27.2 COMPOUND 27.2 COMPOUND 27.2 COMPOUND
27.2 COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS WITHPREPOSITIONS WITHPREPOSITIONS WITHPREPOSITIONS WITH
m m m m
A. A. A. A.
m m m m
+ NOUNS + NOUNS + NOUNS + NOUNS noun or verb when used in such a fashion.B BB
B:::: ,
((((m m m))))----ẖẖẖẖnw m nw nw nw
, is cryptic writing for the compound prepositionm m m m----ẖẖẖẖnw nw nw nw
.131 C
C C
C:::: Note that the walking legs, D54, might be reversed as in D55 , when used as a determinative1111 to indicate "backwards". Thus,
ìììì w ww w
, "come", whereassbh3 sbh3 sbh3 sbh3
, "cause to retreat". However, by convention, scholars use the letterkkkk
reversed to indicate that the original text was written in Hieratic, because Hieratic was written from right to left. This PrimerPrimerPrimerPrimer displays all text reading from left to right.Therefore, in lines 2/3 from TTTTHE HE HE HE TTTTALE OF THE ALE OF THE ALE OF THE ALE OF THE SSSSHIPWRECKED HIPWRECKED HIPWRECKED HIPWRECKED SSSSAILORAILORAILORAILOR,
mk p mk p mk p mk pḥḥḥḥnnnn⋅⋅⋅⋅nnnn⋅⋅⋅⋅m m m m ẖẖẖẖnw nw nw nw
, "Behold, we have reached home" is shown as with thekkkk
reversed, , in the transcription to indicate the Hieratic original.27.4 OSIRIS 27.4 OSIRIS 27.4 OSIRIS
27.4 OSIRIS 2222 AND HIS EPITHETS AND HIS EPITHETS AND HIS EPITHETS AND HIS EPITHETS
Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys were the four children of Geb and Nut. Their family tree is shown below:
These nine deities made up the Heliopolitan Ennead and this genealogy has been found in Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts from as early as Dynasty 5 (2494-2345). As the theology of Heliopolis gained ascendancy in Egypt, the Heliopolitan priests inserted Osiris into a generation twice removed from Atum, who was equivalent to their creator god Re. Thus, they effectively subordinated Osiris and his cult priests to their control. According to some texts,
ws ws ws wsììììrrrr
, Osiris, was born at the entrance to the Underworld,dw3t dw3t
dw3t dw3t
, in the Western Desert near Memphis. His Old kingdom epithets indicate his universality among the Egyptian pantheons:1. FOREMOST OF THE W 1. FOREMOST OF THE W 1. FOREMOST OF THE W
1. FOREMOST OF THE WESTERNERSESTERNERSESTERNERS.ESTERNERS The original name of the mortuary deity at Abydos,
ḫḫḫḫnty nty nty nty ììììmntyw mntyw mntyw mntyw
, Khentyamentiu, which became syncretized with Osiris at a later date. As the burial grounds were all west of the Nile and the dead were considered "WesternersWesterners", WesternersWesterners i.e. those who have "gone Westgone Westgone Westgone West", Osiris became the principal funerary god of ancient Egypt. Furthermore, Osiris became associated with the sun, probably because it sets in the West.
1 See §8.1 for a discussion of Determinatives.
2 See §18.4 for Osiris in the Egyptian records.
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2. HE WHO DWELLS IN ANJDET.ANJDET.ANJDET.ANJDET.3333 The god Andjety was worshipped in the Delta at the cult center of Busiris. He was an early funerary god and in time his cult was absorbed by Osiris. Osiris was also worshipped in his dual form of Osiris-Andjety. A scene in the temple of Seti I (19-2, 1318-1304) at Heliopolitan theology, which was centered around the worship of the sun as a creator deity. the Underworld. Her statue was to be found as guardian at one of the four corners of the chest containing the canopic jars in which the viscera of the deceased was sealed. As Osiris was the most important god involved with the funerary cult, it was fitting that he and Selket should be in close proximity.
