1. More studies need to be explored on tomato carotenoids other than lycopene and b-carotene.
2. More frequent investigation should be carried out on the impact of various growth, environmental and technological factors.
3. New pretreatment techniques must be developed to prevent carotenoid loss during processing and storage of tomato and tomato products.
4. The mechanism of selective incorporation of cis-isomers into bile acid micelles should be explored, and various factors influencing the bioavailability of cis-isomers and their importance in human health should be further investigated.
5. In addition to antioxidant effect, other potential mechanisms of biological action by tomato and tomato products need to be elucidated. In addition, the biological activity of oxidative and cleavage metabolites of tomato carotenoids and its mechanism require further investigation.
6. The importance and mechanism of lycopene interaction with other carotenoids and micronutrients in tomato requires to be characterized for evaluating the possible synergistic effect in biological action. Also, the pharmacokinetic studies on lycopene remain uncertain and epidemiologic studies focusing upon the relationship between biomarkers of tomato product intake, such as serum lycopene or other phytochemicals, and biomarkers of health risk should be critically examined.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABS: Absorbance; AOAC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists;
APCI: Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization; CPTA: 2-(4-Chlorophenylthio)triethylamine hydrochloride; DCPTA: 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)triethylamine; DMAPP: Dimethylallyl diphosphate;
DOXP: 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate; GGPP: Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate; HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography; IPP:
Isopentyl pyrophosphate; NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance; PDA:
Photodiode array; SI: Saturation index
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