Demonstration Systems

In Japan microgrid installations have been created under the direction of NEDO in Hachinohe, Aomori, Aichi, and Kyoto [3.37]. Also in the European Union microgrid demonstrations projects have been created in the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Italy and Spain. In the US the Department of Energy has sponsored installation of microgrids with the University of Hawaii, University of Nevada, Illinois Institute of Technology (Chicago) and at many others research sites [3.38]. In Canada, Hydro One has created the Ontario Smart Zone Project [3.34] to study new technology related to the smart grid and a new test microgrid has been created at the BC Institute of Technology called the BCIT Microgrid Demonstration Site [3.39]. Also in BC various microgrid demonstration projects are underway at: Robson Valley; Hartley Bay; and Nemiah (PV).

3.7 References

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[3.10] F. Kaitiraei, M. Iravani, P. Lehn, Micro-Grid Autonomous Operation During and Subsequent to Islanding Process, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 1, Jan. 2005, pp 248-257

[3.11] Y. Sozer, D. Torrey, Modeling and Control of Utility Interactive Inverters, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 11, November 2009, pp. 2475-2483 [3.12] Application Guide for Distributed Generation Interconnection: 2006 Update, The

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4 FUEL CELL ELECTRIC MODEL

The fuel cell source is an important element in the research microgrid. The operational characteristics of the fuel cell affects the operation of the microgrid since the fuel cell is the only power source. A simple electric model is proposed that characterizes the power module including the parasitic losses resulting from the operation of the balance of plant equipment and internal losses. The electric model is compared against an updated theoretical model that includes the internal losses and the parasitic losses of the power module over its full range of operation. The theoretical model also includes the effect of temperature changes in the module resulting from increased output power. The proposed electric model is much simpler than the theoretical model of the power module reducing the extensive computational overhead.