5. CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY
5.4.1 Ethical issues in conducting document analyses
First of all, it is essential that the information quoted or illustrated in this research has been authorised for public access. In this case study, the local planning bureau SZPL and its research planning institution SUPRC genuinely provided fruitful data. The using of the data has been agreed within a limited academic boundary. Although some confidential data had been removed initially by its provider, the researcher latterly found certain information were still strictly private and sensitive data needed to be controlled. For example, the neighbourhood crime records could only be displayed in the targeted area. Due to the public security reason, crime records for other areas and districts were not available for comparative benchmarking purposes. Secondly, the examining of archives has to be in‐depth, objective and coherent, as many planning policies, documents and maps are generated crossing varied institutions and different time periods. Separate understanding of these documents without connections would be narrow and inaccurate. Therefore, this research unites these archives together and apply a synthesised cross‐boundaries study. A penetrating investigation into the hierarchical plans that are issued at different planning levels is also essential. Furthermore, not being a political tool, the investigation should also be neutral and introspective.
5.4.2 Ethicalissuesinconductinginterviews
A brief description of the interview purpose was stated before starting the interviews so that the participants could decide whether to take part in the interview. The main questions were also specified at the beginning of each interview. During the interview, deceptive or inaccurate information was avoided, and it was the researcher’s key obligation not to mislead participants. In case that respondents did not wish to answer or could not answer, non‐response was allowed. It occasionally happened with certain controversial topics, but the general response rate of interview questions was high. For ethical consideration, some topics/questions may still risk the participants if sensitive information/results were revealed, although they might not have been realised this themselves. Thus in the end, the validity and relevance of every interview was again carefully reviewed. As a result, it is a protection
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of the participants if interview results appear with anonymity in the latter part of this research, despite the fact that most interviewees felt it was unnecessary. Coding was also applied to minimise the visible links between answers and names of respondents in the contextual analysis. In all, full ethical considerations had been given to assure the suitability and confidentiality of interviews with all interviewees giving their informed consent to participate.
5.4.3 Ethicalissuesinconductingobservations
The process of conducting the observational survey relied on the gatekeepers within neighbourhoods, as it required a route of initial access to sites and participants. In many private real estate projects in Shenzhen, inner recordings and inquiries were usually not permitted by gatekeepers. As illustrated by Creswell (2009b), the on‐site fieldwork may cause some inconvenience to people. To overcome this difficulty, negotiations prior to each observation were made on the access and timetable. All these observations were permitted and operated under a control of survey impacts. For small neighbourhoods, the influence of observation was limited as the number of observers was usually less than three. However, an increasing number was inevitable for observing large sites, for instance, over ten observers were required for a large neighbourhood (LSMD‐1, see chapter 6). It was required that the influence of observation should be restrained as low as possible and a full respect to the participants and sites should be given. The observers were arranged to spread out in public spaces and left the sites quietly after the survey. The recording of neighbourhood activities was implemented via ‘paper notes’ in all the cases. Onsite photographing, which has a higher impact on behaviours, was only occasionally used in proofing different kinds of activities inside neighbourhood communities and also only occurred following the permission of participants having been received. Direct face‐on‐camera in photographs was always avoided.
5.4.4 Ethicalissuesinconductingquestionnairesurvey
negotiation with neighbourhood management teams and gatekeepers was generally unhindered, thanks to the significant support of the local planning bureau. However, most of the managers insisted in controlling the sociometric influences of the survey. In a few cases, passive postal questionnaires had to be processed instead of the face‐to‐face method, as active communications with residents were restricted. Secondly, the design of the questionnaire has to include ethical considerations. It is suggested that ‘a short questionnaire is more appropriate for the ordinal people’ (Neuman, 2007). The questionnaire was thus compactly designed; explicit words and clear instructions were developed to ensure it could be readable for everyone without disputes. The participants of questionnaires were all ADULTS (over 18 years old), and the researcher also reminded the participants that participation was voluntary. This was given both verbally and written on the survey questionnaire. To ensure the feeling of participants, the researcher endeavoured to keep the face‐to‐face conversations smoothly and comfortably. Thirdly, the risk of confidentiality of questionnaire had been considered carefully. Anonymity was assured during the survey and contact details were not required unless participants wished to have further discussions. A statement on the legal use of the data was made, and all answers were protected with respect to the term of confidentiality. In the pilot study, few participants occasionally felt some direct questions impinged on their privacy, such as income and length of residence. The survey method accepted omissions if the respondent felt uncomfortable about providing the information. A further illustration about this was also given on the questionnaire.
In short, all the research work was conducted in conformity with the ethical research guidelines of the University of Liverpool. Participants were invited to participate on a voluntary basis, provided informed consent and were able to provide non‐response to some questions. Ethical clearance was acquired before the survey work began.
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5.5
Methodsfordataanalysis
5.5.1 Amixeddataanalysis
A mixture of quantitative and qualitative data was utilised in the case study. Quantitative results mostly appear from the assessment of neighbourhood social sustainability, in which the questionnaire data that takes the largest proportion reflecting social attitudes, in combination with the observation data that investigates neighbourhood‐based social interactions. Both the questionnaire and observation results aim to articulate what level of social sustainability the cases are at and what variations occur in the various neighbourhood forms. On the other hand, understanding of planning process is from a qualitative approach. The analyses of documents and interviews target to expose the current working scheme on social sustainability and answer the questions of how a socially unsustainable form is shaped and what are the reasons for this. Nevertheless, because separating the mutually related results can not reveal the truths completely, the two types of data will be analysed integrally and mixed in the end.
