Chapter 4 The Development of Academic Language Knowledge in Students with ESL
4.4 THE INFLUENCE OF TIME ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE
The investigator of this study is interested in knowing how well the current treatment of malaria is working in this area. To do this, l am carrying out a study in which a group of children are treated for malaria and then followed up for 14 days to see if their infection is cured. This is not a new treatment formulation as the test drugs are chloroquine and sulphadoxine- pyrimethamine.
If you agree to participate in this study l will like you to bring your child/ward to this clinic, 5 more times over the next two weeks, so that l can monitor the progress of the treatment. It is very important that l see your child on these days; so if you feel you will not be able to return on these days, let me know now. At each visit your child will receive a full medical examination and on 3 of these visits l will take a small amount of blood by finger prick to make blood smears to see if your child still has malaria parasites.
Your participation is completely voluntary. If you do not want your child to participate in this study, he/she will receive treatment as usual at this clinic.
Participation in this study will not cost you or your family anything. You may also withdraw your child from the study at anytime and for any reason.
Your child will benefit from participating in this study because he/she will be closely monitored over the next 14 days .If he/she continues to suffer from malaria, he/she will receive an alternative treatment, which will cure the illness.
There will be someone here at the clinic everyday so that, even on days between scheduled visit and on weekends you may bring your child in for a check-up if you feel that he/she is ill.
Do you have any question about the study?
[The content of this consent will be explained in the local language.]
Name………. Address………..……….
Signature………..Date………
APPENDIX III
Calculation of sample size for comparative evaluation of the efficacy of Chloroquine (CQ) and Sulphadoxine – pyrimethamine (SP) Assumptions: Confidence Interval = 95.00%
Power = 85.00%
Prevalence of CQ resistance = 25.00%
Prevalence of SP resistance = 5.00%
Ratio size, CQ: SP = 1: 1.
Conf Interval
Power Ratio CQ: SP
Estimate CQ
resistance
Estimate SP
resistance
Sample Size CQ SP
Total
95.00% 85% 1: 1 25% 5% 65 65 130
95.00% “ “ “ “ 54 54 108
99.00% “ “ “ “ 91 91 182
99.00% “ “ “ “ 127 127 245
90.00% “ “ “ “ 58 58 116
“ 90.00% “ “ “ 75 75 150
“ 95.00% “ “ “ 90 90 180
“ 99.00% “ “ 122 122 244
“ 85.00% 4: 1 “ “ 144 36 180
“ “ 3: 1 “ “ 117 39 156
“ “ 2: 1 “ “ 92 46 138
“ “ 1: 2 “ “ 50 101 151
1: 3 “ “ 45 136 181
1: 4 43 171 214
Formula: m’ = Sq {cqa/2*Sqrt [(r+1)*PQ [-c(1-b)*Sqrt[r*P1Q+P2Q2]}/(r*Sq[P2-P1])m=.25m’*Sq [1+Sqrt[!+2*(r+1)/m’r*Abs[P2-P1D]}
Reference: CDC, WHO, Epi Info Version 6. A word processing database and statistics program for public health on IBM-compatible microcomputer.
Atlanta (Georgia) 1994.
APPENDIX IV
BASIC TEST SCHEDULE
Day-0 Clinical assessment-referral in case of severe malaria/danger signs
Measuring axillary temperature Parasitological Assessment
Measuring haemoglobin/haemotocrit Informed consent - Enrolment
Weighing – Treatment, first does CQ OR ONLY ONE DOSE OF SP
Day-1 Clinical assessment-referral in case of severe malaria/danger signs
Measuring axillary temperature
Parasitological assessment, in case of severe malaria/danger Treatment, second dose or alternative treatment in case of early treatment failure Follow-up.
Day-2 Clinical assessment-referral in case of severe malaria/danger signs. Measuring axillary temperature. Parasitological assessment.
Treatment, second dose or alternative treatment in case of early treatment failure. Follow-up.
Day-3 Clinical assessment-referral in case of severe malaria/danger
signs. Measuring axillary temperature–Parasitological . assessment.
Alternative treatment in case of early treatment failure Follow-up.
Day-7 Clinical assessment-referral in case of severe malaria/danger signs.
Measuring axillary temperature Parasitological assessment.
Alternative treatment in case of late treatment failure Follow-up.
Day-14 Clinical assessment-referral in case of severe malaria/danger
signs. Measuring axillary temperature. Parasitological assessment. Measuring heamoglobin/haematocrit .Alternative
treatment in case of late treatment failure Follow-up.
Any other day: Clinical Assessment-referral in case of severe malaria/danger signs, Measuring axillary temperature, Parasitological assessment, in case of severe malaria/danger signs or temp. >= 37.5oc. Follow-up.
APPENDIX V
GENERAL DANGER SIGNS Not able to drink or breastfeed Vomiting everything (Vomits more, than 3 times in a day) History of convulsions within 24 hours
Lethargic or unconscious state Unable to sit or stand up
APPENDIX VI
DEFINITION OF SEVERE MALARIA AND COMPLICATIONS (WHO, 1990) One or more of the following criteria in the presence of asexual parasitaemia define severe falciparum malaria:
Defining criteria of severe disease 1. Cerebral malaria (unrousable coma) 2. Severe normocytic anaemia (Hb<5 g/d1) 3. Renal failure (serum creatinine> 3.0 mg/d1) 4. Pulmonary oedema
5. Hypoglycaemia (< 40 mg/d1)
6. Circulatory collapse/shock (systolic BP < 70 mm Hg in adults; or <50 mm Hg in children < 5 years)
7. Spontaneous bleeding/disseminated intravascular coagulopathy 8. Repeated generalized convulsion(s)
9. Acidaemia/acidosis
10. Macroscopic haemoglobinuria Other manifestations
1. Impaired consciousness but rousable
2. Prostration, extreme weakness (inability to stand or sit) 3. Hyperparasitaemia (> 5% RBC infected)
4. Jaundice (total serum billirubin > 3 mg/d1) 5. Hyperpyrexia (axillary temp > 39.5oc)
After generalized convulsion, coma should persist for at least 30 minutes to make the distinction from transient post-ictal coma.