CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.2 Problem of the study
The researcher only analyzed the translation techniques of the Flight Attendant Announcement. To expand this research from the related topic above, there are three questions which are formulated as follows:
1. What are the translation techniques used by the translator to translate the Lion Air Indonesia’s Flight Attendant Announcement?
5 2. What are the dominant translation techniques used by the translator to
translate the Lion Air Indonesia’s Flight Attendant Announcement?
3. What Indonesian expression in the texts are not equivalent to English expression?
1.3 Objective of the Study This study attempts to:
1. To find out the translation techniques used by the translator to translate the Lion Air Indonesia’s Flight Attendant Announcement.
2. To find out the dominant translation techniques in the Lion Air Indonesia’s Flight Attendant Announcement.
3. To find out Indonesian expression in the texts that are not equivalent to English expression.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The study is focused on the translation techniques of Flight Attendant Announcement in one of the Indonesia’s Airlines namely Lion Air. The researcher used Molina and Albir’s technique. The announcement deals with before take-off, after take-off, bad weather and emergency landing in flight attendant announcement book.
1.5 Significances of the Study
The significances of the study are as follows:
1.5.1 Theoretical Significance
6 The researcher hopes that this study can act as guide and reference for the English Department students in general, especially about the techniques of translation and to do the other related researches about translation.
1.5.2 Practical Significance
This research can give more information about the application of English in aviation, especially in flight attendant. For the flight attendants it encourages and motivates them to make the flight announcement accurate, correct and understandable because it concerns with flight safety, security and comfortability.
7 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definition of Translation
Translation is interpretation of the meaning of a text, and then makes the translation product become equivalent. Generally, translation is a process of rendering meaning, ideas, or messages of a text from one language to other language.
Communicating the same message in another language also called translation. The text to be translated is called the source text, and the language it is to be translated into is called target language; the final product is sometimes called target text. In order to obtain an overall image of the translation process, it is important to consider the principle of translation as stated by many translation theorists. In this chapter, the researcher wants to discuss the definition based on Newmark (1984), Catford (1965), Larson (1984), Simatupang (1992) and Nida and Taber (1974:12).
Newmark (1984) defines translation as “a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message or a statement in one language by the same message or statement in another language”. Newmark mentioned in his book A Textbook of Translation “Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into antoher language in the way that the author intended thet text”. Newmark said that “translation was the way to find the equivalence of meaning from source text into target text. Thus, we may say that we reconstructing and reproducing the meaning inside the source language text into the form of target language text.”
Catford (1965) states that “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. This definition shows that translation is a process in the sense that is an activity.
Performed by people through time, when expression are translated to simpler ones in the same language.
Larson (1984) states in his book Meaning-Based Translation “Translation is basically a change form. When we speak of the form of language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, etc., which are spoken or
8 written. In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language”.
From the Larson’s explanation above, it can be concluded that translation is not an easy task to do, because every language has its own ways and grammatical structure to say some terms that might be different with another language. In translation there are many processes and procedures that must be mastered and known such as studying the source text, analyzing it and reconstructing the meaning.
In Pengantar Teori Terjemahan book, Simatupang (1992) states
“Menerjemah adalah mengalihkan makna yang terdapat dalam Bahasa sumber ke dalam Bahasa sasaran dan mewujudkannya kembali di dalam Bahasa sasaran dengan bentuk-bentuk sewajar mungkin menurut aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam Bahasa sasaran”.Translation tries to transfer the meaning in Source Language into Target Language in the form that best fit with the rules of target language.
According to Nida and Taber (1974) in the Theory and Practice Translation
“Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. From the statement above, it can be concluded that in reproducing or transferring the message, there is an equivalent relationship between source language (SL) and target language (TL). Nida also stated about style. It refers to the stylistic of linguistic aspect. The translator needs to pay attention to the style of source language in order to maintain the naturalness the target language in the target text. So the target readers could easily understand the content of the text.
From the five translation experts above, it can be inferred that translation is a task that deals with two different kinds of language. The first is the source language (SL)which is the language to be translated, the second is target language (TL) or the form of the target language. Translation does not only change the form, but translation is a method of translating the meaning from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), the crucial thing about translation is to find the equivalent meaning in the source language (SL) to the target language (TL). There are several steps that must be done in the translation process, which are; research the source
9 language, analyzing it, and reconstructing the meaning. The translator must be aware of the method and the process in the translating process.
