Grammar Reference Match the modals in bold to the functions belov.
possibility • lack of ability «permission request • ability • lack of permission
Could/Would you help me with my homework You can't/mustn't/may not smoke in here.
You can/may borrow my dictionary.
He can play the piano really well.
He could/may/might have the flu.
I can't speak French.
g Underline the correct modal, then explain its use
1 Could/Would it be OK if I left early today? req 2 He won't/can't see without his glasses, lack of a 3 No, you would not/may not borrow my car.
of permission
4 She isn't inside; she might/can be in the gar possibility
5 You will/may go home if you aren't feeling permission
■ Explain the task. Read the sentences and explain any unknown words. Refer Ss to the Grammar Reference Section for further detail. Ss work in pairs and complete the task. Check Ss' answers. As an extension, ask Ss to make up their own sentences using each of the verbs/modals.
Answer Key (See overprinted answers) Obligation: must(i), have to Prohibition: mustn't
Suggestion: ought to, shouldn't Necessity: need to, must(3) Lack of Necessity: don't have to
I a. Explain the task. Read the prompts aloud and explain any unknown words. Ss work in pairs and complete the task. Check Ss answers by asking individual Ss to present their sentences to the class.
Suggested Answer Key
Doctors must study medicine at university.
Nurses have to do shift work.
Doctors don't have to visit their patients at home.
Nurses ought not to be impatient.
Doctors ought to be kind to patients.
Nurses need to enjoy working with people.
Doctors have to work long hours.
Doctors ought to explain treatments to their patients.
b. Explain the task. Elicit points about patients and write them on the board. Allow Ss some time to complete the task. Check Ss' answers by asking some Ss to read their sentences aloud. As an extension, ask Ss to make up sentences using other verbs.
Suggested Answer Key
Patients have to listen carefully to their doctor's advice.
Patients should tell their doctor what medicines they are taking.
Patients don't have to visit their doctor's surgery.
Patients mustn't take any medication without a doctor's prescription.
3 Explain the task. Read the signs and the example sentences. Ss work in pairs and complete the task. Check Ss' answers around the class.
Suggested Answer Key
You must not enter. You are not allowed to enter.
You might find this sign on a door for staff only.
You must not eat. Eating is forbidden. Eating is not allowed here.
You might find this sign in a library.
You must not talk. Talking is forbidden. You are not allowed to talk.
You might find this sign in an examination hall.
You must not feed the animals. Feeding the animals is forbidden. You are not allowed to feed the animals.
You might find this sign at a zoo.
- Explain the task. Read the prompts and explain any unknown words. Ss work in pairs and complete the task.
Check Ss' answers around the class.
Answer Key '
Athletes have to exercise regularly because they must keep fit.
Everyone should have a first aid kit at home in case of an emergency.
Patients with a heart condition must avoid stress or else they will have a heart attack.
Suggested Answer Key
Students have to study very hard or else they will fail.
Athletes have to exercise regularly in case they have to compete.
Everyone should have a first aid kit at home because you never know when they will need it.
Patients with a heart condition must avoid stress because it is harmful to their health.
Writing Project
Explain the task. Elicit what things Ss need to do while at school. Allow Ss some time to write their school rules.
Alternatively, assign as written HW. Check Ss' answers. As an extension, put all the school rules together to compile a complete set of rules. These can be put together to make a leaflet and distributed to other classes.
Suggested Answer Key
Students must arrive at their lessons on time.
Students must not smoke.
Students must do all their homework.
Students must not eat in the classroom.
Students must always be prepared for class.
5 Explain the task. Read and explain the sentences. Refer Ss to the Grammar Reference Section for further detail.
Ss work in pairs and complete the task. Check Ss' answers. As an extension, ask Ss to write an additional sentence for each function.
Answer Key
1 request 3 permission 5 possibility 2 lack of permission 4 ability 6 lack of ability 6 Explain the task. Read the sentences aloud. Ss complete
the task. Check Ss' answers around the class.
Answer Key (See overprinted answers)
7 Explain the task. Read the sentences aloud and explain any unknown words. Refer Ss to the Grammar Reference Section for further detail. Ss work in pairs to complete the task. Check Ss' answers. As an extension, ask Ss to make up alternative sentences for each meaning.
Answer Key (See overprinted answers)\
4 confirmation (falling intonation) 5 information (rising intonation) 6 confirmation (falling intonation) 7 information (rising intonation) 8 confirmation (falling intonation) 9 confirmation (falling intonation) 10 confirmation (falling intonation) 8 Explain the task. Ss work in pairs and complete the task.
Check Ss' answers.
Answer Key (See overprinted answers)
9 Explain the task. Read the sentences aloud. Present present/perfect infinitives. Refer Ss to the Grammar Reference Section for further detail. Ss complete the task. Check Ss' answers.
Answer Key (See overprinted answers)
10 Explain the task. Elicit what might be happening in each picture. Ss work in pairs and complete the task. Check Ss' performance by asking individual Ss to present their sentences to the class.
Suggested Answer Key 2 She must be tired.
She shouldn't stay up so late at night.
She must have been studying until late last night.
She ought to go to bed earlier.
She could be bored.
3 He must be frustrated.
He must be at school.
He could be bored.
He can't have finished his homework.
He ought to study harder.
Game
Play the game according to the instructions in the Student's Book.
11 a. Explain the task. Read and explain the theory box.
Refer Ss to the Grammar Reference Section for further detail. Ss complete the task. Check Ss' answers. Alternatively, complete the exercise as a whole class activity by reading each question aloud and eliciting the answer.
Answer Key
'is he'and ‘didn't she'are question tags.
The first question asks for confirmation.
The second sentence asks for information.
We form question tags with the auxiliary or modal verb from the main sentence and the appropriate subject pronoun.
b. Explain the task. Ss complete the task. Check Ss' answers. Ask Ss which sentences ask for confirmation and which ask for information. Check Ss' answers by asking individual Ss to read the complete sentence aloud. Check Ss' intonation.
Answer Key (See overprinted answers) 1 confirmation (falling intonation) 2 information (rising intonation) 3 confirmation (falling intonation)