The following are recommended for both government and individuals involved in the child protection:
1. There is need to integrate child injury into our child survival strategies as part of the basic package of child health services at both the primary, secondary and tertiary level of care.
2. There is need to develop and implement child injury prevention policies in our environment.
3. Implementing specific actions to prevent and control child injuries is very important in reducing childhood morbidity and mortality.
4. There is need to strength our health system to address child injuries by both the government and private sectors.
5. A research agenda for child injuries should be developed and health personnels trained on emergency care and resuscitation. The research agenda should include causes, consequences, cost and prevention of child injury.
cxviii
6. There is need to raise awareness of and target investments towards child injury prevention.
cxix REFERENCES
1. WHO World Report on Child Injury Prevention; Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
2. Mukhba Z, Uzma RK, Junaid AR, Prasanthi P, Adnan AH. Understanding unintentional childhood home injuries; pilot surveillance data from Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Research notes. 2012, 5:37.
3. Child and adolescent prevention: a global call to action. Geneva, World Health Organization and UNICEF; 2005.
4. Child and adolescent injury prevention a WHO plan of action (2006-2015).
Geneva, World Health Organization. 2006.
5. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause, 1990-2020: global burden of disease study. Lancet 1997; 349:1498=504.
PMID:9167458.
6 Convention on the Right of the Child, 1989. New York, NY. United Nations, 1989 (RES/11/25). http://www.unhchr.ch/htm/menu3/b/k2cre.htm. access 21 January 2008.
7. Kabeer N, Nambissan GB, Subrahmanian R. Child labour and the right to education in South Asia. New Delhi, Sage. 2003.
8. Lansdown G. The evolving capacities of the child. Florence, UNICEF
InnocentiResearch Centre, 2005.
http://ww.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/envolving-eng.pdp. Access 21 January, 2008.
9. Holder Y, Peden M, Krug E. Lund J, Gururaj J, Kobusingye O, Ijjury Surveillance Guidelines 2001. Geneva: WHO.
10. Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children. New York, NY, United Nations, 29 August, 2006. Available from
cxx
http://wwwviolencestudh.org/IMG/pdf/English-2-.pdf.Last accessed 21 January, 2008.
11. Pinhero PS, World report on violence against children. Geneva, Switzerland, United Nations Secretary General’s study in violence against children, 2006.
Available from http:///www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/English2.pdf. Last accessed 21 January, 2008.
12. Hyder A.A. Wali S, fishman s, Ellen S. The burden of unintentional injuries among the under five population in South Asia, Actapediatric. 2008:97(3):267-275.
13. Nath A, Naik VA, Profile of Accidents in Children Less than five years of Age belonging to a rural community in Belgaum District. Indian J Community Med.
2007:32:133-4.
14. World Health Organization, (2008). WHO Global burden of disease: 2004 update.
Available from: www.who.int/healthinfo/globaburdendisease/2004reportupdate /en/index.html.
15. Borse NN, Gilchrist J, Dellinger AM, Rudd RA, Ballestteros MF, Sleet DA, CDC Childhood Injury Report; Patters of unintentional injuries among 0-19 year olds in the United State. 2000-20006. Atlanta, GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury prevention and control, 2008.
16. Kobusingye DC, Guwatudde D, Owor G, Lett R, Citywide trauma experience in Kampala, Uganda: a call for intervention. Inj Prev. 2002; 8(2):133-6.
17. Milton M, Stephen L, Catherine N, Emilio O, Leif S, Unintentionalchildhood injury patterns, odds and outcomes in Kampala City: An analysis of surveillance data from the National Pediatric Emergency Unit. J Inj Violence Res. 2011; 3(1):
13-18.
cxxi
18. BoadiK, Kuitunen M, Raheem K, Hanninen K, Urbanization without development and Sustainability, 2005; 7:465-500 doi:10.1007/s10668-004-5410-3
19. Matzopoulos r, Du Toit N, Dawad S, Van As S, Assessing the prevention response to child road traffic injuries. In: Crime, violence and injury prevention in University of South Africa Crime, violence and injury lead programme 2008; 10-25.
20. Bradshaw D, Bourne D, Nannan N, What are the leading causes of death among South African Children? MRC policy brief 3. Tygerberg: Medical Research Council; 2003.
21. Runyan CW, Casteel C, Perkis D, Unintentional injuries in the home in the United States: part 1. Mortality, Am J Prev Med. 2005; 28:73-79.
