CAN U EXPLAIN ABOUT SOLID LIQUID EXTRACTION AND LIQUID LIQUID EXTRACTION?

Leaching is one of many solid-fluid separation processes that are carried out in the chemical, mineral and related industries. In fact, it is one of the oldest unit operations in the chemical industries. The fundamental principle behind leaching is theremoval of a soluble material from an insoluble, permeable solid phase. The soluble fraction, solid or liquid, may exist mechanically in the pore structure of the insoluble material or

chemically combined with that material. This soluble material is removed through

dissolution in a dissolving solvent. The most familiar example of leaching is the extraction of tea and coffee, and most importantly mineral recovery.

The rate of leaching (extraction) is affected by many physical and chemical phenomena.

Mass transfer and equilibrium phenomena obviously playmajor roles. The process of leaching consists of the following steps: (i) The solvent diffuses into the solid phase; (ii) The diffused solvent dissolves the solutes (i.e. transfer the solute to the liquid phase).

Leaching is always followed by solvent recovery, which involves another mass transfer operation; such as filtration.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction Process:

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There are basically three steps in the liquid-liquid extraction process:

(1) contact the solvent with the feed solution; (2) separate the raffinate from the extract;

(3) separate the solvent and the solute. Step 3, recovery of the solvent and solute, is left to be done by some other process such as distillation.

In liquid-liquid extraction, the feed is the original solution. The feed

solution, containing the solute (the material that will be dissolved), is fed to the lower portion of the extraction column (See the pic). The solvent (the material that dissolves the solute) is added near the top. Because of density differences, the lighter feed solution tends to rise to the top while the heavier solvent sinks to the bottom. As the two streams mix, the solvent dissolves the solute. Thus, the solute, which was originally rising with the feed solution, actually reverses its direction of flow and goes out with the solvent through the bottom of the column. This new solution, consisting

of solvent and solute, is called the extract. The other chemical in the feed stream, now free of the solute, goes out the top as the raffinate. The raffinate and extract streams are not soluble in each other and will layer out.

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What is the vacuum distillation?

Vacuum distillation is a method of distillation whereby the pressure above the liquid mixture to be distilled is reduced to less than its vapor pressure (usually less than atmospheric pressure) causing evaporation of the most volatile liquid(s) (those with the lowest boiling points). This distillation method works on the principle that boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid exceeds the ambient pressure. Vacuum distillation is used with or without heating the mixture.

Vacuum distillation is distillation at a reduced pressure. Since the boiling point of a compound is lower at a lower external pressure, the compound will not have to be heated to as high a temperature in order for it to boil. Vacuum distillation is used to distill compounds that have a high boiling point or any compound which might undergo decomposition on heating at atmospheric pressure. The vacuum is provided either by a water aspirator or by a mechanical pump.

A vacuum distillation set-up differs from a simple distillation with the inclusion of a securely attached round bottom flask as the receiving flask and a vacuum line connected to the vacuum adaptor.The vacuum line in this particular set-up is connected to a

"water-trap", which is a side-arm flask. The water-trap itself is connected to a water aspirator . Preferrably, you would connect the vacuum line from the vacuum adaptor to a mechanical vacuum system.

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what is E and Z nomanclature in organic chemistry these links are useful

Write the name of chemical which is used for natural gas drying operation?

Glycol dehydration is a liquid desiccant system for the removal of water from natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGL).Glycols typically seen in industry include triethylene glycol (TEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), ethylene glycol (MEG), and tetraethylene glycol (TREG).

TEG is the most commonly used glycol in industry

Why combustion is not an reversable reaction Irreversible Reactions

As children, we learned that chemical reactions occurred when reactants reacted with each other to form products. These unidirectional reactions are known as irreversible reactions. In other words, irreversible reactions are reactions where the reactants

convert to products and where the products cannot convert back to the reactants. These reactions are essentially like baking. The ingredients, acting as the reactants, are mixed and baked together to form a cake, which acts as the product. This cake cannot be converted back to the reactants (the eggs, flour, etc.), just as the products in an irreversible reaction cannot change into the products.

As stated above, a cake cannot be "uncooked" and so the reaction is irreversible.

A real-life example of an irreversible reaction is combustion. Combustion usually

involves the burning of an organic compound, like a hydrocarbon, and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Since water is stable in its polyatomic state, like below, it will not react with the other product, CO2, to form the reactants. Combustion can take the following form:

CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O

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can i get the photos of valves

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What is the significance of the nitrogen system in the plant?

many reactions are to be onducted under nitrogen atmosphere. especially reactions inolving the oxygen sensitive products or reactants. also for deoxygenation of reaction solvents in order to remove dissolved oxygen.

Does any one can explain the difference between Liquid-Liquid Extraction and distillation process in the separation of liquid mixture?

distillation is the process which separates 2 or more liquids based on their relative volatilities while LLE separates 2 or more liquids based on their distribution coefficients.

how can I make design for Reactor (PFR) using polymath program?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_flow_reactor_model

where can I get the complete information about INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

you can check this

http://www.pc-education.mcmaster.ca/Instrumentation/go_inst.htm

can anyone explain difference between upstream and downstream process in oil and gas industry?

The petroleum industry is usually divided into three major components: Upstream, midstream and downstream, though midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.

Upstream - Upstearm oil sector is a term commonly used to refer to the searching for and the recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas. The upstream oil sector is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector.

The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.

MiddleStream - The midstream industry processes, stores, markets and transports commodities such as crude oil, natural gas, natural gas liquids (LNGs, mainly ethane, propane and butane) and sulphur.

DownSTream - The downstream oil sector is a term commonly used to refer to the refining of crude oil, and the selling and distribution of natural gas and products derived from crude oil. Such products include liquified petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, diesel oil, other fuel oils, asphalt and petroleum coke.

what is the main difference bet absorption and adsorption sep process???

these links are useful

Does anyone know where I can find the roughness of BWG tubes?

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/surface-roughness-ventilation-ducts-d_209.html

wt is the difference between heat and temperature.

There is a fundamental difference between temperature and heat. Heat is the amount of energy in a system. The SI units for heat are Joules.Heat is transferred through radiation, conduction and convection. The amount that molecules are vibrating, rotating or moving is a direct function of the heat content. When first added to a substance, energy might be concentrated in one atom, but this one will soon bump into others and spread the energy. Eventually, every atom or molecule in the substance will move a bit faster. When the added energy is spread throughout a substance, it is then called heat energy,

thermal energy.

TEMPERATURE:

Temperature is the MEASURE of the AVERAGE molecular motions in a system and simply has units of (degrees F, degrees C, or K). Notice that one primary difference between heat and temperature is that heat has units of Joules and temperature has units of (degrees F, degrees C, or K). Another primary difference is that energy can be

transported without the temperature of a substance changin.But, as a general statement , as heat energy increases, the temperature will increase. If molecules increase in

vibration, rotation or forward motion and pass that energy to neighboring molecules, the measured temperature of the system will increase.

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you can download AspenOneV8.0.torrent

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Can someone please differenciate between absorption and adsorption in terms of mass transfer

absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules, or ions enter some bulk phase – gas, liquid, or solid material. This is a different process from adsorption, since molecules undergoing absorption are taken up by the volume, not by the surface (as in the case for adsorption).

Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent.

can we use nitrogen for stripping in a crude column,if so how and not why

yes we can use N2 for stripping since its an inert gas, its mechanism is based on the intersction of N@ with the dissolved gas.

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