2.2 The Process of Translation
Translating a text often encounters problems with translating a message of meaning from the source language (SL) into target language (TL). Larson (1984:4) said “when translating a text, the translator’s goal is an idiomatic translation which makes every effort to communicate their meaning of the source language (SL) text into natural form of the receptor language. In addition, he also states that the study of the lexicon, the grammatical structure, the communication situation, and the cultural context of the source language (SL) is concerned with translation which is analyzed to determine its meaning.
According to Nida and Taber (1969) there are three steps to translate a text.
The first step is to analyzing the grammatical relationship and the meaning of the words and the combination of the words into target language (TL). The second step is transferring the meaning from source language (SL) into target language (TL). The last step is restructuring the grammatical from source language (SL) into the appropriate grammatical structure of the target language (TL).
2.3 Technique of Translation
Molina and Albir (2002:499) defines that translation techniques allow the people to describe the actual steps which taken by the translators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about general methodological option chosen.
Translation technique is the procedure to analyze and classify the way of equivalence can happens. Translation technique is called as the realization of the decision, making process, where the product of translation can be identified on the translation result.
There are 18 techniques which stated by Molina and Albir (2002:509:511), they are: 1. Adaptation; 2. Amplification; 3. Borrowing; 4. Calque; 5. Compensation;
10 6. Description; 7. Discursive Creation; 8. Established Equivalence; 9. Generalization;
10. Linguistic amplification; 11. Linguistic Compression; 12. Literal Translation; 13.
Modulation; 14. Particularization; 15. Reduction; 16. Substitution; 17. Transposition and 18. Variation.
The translation technique is the process used at the level of sentences, phrases, and clauses to transfer messages from source language (SL) into target language (TL). According to Molina and Albir (2002 p. 449-500) translation technique has eighteen types, as follows :
1. Adaptation
Adaptation replaces the cultural elements of a type in the source language (SL) with cultural elements that exist within the target language (TL).
SL: His leg felt like a stone
TL: Tungkai kakinya seperti terpaku 2. Amplification (addition)
Addition adds information that basically does not exist in the source sentence.
The presence of additional information in the target sentence is intended to further clarify the concept conveyed the original authors to the readers. This technique is only the information that is used to assist in delivering the message to the readers. These additions may not modify messages in the source language.
SL: There are many Indonesian at the ship.
TL: Banyak warga negara Indonesia di kapal itu.
3. Borrowing
This technique uses words or expressions from the source language (SL) into tagrget language (TL). Borrowing can be in the form of pure borrowing, borrowing without making any changes, such as the word “zig-zag”, or in the form of natural borrowing (naturalized borrowing) where the word from source language (SL) is adjusted to the target language (TL) spelling, such as the word “music” which comes from the word “music”.
4. Calque
Calque is a literal translation of a word or phrase in translating the source language (SL) into target language (TL).
11 SL: He is the new assistant manager.
TL: Dia adalah asisten manajer yang baru.
5. Compensation
Compensation replaces the item information or position effects in the source language (SL) in other parts of the target language (TL) because it can’t be realized in the same section in the source language (SL).
SL: A burning desire to share the secret with the world consumed me
TT: Hasrat yang menyala-nyala untuk membagikan rahasia kepada dunia membakar saya
6. Description
Description replaces the term in source language (SL) with the description in the target language (TL). This technique is used when a term in the source language (SL) does not have a term in the target language (TL).
SL: I like ombus ombus
TL: Saya suka ombus ombus, makanan tradisional khas medan yang terbuat dari beras ketan dengan campuran gula merah
7. Discursive Creation
Discursive creation uses of equivalent translation techniques while away from their original context. These technique often appear in the translation of titles of movies, books and novels.
SL: The legend of Danau Toba TL: Asal usul Danau Toba 8. Established Equivalence
Established equivalence translate terms in the source language (SL) term that is already prevalent in the target language (TL). The term in the source language (SL) is generally based on a dictionary or phrase daily.
SL: Sincerely yours TL: Hormat kami 9. Generalization
Generalization translates a term with the term that is already well known in public and known to the wider community. This technique is used when a term in the source language (SL) refers to specific section, which parallels in the target lamguage (TL)that does not exist and refers to the same section.
12 Example : becak is translated to vehicle
10. Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic amplification adds elements of linguistics from source language (SL) into target language (TL). This technique is often used in interpreting or dubbing.
SL: Everything is up to you!