22. Home Safety Council. Unintentional Home Injury in the United States.
http://www.homesafetycouncil.org/AboutUs/Research/re_sohs_w013.asp.
Accessed July 15, 2009.
23. Fempong N, A description of fatal childhood injuries in the African context.
(Master thesis). Stockholm: Karolinska Institute; 2007.
24. Albertyn R, Bickler SW, Rode H, Paediatric burns injuries in Sub-Saharan African overview. Burns 2006; 32; 605-12.
25. Kwong LY, Meng CH, Chin NB, Chih CC, Yink CK, Po YC et al: The use of hospital medical records for child injury surveillance in northern Malawi: Trop Doct, 2009: 39(3):170-172.
26. Adnan AH, David FS, Prasanthi P, Junaid R, HeshamEs, Andres I et al: Global Childhood Unintentional Injury Surveillance in four cities in developing countries; Bull World Health Organ 2009; 87:345-352. Doi:
10.2471/BLT.08055798.
cxxii
27. Delmira de souse P, Christine EK, David WW, Lorie AC, Jana BAM, Scott M.
The epidemiology of childhood injury in Maputo, Mozambique, Int J Emerg med.
2010; 3(3): 157-163.
28. Swart L, Van NA, Seedat M, Jordaan E: Para-professional home visitation program to prevent childhood unintentional injuries in low-income communities;
a cluster randomized controlled trial. Injury prevention 2008; 14:164-169.
29. Frederick PR. The global problem of injuries to children and adolescents.
American Academy of Pediatrics 2009; 123(1): 168-169.
30. Emmanuel O: Critical study of near drowning cases at a pediatric emergency department in West Africa. The internet Journal of Health 2008; 8(2).
31. Okeniyi JA, Oluwadiya KS,Ogunlesi TA, Oyedeji OA, Oyelani OA, Oyedeji GA et al: Motor injury: an emerging menace to child health in Nigeria. The internet Journal of pediatrics and neonatology 2005; 5(1).
32. Philemon EO, Patrick OIL, Alvan KU: Childhood burns in South Eastern Nigeria.
African Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2009; 6(1): 24-27.
33. Uba AF, Edino ST, Yakubu AA. Pediatric burns: Management problems in a teaching hospital in North Western Nigeria. Trop Doct. 2007; 37:114-5.
34. Dooyema CA, Durant JT, Wolf RE, Saheed G, Oladaya B, Dargan PI et al; an Outbreak of Fatal Childhood Lead Poisoning Related to Artisanal Gold Mining in Northern Nigeria. Environ Health Perspect 2012; 120:601-607.
35. Ibekwe RC, Amadife MU, MuonekeVU, Onyire BW. Accidental Childhood Poisoning in Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, South Eastern Nigeria Ebonyi Medical Journal 2007;6(1): 26-29.
cxxiii
36. Stephanie B, Ashley VN, Lucie L. Fatal injuries among urban children in South Africa; risk distribution and potential for reduction. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2010; 88:267-72.
37. World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.
http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/index.htm. Accessed 20 June, 2008.
38. Mathers C, Loncar d, Updated projections of global mortality and burden of disease. 2002-2030: data sources, methods and results. Geneva. World Health Organization, 2005.
39. Vincenten J, Michaisen A, Prioritiesfor child safety in the European Union:
agenda for action. Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 2003; 9:1-8.
WHO mortality database: tables. Geneva. World Health Organization.
http:///www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/index.html. Access 21 April 2008.
41. Rahman A, Chowdhury S, Mashreky SR, Giasthuddin SM, Horte LG, Rahman F et al. Bangladesh health in injury survey report on children. Dhaka, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2005.
42. Sitthi-amorn C, Chaipayom O, Udomprasertgul V, Linnan M, Tracie r, Jing RW et al. child injury in Thailand: a report on the national injury survey. Bangkok, Institute of Health Research, TASC and UNICEF, 2006. http://www.tasc-gcipf.org/downloads/thai%20child%20report.pdf. Accessed 22 January, 2008.
43. Osunde OD, Olushola AI, Ngutor VO, Idemudia AB, Adetokumbo AR, Cornelis IA et al . Pediatric Maxillofacial injuries at a Nigerian teaching hospital: A three-year review, Niger J ClinPract. 2013; 16(2): 149-54.
