MUNE provides a unique approach to studying neuromuscular health at the whole muscle level, and it can detect MU loss well before other clinical measures. DE- STA is a technique that incorporates computer algorithms with conventional spike- triggered averaging of MUPs to determine MUNE and measure other quantitative MU properties. DE-STA has been used to study aging and neuromuscular disorders. The purpose of this study was to establish representative data in a healthy group of subjects
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and discern within-subject reliability of the DE-STA MUNE in the FCR muscle. Twenty subjects completed three trials: trials A and B assessed test-retest reliability with wrist flexion and no finger flexion; trial C was completed with flexed MCP and IP joints (i.e. a closed fist) along with wrist flexion to test for differences. With no significant
differences between trials A and B, a high ICC for maximum CMAP and moderate ICC for mean S-MUP, DE-STA has proven to be reliable in FCR. Data were consistent with within-subject reliability data from other muscles using the same method. The
significant difference in MUNE between trials A and C reiterates the need for strict study protocols and proper participant training on the correct contraction techniques in order to obtain accurate results. Representative data of FCR in healthy subjects provides a basis for further research in FCR, perhaps in application to aging or clinical groups such as C7 radiculopathy patients.
2.5 References
Boe, S. G., Dalton, B. H., Harwood, B., Doherty, T. J., & Rice, C. L. (2009). Inter-rater reliability of motor unit number estimates and quantitative motor unit analysis in the tibialis anterior muscle. Clinical Neurophysiology, 120(5), 947–52.
Boe, S. G., Stashuk, D. W., Brown, W. F., & Doherty, T. J. (2005). Decomposition-based quantitative electromyography: effect of force on motor unit potentials and motor unit number estimates. Muscle & Nerve, 31(3), 365–73.
Boe, S. G., Stashuk, D. W., & Doherty, T. J. (2004). Motor unit number estimation by decomposition-enhanced spike-triggered averaging: control data, test-retest reliability, and contractile level effects. Muscle & Nerve, 29(5), 693–9.
Boe, S. G., Stashuk, D. W., & Doherty, T. J. (2006a). Within-subject reliability of motor unit number estimates and quantitative motor unit analysis in a distal and proximal upper limb muscle. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117, 596–603.
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Boe, S. G., Stashuk, D. W., & Doherty, T. J. (2006b). Within-subject reliability of motor unit number estimates and quantitative motor unit analysis in a distal and proximal upper limb muscle. Clinical Neurophysiology, 117(3), 596–603.
Boe, S. G., Stashuk, D. W., & Doherty, T. J. (2007). Motor unit number estimates and quantitative motor unit analysis in healthy subjects and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle & Nerve, 36(1), 62–70.
Bromberg, M. B. (1993). Motor unit estimation: Reproducibility of the spike‐triggered averaging technique in normal and ALS subjects. Muscle & Nerve, 16(5), 466 – 471. Bromberg, M. B., & Abrams, J. L. (1995). Sources of error in the spike-triggered averaging method of motor unit number estimation (MUNE). Muscle & Nerve, 18(10), 1139–1146. Calder, K. M., Agnew, M. J., Stashuk, D. W., & McLean, L. (2008). Reliability of
quantitative EMG analysis of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 168(2), 483–93.
Campbell, W. W., & DeJong, R. N. (2005). The Motor Unit Level. In W. W. Campbell (Ed.), DeJong’s the Neurologic Examination (6th ed., p. 671). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Doherty, T. J. (2003). Invited review: Aging and sarcopenia. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 95(4), 1717–27.
Doherty, T. J., & Brown, W. F. (1993). The estimated numbers and relative sizes of thenar motor units as selected by multiple point stimulation in young and older adults. Muscle & Nerve, 16(4), 355–66.
Doherty, T. J., & Brown, W. F. (2002). Motor Unit Number Estimation: Methods and Applications. In W. F. Brown, C. F. Bolton, & M. J. Aminoff (Eds.), Neuromuscular Function and Disease: Basic, Clinical, and Electrodiagnostic Aspects2 (1st ed., pp. 274– 290). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
Doherty, T. J., & Stashuk, D. W. (2003). Decomposition-based quantitative
electromyography: methods and initial normative data in five muscles. Muscle & Nerve, 28(2), 204–11.
Fuglevand, A. J., Winter, D. A., & Patla, A. E. (1993). Models of recruitment and rate coding organization in motor-unit pools. Journal of Neurophysiology, 70(6), 2470–88. Gehrmann, S. V, Kaufmann, R. A., & Li, Z.-M. (2008). Wrist circumduction reduced by finger constraints. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 33(8), 1287–92.
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Gooch, C. L., Doherty, T. J., Chan, K. M., Bromberg, M. B., Lewis, R. A., Stashuk, D. W., Berger, M. J., Andary, M. T., Daube, J. R. (2014). Motor unit number estimation: A technology and literature review. Muscle & Nerve, 50(6), 884 – 893.
Hopkins, W. G. (2000). Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science. Sports Medicine, 30(1), 1–15.