TL: Semuanya terserah anda sendiri!
11. Linguistic Compression
Linguistic Compression unites or collects the linguistic elements that exist in the source language (SL). This technique is often used in interpreting or dubbing .
SL: Are you tired?
TL: Lelah?
12. Literal Translation
Literal translation translates an expression in source language (SL) in the word of words into the target language (TL).
SL: I will miss you
TL: Aku akan merindukan mu 13. Modulation
Modulation replaces focus the point of view or the cognitive aspect that exist in the source language (SL), either lexical or structural.
SL: Nobody doesn’t like it TL: Semua orang menyukainya 14. Particularization
Particularization uses terms that are more concrete and specific. This technique contrasts with the technique of generalization.
SL: She likes to collect the jewelry TL: Dia senang mengoleksi kalung emas 15. Reduction
Reduction condences the information contained in the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). Compacting the information should not alter the text of the message in the source language (SL).
SL: She got a car accident
13 TL: Dia mengalami kecelakaan
16. Substitution
Substitution replaces the linguistic elements into paralinguistic (intonation and gestures) or vice versa.
Example: nodding head in Indonesia translated “yes!”
17. Transposition
Transposition replaces the grammatical categories of the source language (SL) into the target language (TL), for example replacing the words become phrases. This technique usually used because of a different grammar between source language (SL) and target language TL).
SL: I have no control over this condition
TL: Saya tidak dapat mengendalikan kondisi ini 18. Variation
Variation replaces linguistic elements or paralinguistic which influence the linguistic variable. For example, a textual change of tone, style, geographical dialect, dialect and social.
SL: Give it to her now!
TL: Berikan pensil itu ke dia sekarang!
2.4 Flight Attendant Announcement Book
Flight attendant is a member of the aircrew aboard commercial flights, many business jets and some government aircraft. Collectively called cabin crew, flight attendants are primarily responsible for passenger safety and comfort. In this research, the researcher used Lion Air Flight Attendant Announcement book. This book was written by Lion Air Group Company. Lion Air is committed to maintaining a safe and healthy working environment by observing safety as main priority and excellence of its business.
Every employee from President Director as Accountable Executive of Safety Management System to operation staffs have the clearly defined accountabilities, responsibilities and equal opportunity to participate in the development and delivery safety standards. In order to achieve the highest levels of safety standards and performance, the senior management is committed to:
14 1. Mandating and facilitating safety as major part of individual responsibility involving all departments, business partners, contractors, and suppliers with no exception, whatever their position and hierarchical status.
2. Performing the process safety risk and hazard management associated with the company operations through the implementation and continuous improvement of Safety Management System.
3. Evaluating the achievement level periodically using measured performance indicators against the pre-determined realistic objectives and/or targets through management views.
4. Ensuring that all staff is provided with adequate and appropriate information, training, competency, and provision of necessary resources of safety standards.
5. Developing and encouraging the safety reporting culture to all employees by
“Non Punitive” policy that will guarantee no adverse action taken against them. However, illegal activity, willful or deliberate violations will not be tolerated.
The essence of why the announcement needs to be made, because it is proof of caring for aviation safety, and avoidance the possibility exists of “infinity” ones resulting from negligence of the operator including employees. The airline has the responsibility to maintain the safety and security of passengers and prevent damage to the goods it manages. On international flights, in the event of an accident, injury to the passengers and or damage to the goods carried, the airline can be prosecuted unlimitedly, if it can proven that the accident or injury to humans or damage to goods is the result of negligence of the airline.
2.5 Airlines
An airline is a company that provides air transport services for travelling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services and may from partnership or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. Generally, airline companies are recognized
15 with an air operating certificate or license issued by governmental aviation body.
Airlines may be scheduled or charter operators.
2.6 Conceptual Framework
TECHNIQUES ANALYSIS OF LION AIR INDONESIA’S FLIGHT ATTENDANT ANNOUNCEMENT
Translation Technique
Lion Air Announcement in Indonesia (SL)
Lion Air Announcement in English (TL) Analyze using Molina and Albir’s
Theory
Adaptation
Amplification
Borrowing Calque
Compensation
Equivalence
Generali zation
Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic Compression
Literal Translation
Modulation Particularization
Reduction
Substitution
Transposition
Variation
16 2.7 Previous Study
Dyka Santi Des Anditya in her thesis entitled “Translation Techniques and Equivalence in The Indonesian Translation of Asean Charter” using Molina and Albir’s translation technique. It is found that she used the established equivalence with 26% which is the mostly used in translation technique in the target text, followed by the borrowing technique with 22% with both pure and naturalized borrowings, 20% literal translation at the whole target text, 12% of calque technique, 11% of reduction technique and 9% transposition technique.