6. HE WHO IS IN THE
FUMIGATION (refers to the incense burning accompanying the mummification process); HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT IN IN IN IN THE BOX
THE BOX THE BOX
THE BOX (refers to the deceased's sarcophagus which is to be under Osiris's protection); HE WHO HAS BEEN HE WHO HAS BEEN HE WHO HAS BEEN HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT IN THE SHRINE
PUT IN THE SHRINE PUT IN THE SHRINE
PUT IN THE SHRINE (refers to the outer imitation shrine containers in which the sarcophagus was placed); and, HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT
HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT
HE WHO HAS BEEN PUT IN THE CLOTHIN THE CLOTHIN THE CLOTHIN THE CLOTH (refers to the linen bandages in which the corpse was encased). In the OK, these funerary epithets were for the king's protection only. Over time, they were extended to the royal family and retinue, eventually becoming available for commoners and royalty alike.
3 Pyramid Text, Utterance 219, §182 (here the symbol § is used to indicate the line number in the seminal transcriptions and translations by K. Sethe in 1910 and subsequent interpretation by G. Jéquier in 1921). The Pyramid Texts were religious texts found in the royal tombs, the earliest of which was found in the pyramid of Unas (5-9, 2365-2345) which is located adjacent to the Step Pyramid of Djoser.
4 Utterance 219, §181.
5 Utterance 219, §186.
6 Utterance 219, §183.
7 Pronounced "sel-ket" because the Copts and Greeks occasionally rendered the ancient Egyptian letter r as an "I".
8 Utterance 219, §184.
9 These four epithets are all found in Utterance 219, §184.
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Another epithet,
wnn wnn wnn wnn----nfrw nfrw nfrw nfrw
, Wennefer, perhaps HE WHO EXISTS IN PERHE WHO EXISTS IN PERHE WHO EXISTS IN PERHE WHO EXISTS IN PERECT CONDITIONECT CONDITIONECT CONDITIONECT CONDITION, was applied to the resurrected Osiris. In the Middle and New Kingdoms, Osiris acquired additional titles, associating him more with life ever-lasting than with death. He is referred to as LORD OF THE LIVINGLORD OF THE LIVINGLORD OF THE LIVINGLORD OF THE LIVING, LORD OF THE UNIVERSELORD OF THE UNIVERSELORD OF THE UNIVERSELORD OF THE UNIVERSE, and RULER OF ETERNITYRULER OF ETERNITYRULER OF ETERNITYRULER OF ETERNITY, as his protection was expanded to include the most important bureaucrats of theOSIRIS KING OF THE UNDERWORLDNDERWORLDNDERWORLDNDERWORLD, where he, i.e. the king, continued to rule from the throne of Osiris.
27.5 DESCRIPTION OF 27.5 DESCRIPTION OF 27.5 DESCRIPTION OF
27.5 DESCRIPTION OF SIGNS ENCOUNTERED SIGNS ENCOUNTERED SIGNS ENCOUNTERED SIGNS ENCOUNTERED SIGN T
SIGN T SIGN T
SIGN TRANSLITERATIONRANSLITERATIONRANSLITERATIONRANSLITERATION DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION D55:
wn
, "open";wn wn wn wnìììì
, "pass by", "disregard".L7:
V31*:
kkkk
[eck] WICKERWORK BASKET WIWICKERWORK BASKET WIWICKERWORK BASKET WIWICKERWORK BASKET WITH HANDLE REVERSEDTH HANDLE REVERSEDTH HANDLE REVERSEDTH HANDLE REVERSED.... Normal form of k in Hieratic. Used by scholars to indicate that a hieroglyphic text has been transcribed from a hieratic original.134 27.6 EXERCISES
27.6 EXERCISES 27.6 EXERCISES 27.6 EXERCISES
TRANSLITERATE AND TR TRANSLITERATE AND TR TRANSLITERATE AND TR
TRANSLITERATE AND TRANSLATE:ANSLATE:ANSLATE:ANSLATE:
135