REDD+: dream or nightmare? A multi-level exploration of the design and implementation of REDD+ scheme

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Lincoln University Digital Thesis

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REDD+: dream or nightmare?

A multi-level exploration of the design and implementation of

REDD+ scheme

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Abstract

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Key words:REDD+, climate change, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, PES schemes, governance outside government, social and environmental safeguards

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Palabras clave:REDD+, cambio climático, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC, pago por servicios ecosistémicos, gobernanza fuera de gobierno, salvaguardias sociales y ambientales.

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Dedication

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God

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Maria Fernanda Iturbide-Flores

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Mario Augusto Iturbide Collino

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Gladys Araminta Flores de Iturbide

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Acknowledgments

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My friends Tom Maxwell, Frisco Nobilly and Saman Berenji, for accepting the two Guatemalans into House 63 for the last period of my research.

My family back home: My parents Mario and Gladys; my sisters, María del Rosario and María de los Angeles; my brothers-in-law Carlos and Gustavo; my nephews, Mario Francisco, Oscar, Gustavo and Jose David and my beautiful niece, Maria Mercedes. Thanks for always believing in me.

William Chang, for accepting my friend request and for bringing new, refreshing air into my life. Thanks for all you’ve done for me!

My beautiful daughter, Maria Fernanda Iturbide-Flores, who has been, is, and always will be the engine that drives my entire life. Te amo seca linda!

And, to My Heavenly Father, God, for His countless blessings in my life. This PhD is yours!

(10)

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%UD]LOBolsa Floresta (BF)- Local Programme 4.2.3 &RVWD5LFDNational Fund for Forestry Finance (FONAFIFO)-National Programme

4.2.4 (FXDGRUSocioBosque (SB)-National Programme

4.2.5 0H[LFRThe Scolel Te Project- PES-Like REDD+ Project

4.2.6 3HUXMadre de Dios Amazon PES-Like REDD+ Project

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List of Tables

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List of Figures

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Acronyms

AES Applied Energy Services

ACOFOP Forest Communities Association

AGEXPORT Guatemalan Association of Exporters

BAU Business as usual

BAP Bali Action Plan

BFCP Bioclimatic Fund of Carbon Project

BOSCOM Rural and Municipal Forests

BS Biodiversity services

CAPI Committee for Indigenous Peoples

CCBA Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CICCC Inter-institutional Commission on Climate Change

CNSA National Committee of Environmental Safeguards

COCODES Community Development Councils

CONAP National Council for Protected Areas

COP Conference of the Parties

CSO Civil Society Organizations

CSS Carbon Sequestration Service

ENCOVI National Survey of Living Conditions

ES Ecosystem Service

ETS Emission Trading Scheme

FDN Friends of Nature Foundation

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FAS GAU

Sustainable Amazons Foundation Governance As Usual

GBCCYB Forests, Biodiversity and Climate Change of Guatemala

FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

FDN Defenders of Nature Foundation

FIP Forest Investment Programme

FONAFIFO National Fund for Forestry Finance

FPIC Free Prior and Informed Consent

FSC Forest Stewardship Council

FUNDAECO Ecodevelopment and Conservation Foundation

GAO Grupo Agroindustrial Occidente

GBBCCyB Forests, Biodiversity and Climate Change Group

GESE Group of Ecosystem Services for Chiapas

GFC Global Forest Coalition

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GoE Government of Ecuador

Gt Gigatons

IADB InterAmerican Development Bank

ICCC ICDP

Interinstitutional Commission on Climate Change Integrated Conservation and development project

(16)

ITTO International Tropic Timber Organization

INAB National Institute of Forests

INE National Statistical Institute

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

JI Joint Implementation

LBS Landscape Beauty Services

LFFL Lacandon Forests for Life

MBR Maya Biosphere Reserve

MAE Ministry of Environment of Ecuador

MAGA Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food

MARN Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

MICCG Climate Change Indigenous Table of Guatemala

MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification

MUZ Multiple Use Zone

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NKMCAP Noel Kempff Mercado Climate Action Plan

NSA Non-State Actors

ENRD National Strategy for the Reduction of Deforestation

OFC Rural Forest Organizations of Guatemala

PBS Payments for Biodiversity Services

PDD Project Design Document

PES Payment for Ecosystem Services

PECSE Chiapas Programme for Ecosystem Services Compensation

PFN-G National Forest Programme of Guatemala

PINFOR Forests Incentive Programme

PINPEP Incentive Programme for Small Holders of Land, Suitable for Forests or Agroforests

PLBS Payments for Landscape Beauty Services

PNLL Lachúa Lagoon National Park

PWS Payments for Watershed Services

RA Rainforest Alliance

RAOI Indigenous Organizations and Authority Network

RED Reducing Emissions from Deforestation

REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

REDD+ Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation; role of conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries

R-PIN Project Idea Note

R-PP Readiness Preparation Proposal

SB Socio-Bosque

S&EA Social and Environmental Agency

SEAM Secretariat for the Environment

SESA Strategic Environmental and Social Assessment

SERNAP National Protected Areas Service

SIGAP Guatemalan System of Protected Areas

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SMBR Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve

TNC The Nature Conservancy

UNDRIP United Nations Declaration for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

UNFCCC United Nations Framework of the Convention on Climate Change

UNREDD United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in developing countries.

USIJI United States Initiative for joint Implementation

VCS Verified Carbon Standard

VERPA Verified Emissions Reduction Purchase Agreement

WANI Water and Nature Initiative

WWF World Wide Fund

WS Watershed Services

WCS World Conservation Society

WRI World Resources Institute

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1.4 Description of chapters

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Table 1-1 Identification of interviewees by selected sectors

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Chapter 2 E

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