.
It can be seen in the data above that the translator used generalization technique. In source language the translator translate “kami mohon maaf kepada Bapak-Ibu yang sedang menjalankan ibadah puasa” into “we apologize for those fasting passengers” in target language. The text in target language is more general in aviation to announce the announcement about meal service.
4.1.2.9 Transposition
Transposition replaces the grammatical categories of the source language into target language. This usually used because of a different grammar between source language and target language. The use of transposition technique can be found in:
Data no 2d
Total 1