44. Nizamo H, Meyrowitsch DW, Zacarias E, Konradsen F. Mortality due to injuries in Maputo city, Mozambique. Int J InjContrSafPromot. 2006; 13(1):1-6.
cxxiv
45. Hyder AA, Labinjo M, Muzaffar SSF. A new challenge to child and adolescent survival in urban Africa: an increasing burden of road traffic injuries. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2006; 7:381-388.
46. Linann M, Morten g, Haun L, Ross C, Mehr KW, Christian V et al. child mortality and injury in Asia: Policy and programme implications. Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. 2007.
47. Barrow RE, Spies M, Barrow LN, Herndon DN. Influence of demographics and inhalation injury on burn mortality in children. Burns. 2004; 30(1): 72-7.
48. Rifat R childhood injuries seen at an Emergency Department of King Abdul Aziz Hospital, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. JPMA. 2008; 58(3):114-8.
49. Chuang SS, Yang JY, Tsai FC. Electric water heaters: a new hazard for pediatric burns. Burns. 2003; 29:589-91.
50. Nursal TZ, Yildirim S, Tarim A, Caliskan K, Ezer A, Noyan t. Burns in southern Turkeys: electrical burns remain a major problem. Journal of Burns Care and Rehabilitation. 2003; 24(5):309-14.
51. Nguyen DQ, Tobin S, Dickson WA, Potokar TS. Infants under one year of age have a significant risk of burn injury. Burns. 2008; 34(6):863-7.
52. Child and youth unintentional injury: 10 years in review, 1994-2003. Toronto, ON. Saf Kids Canada. 2007.
53. National Ambulatory Care Reporting System. Canadian Institute for Health Information. http://secure.cihi.ca/cihiweb/disPage.jsp?ce_page=services_nacrs e.
accessed 9 April, 2008.
54. Papp A, Rytkonen T, Koljonen V, Vuola J. Pediatric ICU burns in Finland between 1994-2004. Burns. 2008; 34(3):339-44.
cxxv
55. Sharma PN, Rameshwar LB, Ahmad NA, Promila S, Sarla B, Ibrahim EG et al.
pediatric burns in Kuwait: incidence, causes and mortality. Burns. 2006; 32(1):
104 -11.
56. Palmieri TL, Alderson TS, Ison DRN, O’mara MS, Sharma R, Anthony BRN et al. pediatric soup scald burn injury: etiology and prevention. Journal of Burns Care and Research. 2008; 29(1); 114-118.
57. Yongqiang F, Yibing W, Dechang W, Baohua L Minggnig W, Ran H.
Epidemiology of hospitalized burn patients in Shandong Province, 2001-2005.
Journal of Burn Care and Research. 2007; 28(3): 468-73.
58. Ndiritu s, Ngumi ZW, Ngai, MO. Burns: the epidemiological pattern, risk and safety awareness oat Kenyatta national Hospital, Nairobi. East African medical Journal. 2006; 83:455-460.
59. Hyder AA, Kashyap RS, Fishman S, Wali S. Review on childhood burn injuries in Sub-Saharan Africa: a forgotten public health challenge. Africa Safety Promotion.
A Journal of Injury and Violence Prevention. 2004; 2:43-49.
60. Mashreky SR, Rahman A, Chowdbury SM, Giashuddin S, Svanstrom L, Linnan M. Epidemiology of childhood burn: yield of largest community based injury survey in Bangladesh. Burns. 2008; 34(6):856-62.
61. Hemeda M, Maher a, Mabrouk A. Epidemiology of burns admitted to Ain Shams University Burns Unit, Cairo, Egypt. Burns. 2003; 29:353-358.
62. World Drowning Report, 2007 edition. Brussels International Lifesaving Federation. 2007.
63. Linnan M, Rahman f, Rahman A, Pham VA, Shumona S et al. Child mortality and injury in Asia survey results and evidence. Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2007.
cxxvi
64. Rahaman A, Giashuddin SM, Svanstrom L, Rahman F. Drowning-a major but neglected child health problem in rural Bangladesh: implications for low income countries. Int J ContrSafprompt. 2006; 13(2):101-5.
65. Emmanuel O. Critical study of near drowning cases at a pediatric emergency department in West Africa. The Internet Journal of Health. 2009; 8(2).
66. Jing et al. Beijing injury surveillance, child injury report. Beijing, Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program. China Centers for Disease Control. 2004.
