Factor Rotation A: Acculturation

The Acculturation variables were simplified into eight underlying factors. The interpretation of the output factors is used to label each factor with a “new” name when an acceptable factor solution is obtained.

Factor A-I loaded with nine items all related to Ethnic Identification. Seven items loaded on Factor II, including Dutch Acculturation Language and Dutch Media use. Factor A-III loaded with three items including Dutch Acculturation and Family Ties. Five items loaded on Factor A-IV relating to Turkish Identity Language and News and five items loaded on Factor A-V relating to Friendship. Factor A-VI loaded with four items of Dutch Acculturation Social Interactions. Three items loaded on Factor A-VII including items of Turkish Media Use, and Factor A-VIII loaded with three items of Turkish Identity Social Interactions.

Factor A-I is labelled “Attachment to Turkish Culture and Family Ties” and included all items of Turkish Identity and Family Ties. The highest loadings are firstly Turkish Identity, and secondly, Turkish Family Ties. The factor included items of Ethnic Identity (i.e. the

subjective sense of belonging to a culture (Phinney et al., 2001), which in the context of this study is the attachment to the heritage culture (Peñaloza, 1994; Laroche et al., 1998;

Oswald, 1999). The private life domain or attachment of family ties has loaded onto this factor as well (Arends-Toth and Van de Vijver, 2007). The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of all items in this factor of

“Attachment to Turkish Culture and Family Ties”. The factor explains 40.17% of the variance in the original acculturation data. The reliability post-hoc test was carried out using Cronbach’s alpha test giving an alpha value of α = 0.962. Given the very high value of this alpha coefficient and that each item has a high factor loading (0.40 and above) no items were deleted to improve the scale, although removal of one item could have improved alpha to 0.964.

Table 10. Rotated Solution Factor A-I: Attachment to Turkish Culture and Family Ties

Items Loading

Factor A-I I am still very attached to the Turkish culture. 0.888 α = 0.962 I feel very proud of my Turkish cultural background. 0.874 The Turkish culture has the most positive impact on my life. 0.863 I think of myself as Turkish first and as Dutch second. 0.816 I would like to be known as "Turkish." 0.790 It is important to rear children in the Turkish culture 0.753

I consider myself to be Turkish 0.749

It is important to have a partner/relationship with a person

with Turkish background 0.638

It is important to have the Turkish culture in my life 0.528 How often do you participate in Turkish public celebrations? 0.419

Factor A-II is labelled “Dutch Acculturation Language” and included all items of Dutch Acculturation Language and Dutch Media Use. The highest loadings are firstly Language use, and secondly, Dutch Media Use. The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of all items in this factor of “Dutch Acculturation Language” (Peñaloza, 1994; Korzenny and Korzenny, 2005; Laroche, 2009). The factor explains 16.26% of the variance in the original acculturation data. The post-hoc reliability

test could not be improved through the elimination of any item and yielded an alpha value of 0.897. One item is considered for deletion (“How often do you speak the Dutch language with parents and family members?”) in further analysis due to its low level of extraction and that it did not meet the required minimum of 0.40 of loading on to the factor.

Table 11. Rotated Solution Factor A-II: Dutch Acculturation Media and Language

Items Loading

Factor A-II How often do you follow the Dutch news? 0.890 α = 0.897 How often do you read Dutch newspapers? 0.711 How often do you speak the Dutch language? 0.707 How often do you watch Dutch television? 0.688 How often do you use the internet for Dutch websites? 0.644 How often do you speak the Dutch language with

children and young family members? 0.596

How often do you speak the Dutch language with

Turkish friends? 0.488

How often do you speak the Dutch language with

parents and family members? 0.234

Factor A-III is labelled “Dutch Acculturation Family Ties” and included three items. The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of these items in this factor of “Dutch Acculturation Family Ties”. The items are related to the private life in a Dutch context (Peñaloza, 1994; Arends-Toth and Van de Vijver, 2007).

The factor explains 6.44% of the variance. The post-hoc reliability test, which could not be improved through the elimination of any of the three extracted items, yielded an alpha value of 0.882.

Table 12. Rotated Solution Factor A-III: Dutch Accutluration Family Ties

Items Loading

Factor A-III It is important to have the Dutch Culture 0.883 α = 0.882 It is important to have a partner/relationship with a person

with Dutch background 0.820

It is important to rear children in the Dutch culture 0.654

Factor IV is labelled “Turkish Language” and included all items of Turkish Language use.