Tira Nur Fitria in her research “Translation Technique Found in English to Indonesian Abstract Translation of Journal Edunomika 2018”. The finding shows that there were five translation technique in journal abstarcts, which are 1.
Transposition (126 data or 75,90%), 2. Reduction/Omission (21 data or 12,65%), 3.
Amplification/addition (8 data or 4,82%), 4. Established Equivalence (6 data or 3,61%), 5. Borrowing (5 data or 3,01%). The researcher also found the dominant type of translation technique which is Transpositionb technique.
Sherli Noftariani in her research “An Analysis of Translation Techniques Used in Translating Cultural Categories in Brown’s Origin into Indonesian”. The researcher used some theories of Newmark, Molina and Albir, and Nida and Taber to analyzed the data related to the cultural terms and the translation techniques. The results showed that were 112 data which were divided into five kinds of cultural categories proposed by Newmark theory and the highest rank of of the cultural categories found in the novel was material culture which represented 44 data. This study showed that the most dominant translation techniques used by the translator was borrowing which represented 76 data (34.2%).
Another research with the same topic is done by Andi Suryani entitled
“Translation Techniques used in Bilingual comic “Asterix and the Golden Sickled”
translated into “Asteric dan Sabit Emas” found the dominant translation technique which is established equivalence with 135 occurences (31.9%), followed by discursive creation with 88 occurences (20.75%), literal translation with 75 occurences (17.8%), amplification with 34 occurences (8.05%), variation with 26 occurences (6.16%), substitution with 23 occurences (5.45%), modulation with 16
17 occurences (3.78%), reduction with 15 occurences (3.55%), description with 4 occurences (0.95%), compensation with 4 occurences (0.95%), transposition with 2 occurances (0.47%), and adaptation with 1 occurences (0.24%).
Another research is done by Della Fransiska, Syahron Lubis and Umar Mono entitled “Translation Techniques and Quality of the Translation of Legal Text on Immigration Law” using Molina and Albir’s theory (2002) in the text of the Immigration Law in English. Based on the analysis, it is found that there are 12 translation techniques used, namely 64 (39%) literal, 36 (22%) calque, 24 (14%) established equivalence, 10 (6.2%) generalization, 9 (5.5%) borrowing, 4 (2.4%) linguistic amplification, 2 (1.2%) particularization, 5 (3.1%) transposition, 1 (0.6%) compensation, 3 (1.8%) modulation, 2 (1.2%) reduction, and 1 (0.6%) adaptation.
The most dominant techniques used in this research is literal.
Another research with the same topic is done by Wening Sahayu, Sulis Triyono and Friyanto entitled “Translation Technique of Temple’s Texts in Indonesia”. The researcher used 10 techniques from 281 data identified. Literal and borrowing are the most dominant techniques used by the researcher.
18 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Design
In this research, the researcher will be used qualitative descriptive method. It means that the researcher only collected, classified, and analyzed the data.
Qualitative research is a study that focuses on the materials, situations, activities, or relationship qualities which has holistic description emphasis and mostly delivered in detail (Fraenkel, et al., 2012, p.426) cited in (Satriadi 2014). Meanwhile, Bogdan and Biklen (1982) state that qualitative research is a descriptive which the data is collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Sutopo explains about descriptive qualitiave research by saying that “Penelitian kualitatif melibatkan kegiatan ontologis. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata, kalimat atau gambar yang meiliki arti lebih daripada sekedar angka atau frekuensi.” (2002:35).
(Qualitative research involves ontological activities. The data collected is in the form of words, sentences or pirctures that have more meaning than numbers or frequencies).
According to Meleong (1998), “Sumber data penelitian kualitatif adalah tampilan yang berupa kata-kata lisan atau tertulis yang dicermati oleh peneliti dan benda-benda yang diamati sampai detailnya agar dapat ditangkap makna yang
According to Meleong (1998), “Sumber data penelitian kualitatif adalah tampilan yang berupa kata-kata lisan atau tertulis yang dicermati oleh peneliti dan benda-benda yang diamati sampai detailnya agar dapat ditangkap makna yang