67. Yang L, Lam LT, Liu Y, Geng WK, Liu DC. Epidemiological profile of mortality due to injuries in three cities in the Guangxi Province, China. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2005; 37(1):137-141.
68. Brenner R, Prevention of drowning in infants, children and adolescents.
Pediatrics. 2003; 112-440-445.
69. Afogamentos (drowning). Sao Paulo. Crianca Segura, Brazil.
http://www.criancasegura.orgbr/dados_accidentes_afogamentos.asp. access 20 April, 2008.
70. Matzopoulos r. A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa: third annual report of the National Mortality Surveillance System. Cape Town, Medical Research Council, 2001. http://www.sahealthinfo.org/violence/nimssaanual2001.htm.
access 20 April, 2008.
71. Hyder AA, Borse NN, Blum L, Khan R, E1 Arifeen S, Baqui AH. Childhood drowning in low and middle income countries: Urgent need for intervention trials.
Journal of Pediatric and Child Health. 2008; 44(4):221-227.
72. Silber JB, Ronan AL, Beverely AS, Peter C, Valerie S, Maxine AC et al.
preventing deaths by drowning in children in the United Kingdom: have we made
cxxvii
progress in 10 years? Population based incidence study. British Medical Journal.
2002; 324:1070-1071.
73. Meyer RJ, Theodorou AA, Berg RA. Childhood drowning. Pediatrics in Review.
2006; 27:163-169.
74. Khambalia A, Joshi P, Brussoni M, Raina P, Morrongiello B, Macathur C. Risk factors for unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged 0-6 years; a systematic review. Injury Prevention. 2006; 12(6):378-385.
75. Barlett SN. The problem of children’s injuries in low income countries: a review.
Health Policy and Prevention. 2002; 17:1-13.
76. Hyder AA, Sugerman D, Ameratunga S, Callaghan JA. Falls among children in the developing world: a gap in child health burden estimation. ActaPediatrica.
2007; 96(10):1394-1398.
77. Del Ciampo LA, Ricco RG, De Almeida CA, Mucillo G. incidence of childhood accidents determined in a study of home surveys. Annals of Tropical Pediatrics.
2001; 21(3):230-243.
78. Bener A, Hyder AA, Schenk E. Trends in childhood injury mortality in a developing country: United Arab Emirates. Accidents and Emergency Nursing.
2007;15:228-233.
79. Linnan MJ, Le LC, Pham CV, Le PN, Le AV. Viet Nam multicentre injury survey. Hanoi, Hanoi School of Public Health. 2003.
80. Jiangxi injury survey. Child injury report Jiangxi, Jiangxi Center for Disease Control, The Alliance for Safe Children, UNICEF-China. Jiangxi Provincial Health Bureau. Chinese Filed Epidemiology Training Program, 2006,.
cxxviii
81. Pickett W, Streight S, Simpson K, Brison RJ. Injuries experienced by infant children: a population based epidemiological analysis. Pediatrics. 2003;
111(4):365-370.
82. Steenkamp M. Cripps R. Child injuries due to falls. Injury Research and Statistics Series, No. 7, Adelaide, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2001.
83. El-Chemaly SY, Akkary G, Atoui M, Musharafieh U, Taha-Assad M, Tamim H.
Hospital admissions after pediatric trauma in a developing country: from falls to landmines. International Journal of Injury Council and Safety Promotion. 2007;
14(2):131-134.
84. Tercero F, Anderson R, Pena R, Rocha J, Castro N. The epidemiology of moderate and severe injuries in a Nicaraguan community: a household based survey. Public Health. 2006; 120:106-114.
85. Fatmi Z, Hadden WC, Razzak JA, Qureshi HI, Hyder AA, Pappas G. Incidence, patterns and severity of reported unintentional injuries in Pakistan for persons five years and older: results of the National Health Survey of Pakistan, 1990-94. BMC Public Health. 2007; 7:152.
86. Bertocci GF, Eva V, Fernando A, Ernest D, Janine J, Patrick K et al. influence of fall height and impact surface on biomechanics of feet-first free falls in children.
Injury. 2004; 35(4):417-424.
87. Taft C, Paul H, Cionsunji R, Miller TR. Childhood unintentional injury worldwide: Meeting the challenge. Washington, DC. Safe Kids Worldwide. 2002.
88. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Green J, Rumack HB, Heard SE. 2006 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centres National Poison Data System (NPDS). Clinical Toxicology. 2007; 45(8):815-917.
cxxix
89. Forum IV. Chemical safety in a vulnerable world; facts and figures. Inter-governmental Forum on Chemical Safety, 2003.
90. Watson W, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC, Klein-Schwartz W, Reid N, Youniss J et al.
2004 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centres Toxic Exposure surveillance system. American Journal of Emergency Medicine.
2005; 23:589-666.
91. O’Connon PJ. Differentials in poisoning rates of Australia children according to residential location and geographical remoteness. Injury Prevention. 2005;
11:204-206.
92. Kate HB, Roberts JC, Marion G, Linda C, Michael DM. The changing trends of childhood poisoning at a tertiary children’s hospital in South Africa. S AfrJournal of Medicine. 2012; 102(3):142-146.
93. Bahman SR, Mazyar S, Mohammed G. Childhood trauma fatality and resource allocation in injury control program in a developing country. BMC Public Health.
2006; 6:117.
94. Agran PF, Anderson C, Winn D, Trent R, Walton-Haynes L, Thayer S. Rate of pediatric injuries by 3 months intervals for children 0-3 years of age.
95. Hyder AA et al. Childhood unintentional injury surveillance: a multi-site pilot study. Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University and World Health Organization (in press).
96. Ballesteros MF, Schieber R, Gilchrist J, Holmgreen P, AnnestJal. Differential ranking of causes of fatal versus non-fatal injuries among US children. Injury prevention. 2003; 9(2): 173-178.
cxxx
97. Economic Commission for Europe. Glossary of transport statistics, 3rded. New York NY, United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2003 (TRANS/WP.6/2003/(6).
98. Dunbar g, Hill R, Lewis V. Children’s attention skills and road behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. 2001; 7:227-234.
99. Kaigy Z, Kovacs I. Visual context integration is not fully developed in 4 year old children. Perception. 2003; 2:657-666.
100. Giedd J, Structural magnetic resonance imaging of the adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2004; 1021:77-85.
101. Arnett J, Developmental sources of crash risk in young drivers. Injury Prevention.
2002; 8(suppl 11):ii17-23.
102. Bina M, Graziano F, Bonino S. Risky driving and lifestyles in adolescence.
Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2006; 38;472-481.
103. Young Drivers: the road to safety. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006.
104. Blows S, Ameratunga S, Ivers RQ, Lo SK, Norton R. Risky driving habits and motor vehicle driver injury. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2005:37(4):973-982.
105. McAnally K, Kypri K. Alcohol and road safety behavior among new Zealand tertiary students. International Journal of Adolescent Medical Health. 2004;
16:229-237.
106. Kear M, Frith W, Patterson T. The influence of alcohol, age and number of passengers on the night-time risk of driver fatal injury in New Zealand Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2004:36-49-61.
cxxxi
107. Towner E, Errington G, Towner J, Burkes M, Dowswell T. Injuries in children aged 0-14 years and inequalities. London, Health Development Agency. 2005.
108. Lovette B. Back-up detection devices: what do we all need to know? Dangerous blind zones. Journal of pediatric Health care. 2007;21:123-128.
109. Clifton KB, Kreamer F. An examination of the environmental attributes associated with pedestrian crashes near public schools. Accident Analysis and Prevention.
2007; 39:708-715.
110. Kweon SS, Shin MH. [an epidemiological study for child pedestrian traffic injuries that occurred in school-zone] (article in Korean). Journal of Prevention Medicine and Public Health. 2005; 38:163-169.
111. Toroyan T. Peden M. eds. Youth and road safety. Geneva, World Health Organization 2007.
112. Keeping children safe in traffic. Paris, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2004.
113. Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson R. Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists. Cochrane Database of Systematic Revwei. 2005, (4):CD001855.
114. Hung DV, Stevenson M, Ivers R. Barriers to and factors associated with, observed motorcycle helmet use in Viet Nam. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2008, 40:1627-1633.
115. Shope JT. Influence on youthful driving behavior and their potential for guiding interventions to reduce crashes. Injure Prevention. 2006; 1:i9-i14.
116. Gregersen< Nyberg A, Berg H. Accident involvement among learner drivers: an analysis of the consequences of supervised practice. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2003; 35:725-730.
cxxxii
117. Brown JK, Jing Y, Wang S, Ehrilich PF. Patterns of severe injure in pediatric car crash victims: Crash Injure Research Engineering Network Database. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2006; 41(2):362-367.
