2 The Economist 2013a.
3 Mayer-Schonberger and Cukier 2013. 4 OECD 2013.
5 IBM 2013. 6 Manyika et al. 2011.
7 The Old Farmer’s Almanac, no date, “History of the Farmer’s Almanac.”
8 Platzman 1979. 9 Hemerly 2013. 10 Manyika et al. 2011. 11 OECD 2013.
12 According to Hilbert (2013, p. 4), “the crux of the ‘Big Data’ paradigm is actually not the increasingly large amount of data itself, but its analysis for intelligent decision-making.” 13 Hemerly 2013.
14 SIIA 2013. 15 Burke 2012.
16 McCormick University 2012. See also Chen 2013. 17 Sims 2011.
18 See www.flightcaster.com. 19 United Nations 2012. 20 Tapscott and Williams 2007. 21 Pélissié du Rausas et al. 2011. 22 Mandel 2012, p. 1.
23 A collection of studies that quantify the contribution of the Internet to GDP is available at www.valueoftheweb.com. 24 The Economist 2013b. 25 The Economist 2011. 26 Dugas et al. 2013. 27 Lu et al. 2012. 28 Talbot 2013. 29 Brynjolfsson et al. 2011. 30 Cacciola and Gibbons 2012. 31 Manyika et al. 2011. 32 Esty and Rushing 2007. 33 Rojas 2012.
34 Esty and Rushing 2007. 35 Manyika et al. 2011. 36 Hemerly 2013.
37 For example, an IP address, by itself, cannot be linked to nor identify an individual, because it identifies only a device connected to a network.
38 Manyika et al. 2011.
Box 3: Can open data lead to better data?
Moscow’s city government published about 170 datasets with geo coordinates at the Moscow opendata portal. After examining the data, Russian members of the OpenStreetMap community found many errors and mistakes, including wrong geo coordinates. After publishing their research, most of the issues were solved by Moscow state officials.
Clinicians from the Imperial College London, while reviewing open statistical data from the United Kingdom’s National Health Service, found that records said that 20,000 male patients required midwifery services between 2009 and 2010. After this research was published, data systems were improved.
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