Ives, C. T., & Doherty, T. J. (2012). Intra- and inter-rater reliability of motor unit number estimation and quantitative motor unit analysis in the upper trapezius. Clinical
Neurophysiology, 123(1), 200–5.
Ives, C. T., & Doherty, T. J. (2014). Intra-rater reliability of motor unit number estimation and quantitative motor unit analysis in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical Neurophysiology, 125(1), 170–8.
Lee, K.-S., & Jung, M.-C. (2014). Flexion and extension angles of resting fingers and wrist. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 20(1), 91–101.
McComas, A. J., Fawcett, P. R. W., Campbell, M. J., & Sica, R. E. P. (1971).
Electrophysiologal estimation of the number of motor units within a human muscle. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 34, 121–131.
McNeil, C. J., Doherty, T. J., Stashuk, D. W., & Rice, C. L. (2005). Motor unit number estimates in the tibialis anterior muscle of young, old, and very old men. Muscle & Nerve, 31(4), 461–7.
Portney, L., & Watkins, M. (2008). Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Power, G. a, Dalton, B. H., Behm, D. G., Doherty, T. J., Vandervoort, A. a, & Rice, C. L. (2012). Motor unit survival in lifelong runners is muscle dependent. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 44(7), 1235–42.
Stashuk, D. W. (1999). Decomposition and quantitative analysis of clinical electromyographic signals. Medical Engineering & Physics, 21(6-7), 389–404. Stashuk, D. W., & Doherty, T. J. (2002). Normal motor unit action potential. In W. F. Brown, C. F. Bolton, & M. J. Aminoff (Eds.), Neuromuscular Function and Disease: Basic, Clinical, and Electrodiagnostic Aspects (1st ed., pp. 291–310). Philadelphia: W.B.
43 Appendix A: Ethics Approval
44 Appendix B: Letter of Information
Study Name: Comparing neuromuscular function in mobility impaired and healthy older adults.
Study investigators
Name Title/Position Degree Role
Mr. Neal McKinnon
Graduate student BSc (Hon.) Data
collection/analysis Dr. Timothy Doherty Physiatrist MD, PhD, FRCPC Principal investigator Dr. Manuel Montero Odasso Geriatrician MD, PhD, AGSF, FRCPC Co-investigator Ms. Maddison Hourigan
Graduate Student BSc Data
collection/analysis
Ms. Saskia Knol Graduate Student BSc (Hon.) Data
collection/analysis
Place of research:
Neuromuscular Performance Lab, Aging Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Research Center (ARGC) B3041, Parkwood Hospital, St. Joseph’s Health Care.
Introduction:
You are being invited to take part in a study that will examine muscle and nerve properties and strength measures of two leg muscles. This letter contains information about the study that will help you decide whether or not you would like to participate. Please read over this letter carefully and feel free to ask about any questions you may have.
Study Description:
This study will take place at the Neuromuscular Performance Laboratory, Aging Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Research Center (ARGC) B3041, Parkwood Hospital, St. Joseph’s Health Care.
For this project two groups will be studied; men and women with mobility impairment (slower than normal walking speed), and men and women with normal walking ability. An individual with mobility impairment in this study is defined as having a walking speed of less than 1 m/s,
45 which will be measured with a walking test. This walking test will take place on a GAITrite system (CIR Systems Inc., Sparta, NJ), which is a special mat connected to a computer software program that is able to track your step length and walking speed as you travel along it. Mobility
impairment can make activities of daily living (ADLs) more difficult for these individuals, and can lead to the loss of independence.
Decomposition-based quantitative electromyography (D-QEMG) is a technique that can be used to detect and record the electrical activity of nerves and muscles. It can be used to track the changes in the health and number of nerves within a muscle. Previous research has shown that the health and number of nerves supplying a muscle decrease with age. This leads to a loss of strength and in turn mobility in these individuals. Thus, this study aims to learn if there is a difference in the properties and the number of nerves between individuals with mobility impairment compared to those with no mobility impairment.
Who is eligible?
You are eligible for this study if you are between the ages of 18 and 40 and have no evidence of neuromuscular or musculoskeletal disease, or any other serious medical problems that would limit you from performing moderate to strong muscle contractions with your legs. Study
participants on blood thinners (e.g. Coumadin) will be excluded from the study due to increased risk of bruising associated with EMG needle insertion.
You must be able to contract and hold a mild to moderate contraction at the ankle (lifting the foot towards the ceiling), as well as a contraction at the knee (kicking the leg out to straighten the knee) for 30 seconds with one or both legs.
In order to be eligible for this study you must be able to walk 10 meters with or without a gait aid.
If you are participating in another study at this time, please inform the study investigator to determine if it is appropriate for you to participate in this study.
Study Procedure:
Investigator: Neal McKinnon
Duration: Two visits approximately 1 hour each
Note: If it is more convenient for you, the study may be condensed into 1 visit
Your age, height, and weight will be recorded at the first visit as well as any medications you may be taking.
46 Visit 1: D-QEMG
A. Tibialis Anterior (TA) D-QEMG