There is a particular clarification for the two categories of data: population data and sampling data. The first type can directly represent the entire neighbourhood attributes such as crime rate. The sort by sampling, which takes a large proportion in this study, requires a statistical analysis. Its results could represent the populations in probabilities under certain confidence interval levels. In addition, a special explanation is for the ’Likert scale’ data, the analysis of which has a hot debate in the literature. The origin of ‘Likert scale’ was used to examine people’s attitudes by ranking orders, for instance, from ‘very unsatisfied’ to ‘very satisfied’. As a result, some studies suggest that its analysis should be mostly treated as ordinal and there was only ranking differences between these orders (Edwards and Edmondson, 2011, Hartley, 2014). However, despite the ‘Likert items’ themselves are initially designed as ordinal, in practice much research has treated it as interval data (Croasmun and Ostrom, 2011, Maeda, 2014) on which more powerful statistics analytical methods like ANOVA, t‐tests can be processed. The using of arithmetic means for measurements can also be accepted under this circumstance. In this study, many indicators
are designed in the form of ‘Likert scale’. For example, the perception of ‘neighbour mutual helpfulness’ was assessed by five Likert items from ‘very unhelpful’ to ‘very helpful’. Despite that each Likert scale item (very helpful) was ordinal, analytical approaches for interval data can still be applied. All these results could then be finally converted into a detailed social sustainability index.
5.5.2 Measuringvariancesofsocialsustainabilityindifferentforms
The purpose of analysing questionnaire data is to explore the variances of social sustainability among the various patterns of neighbourhood form, which will be repeated for the established thirty indicators. Multiple statistical methods will be applied to analyse the variations and an analytical template can be followed for each indicator. In the beginning, descriptive statistics will be used. Descriptive tables and figures presenting the traits of neighbourhoods and samples will be drawn; the appearance of data distribution and general trends will be exposed. Secondly, variances between groups will be examined. For sampling data, their significance levels on populations also have to be revealed. The data analysis can be mainly processed on the SPSS platform. Different types of statistical methods can be used, depending on the data situation, which can be examined by the Levene’s test. Under the homogeneity of data (equity of standard deviation), the one‐way ANOVA analysis will be appropriate for analysing the general variations of all neighbourhood groups, meanwhile the Post hoc test is an effective tool to compare detailed differences between each group. If there is a weak homogeneity, the enhanced analytical method such as the Welch F ANOVA test (W‐F) and the Games‐Howell (G‐H) test and will be the alternatives. The above analytical procedure is shown in Figure 5.3.
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Figure 5.3 Statistical methods applied to analyse social sustainability assessment results by questionnaire
5.5.3 Examiningtherelationship,correlationandregressionanalysis
After the comparisons of group variances, a relationship analysis is another vital component that further explores the association between social sustainability and urban form. Correlational analysis, as widely used for quantitative analysis (Punch, 2003), will be the dominant method of examining social sustainability associations with the main variables such as site scale, density as well as some covariates such as building coverage ratio. In this study, the scores of social sustainability indicators are dependent variables, meanwhile the urban form variables are independent. Thus, the correlational analysis will be frequently used to discover the change of the dependent scores on the basis of independent variables. The regression analysis may be further applied, if necessary, to make a prediction on whether there are best‐fit models for the potential socio‐spatial variations. The correlation and regression can be handled integrally for the variables and indicators to make the relationship examinations more efficient and the outcome more intuitive.
5.5.4 OverallassessmentbyZ‐scoreandstandardisation
In the final phase concluding for the social sustainability appraisal results, the detailed results have to be synthesised and instrumental social sustainability benchmarks have to be generated. Standardisation is necessary, as detailed indicators are assessed by different
methods and outcomes are in wide ranges. The typical z‐score method can convert data into a comparable series and amalgamate these indicators together. Finally, numerical rankings for each pattern of the forms will be provided. The visible instrument of radar charts can be effectively utilised to represent the level social sustainability, by which the advantages and disadvantages of each pattern can also be directly observed.
5.5.5 Spatial analysis comparing planning inputs on neighbourhoods and its
socialoutcomes
An extended analysis is designed to associate the social sustainability results outcome with the planning input. The social sustainability appraisal results can be in a crossing contrast with planning and design inputs, which may include spatial characteristics and the key control variables in a selected case study area. For example, external liveability results can be compared with the actual neighbourhood nearby amenities, which are usually illustrated on detailed local plans. Internal liveability and social interaction results could also be connected with the design proposals of neighbourhoods. These targeted analyses could be conducted in more visualised expressions based on the GIS platform and local plans. These socio‐spatial coordinative results may effectively reflect the advantages and disadvantages of the current planning implementation and urban governance. Recommendations for planning policy and mechanism could be generated and integrated for both the new development and regeneration of urban neighbourhoods.
5.6
Conclusion
This research has undertaken a case study of the city of Shenzhen and its neighbourhoods to examine the planning inputs and social outcomes. This chapter describes the methods that have been applied during the case study research process. Multiple data collection and analysis methods were organised according to structured research questions. A review of neighbourhood related planning processes was handled at the city level and a core appraisal of neighbourhood social sustainability was implemented at the neighbourhood level. The latter analytical chapters also follow this two‐part organisation. Chapter 6 will
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report the macro‐level planning context of Shenzhen and the selection of neighbourhood cases. The outcome of the neighbourhood social sustainability assessment will be reported in Chapters 7, 8 and 9 using the three‐layered structure. All the analyses will be finally synthesised and summarised in Chapter 10 which will lead to a special recommendation for the local planning system and planning processes.