118. Sasser S, Kellermann A, Lormand JD, Varghese M. Pre-hospital trauma care systems. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005.
119. Mock C, Lormand JD, Goosen J, Joshiphera M, Peden M. Guidelines for essential trauma care. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.
120. Gururaj G, Sastry KV, Chandramouli B, Subboakrishna D. Traumatic brain injury. Bangalore, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, 2005.
121. Gassner.
122. Bryant B, Mayou R, Ehlers A, Stores G, Wiggs L. Psychological consequences of road traffic accidents for children and their mothers. Psychological medicine.
2004; 4:335-346.
123. Macpherson AK, Rothman L, Mckeaq AM, Howard a. Mechanism of injury affects 6 months functional outcome in children hospitalized because of severe injuries. Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection and Critical Care. 2003; 55(3):454-458.
124. Sleet DA, Hammond r, Jones N, Thomas B. Injury and violence prevention in the community: Psychology’s role in public health. Washington DC, American Psychological Association. 20054; 185-216.
125. Schafer L et al. Post-traumatic syndrome in children and adolescents after road traffic accidents: a prospect cohort study. Psychopathology. 2006; 39:159-164.
126. Mohan D. Traffic safety and city structure: lessons for the future. Saludpublica de Mexico. 2008; 50:S93-S100.
cxxxiii
127. Advancing sustainable safety in brief. Leidschendam, Netherlands. Institute for Road Safety Research, 2006.
128. Anuud A, Child safety in cars: literature review. Stockholm, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, 2003.
129. Elvik R, Vaa T. The handbook of road safety measures. Amsterdam. Elsevier Science Ltd, 2004.
130. Walton J, Mandara AR. Burns and smoke inhalation. Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine. 2005; 6:317-321.
131. Argirova M, Hadzhiyski O. Treatment of palm burns in children. Annals of Burns and Fire Disasters. 2005; 18-190-193.
132. Chen G, Smith GA, Ranbom L, Sinclair SA, Xiang H. Incidence and pattern of burn injuries among children with disabilities. Journal of trauma. 2007; 62(3):682-686.
133. Dempsey MP, Orr DJ. Are pediatric burns more common in asylum seekers? An analysis of pediatric burn admissions. Burns 2006; 32:242-245.
134. Reimers A, Laflamme L. Neighborhood socio-economic composition and injury risks. Acta Pediatrics. 2005; 94:1488-1494.
135. Poulos R, Hayen A, Finch C, Zwi A. Area socio-economic status and childhood injury morbidity in New South Wales, Australia. Injury Prevention. 2007;l 13(5):322-327.
136. Van-Niekerk A, Seedat M, Menckel E, Laflamme L. Caregiver experiences, contextualizations and understandings of the burn injury to their child: accounts from low income settings in South Africa. Child Care Health and Development 2007; 33:236-245.
cxxxiv
137. Seedat M, Baadjies L, Van-Niekerk A, Mdaka T. The application of still photography in marshalling data for community based initiatives. African Journal of Psychology. 2006; 2:303-314.
138. Forjuoh SN. Burns in low and middle income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment and prevention.
Burns. 2006; 32(5): 529-537.
139. LeBlanc JC, Pless IB, King WJ, Bawden H, Bernard-Bonnin AC, Klassen T et al.
Home safety measures and the risk of unintentional injury among young children:
a multi center case control study. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;
175(8):883-887.
140. Munro SA, Van Niekerk A, Seedat M. Childhood unintentional injuries: the perceived impact of the environment, lack of supervision and child characteristics, Child Care Health and Development. 2006; 32:263-279.
141. Vassilia K, Eleni P, Dimitrios T. Firework related childhood injuries in Greece: a national problem. Burns. 2004; 30:151-153.
142. Roesler JS, Day H, Sparklers, smoke bombs and stakes, oh my! Effects of legislation on firework related injuries in Minnesota, 1999-2005. Minnesota Medical Journal. 2007; 90:46-47.
143. Thomas J, Rode H. A practical guide to pediatric burns. Cape Town, SAMA Health and Medical Publishing Group. 2006.
144. Essel PC. Burns rehabilitation: an overview. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation. 2007; 88(2):S3-S6.
145. Smith JS, Smith KR, Rainey SI. The physiology of burn care. Journal of Trauma Nursing. 2006; 13:105-106.