The highest loading is for Turkish language use with parents and family. The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of all items in this factor of “Turkish Language” (Valencia, 1985; Van de Vijver, 2008; Korzenny and Korzenny, 2005; Laroche, 2009). The factor explains 3.62% of the variance. One item loaded with a coefficient of 0.356. However, Hair et al. (2010) recommends to use practical significance as the criteria to assess potentially problematic loadings. Factor loadings in the range of 0.30 and 0.40 are considered to meet the minimal level for interpretation if the sample size is above 100. The post-hoc reliability test could be improved through the elimination of the one item with the lowest loading and yield an alpha value of 0.950. However, with an alpha value of 0.947, the factor as it stands is accepted as its internal reliability level is very high and is based on the practical significance of this item.

Table 13. Rotated Solution Factor A-IV: Turkish Language

Items Loading

Factor A-IV How often do you speak the Turkish language with

parents and family? -0.817

α = 0.947 How often do you speak the Turkish language with

Turkish friends? -0.692

How often do you speak the Turkish language? -0.640 How often do you speak the Turkish language with

children and young family members? -0.468

How often do you follow the Turkish news? -0.356

Factor A-V is labelled “Turkish Friends and Peers” and included all items of Friendship Orientation. The loadings are all above 0.60, hence the inclusion of each of these various items is not considered problematic. The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of all items in this factor of “Turkish Friendship and Peers” (Peñaloza, 1994; Xu et al., 2004). The factor explains 2.83% of the variance. The post-hoc reliability test, which could not be improved through the elimination of any of the five items, yielded an alpha value of 0.948.

Table 14. Rotated Solution Factor A-V: Turkish Friends and Peers

Items Loading

Factor A-V I prefer to hang out with Turkish friends rather than

friends from other ethnic groups on social occasions. 0.886 α = 0.948 I see more commonalties between me and Turkish

friends rather than friends from other ethnic groups. 0.836 Most of my close friends are Turkish. 0.784

Most of my friends are Turkish. 0.763

It is important to me to have Turkish friends. 0.656

Factor A-VI is labelled “Dutch Acculturation Social Interactions” and included all items of Dutch Acculturation Social Contacts. The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of all items in this factor of “Dutch Acculturation Social Interactions”. The factor items are based on the respondents’ participation in the public life domain (Peñaloza, 1994; Arends-Toth and Van de Vijver, 2007). The factor explains 1.88% of the variance. The post-hoc reliability test, again could not be improved through the elimination of any of the extracted items, and yielded an alpha value of 0.843.

Table 15. Rotated Solution Factor VI: Dutch Accutluration Social Interactions

Items Loading

Factor A-VI How often do you ask help or advice of Dutch

students/colleagues? -0.623

α = 0.843 How often do you eat with Dutch friends/colleagues? -0.543 How often do you spend social time with Dutch people? -0.424 How often do you participate in Dutch celebrations? -0.410

Factor A-VII is labelled “Turkish Media Use” and included three items of Turkish Media Use. The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of all items in this factor of “Turkish Media Use” (Peñaloza, 1994; Hui et al., 1992;

Cleveland et al., 2013). The factor explains 1.87% of the variance. The post-hoc reliability test yielded an alpha value of 0.876. Although the alpha value can be improved to 0.889, no item is deleted because the alpha value of 0.876 is high and the loadings are above the recommended level of 0.40 for each of the associated items.

Table 16. Rotated Solution Factor A-VII: Turkish Media Use

Items Loading

Factor A-VII How often do you read Turkish newspapers? 0.788 α = 0.876 How often do you use the internet for Turkish

websites? 0.552

How often do you watch Turkish television? 0.439

Factor A-VIII is labelled “Turkish Social Interactions”. The interpretation within the context of the study accepts the meaningful addition of all items in this factor of “Turkish Social Interactions”. The factor items are based on the respondents’ participation in the public life domain (Peñaloza, 1994; Arends-Toth and Van de Vijver, 2007). The factor explains 1.73% of the variance. The post-hoc reliability test could not be improved through the elimination of any item and yielded an alpha value of 0.909.

Table 17. Rotated Solution Factor A-VIII: Turkish Social Interactions

Items Loading

Factor A-VIII How often do you eat with Turkish friends/colleagues? -0.507 α = 0.909 How often do you ask for help/advice of Turkish

students/colleagues? -0.471

How often do you spend social time with Turkish people? -0.436

The variable loadings to Factors A-III, A-IV and A-VIII have negative loadings. This implies that the negative associated factors have a negative correlation with each of the other extracted factors. The subjects who scored high on the variables have low scores on the factor. The factor loadings indicate the relationship between the variable scores and the factor. The presented negative loadings on some factors and the positive loadings on others suggest, the existence of negative associations between certain extracted factors, based on the Oblique rotation.