What is the future of REDD+ at international level

6LQFHWKH:DUVDZ)UDPHZRUNIRU5(''ZDVRIILFLDOO\DSSURYHGLQWKHIXWXUHRI5(''VHHPHGOHVVEOXUU\ DVDFWLRQVZHUHPRUHFRQFUHWHIRUQRQ$QQH[,FRXQWULHV+RZHYHUWKHILQDQFLDODVSHFWZDVVWLOODWRSLFWKDWQHHGHG WREHHIILFLHQWO\VHWXSDQGLPSOHPHQWHG,WLVQRWMXVWWKHILQDQFLDODVSHFWWKDWPDWWHUHGEXWDOVRKRZHIIHFWLYHQRQ $QQH[,FRXQWULHVZHUHJRLQJWREHLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVFKHPH7KLVOHGPHWRDQVZHUWKHIROORZLQJ5HVHDUFK 4XHVWLRQ(15) How likely or feasible is the development of an international agreement (REDD+ scheme) that enhances the establishment of ‘governance without government’ structures like the S&EA?6LQFHWKHEHJLQQLQJRI WKHQHJRWLDWLRQRI5(''VFKHPHWKH&DQFXQ$JUHHPHQWDSSURYHG WKHVRFLDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDOVDIHJXDUGV &KDSWHULQZKLFKLWZDVUHTXLUHGWKDWQRQ$QQH[,FRXQWULHVGHYHORSHGRUUHIRUPHG³WUDQVSDUHQWDQGHIIHFWLYH QDWLRQDO IRUHVW JRYHUQDQFH VWUXFWXUHV WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW QDWLRQDO OHJLVODWLRQ DQG VRYHUHLJQW\´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7.5

Conclusions

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At this time, Guatemala is taking another important step with the process of developing a national strategy for the reduction of deforestation that also contained REDD+ activities. This top-down structure (Figure 6.2) has three levels of coordination. The first level was mainly integrated by the highest authorities of governmental institutions (MARN, MAGA, INAB and CONAP) that have a decision making capacity. These authorities were the most susceptible to change every four years. The only exception was INAB in which the manager was selected by a board of different institutions. This board provided more stability to the institution, giving continuity to processes, projects and programmes. The second level was technical and was integrated by staff from these four governmental institutions who are in the same unstable condition every four years. The third level was the national body of consultation and participation in which other forest stakeholders like NGOs, the private sector, academy, rural, forest-dependent communities and others participate. All these levels were technically assisted by international NGOs who were the facilitators of the processes. However, even for these facilitators it has been difficult to keep continuity of processes for longer than three years, considering that the first year of the new political administration was used to gain trust and build knowledge of processes and projects.

The last level of the described structure (national consultation body) was where participation and involvement of forest-dependent communities took place. However, participation has been limited to those forest organizations that have the economic capacity to travel to the city for these meetings. According to MARN, several discussions about the ENRD has been developed in other regions of the country, but this has been seen by forest-dependent communities as workshops to provide information and not to participate in decision making processes about the strategy. The national consultation body was where things were presented to different actors. However, the final decision of any activity comes from the higher level of the structure [B, D, E, F]. Is in this space where project developers of REDD+ pilot projects participate to discuss common issues like carbon rights of projects inside protected areas, or financing mechanisms for the implementation of the scheme and many others. In most of the initiatives, project developers have had one-on-one discussions about their initiatives with the executive secretary of CONAP.

From the analysis of the research questions, it may be concluded that Guatemala was trying to implement actions like the development of the ENRD. Although, the method used (top-down) was the one that has been used for many years and has been proven wrong. Consequently, the development of the S&EA was a new way of doing things differently (bottom-up approach), which was based on the analysis from the dream projects of the Latin American case studies, also had very high expectations of achieving positive outcomes just like FONAFIFO, Scolel Te or Socio Bosque.

The establishment of the S&EA and the roles that I have proposed in Chapter 5, were also supported by the decisions of Warsaw Framework for REDD+, where the need for non-Annex I countries to set up a national REDD+ entity to serve as a liaison for REDD+ issues, which included decision making arrangements, result-based

payments and the implementation of the REDD+ safeguards, was mentioned. All these activities and others are considered in the S&EA structure.

It can be concluded from this that, indeed, there is an experience of REDD+ in Guatemala but the type of schemes and the national processes that have been developed do suggest that REDD+ was introduced expecting to meet the international criteria that had been set for the REDD+ framework; however, in reality, at the national level, these procedures were not met. One of the main challenges that every project needed to deal with was the constant political changes that influenced the design and implementation of PES schemes like REDD+. This suggested that the establishment of an agency, as proposed in the previous chapter, could improve the possibility of a more successful REDD+ scheme being created in the future.

Chapter 8

REDD+

SCHEMES THROUGH GOVERNANCE OUTSIDE GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE

8.1

Introduction

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In document REDD+: dream or nightmare? A multi-level exploration of the design and implementation of REDD+ scheme (Page 172-177)