Table 2.22 summarizes previous studies conducted on tunnel linings. Most of these studies have evaluated the flexural resistance of tunnel lining segments under static load.
Furthermore, limited studies have been performed on the durability properties (corrosion performance) of full-scale PCTL segments.
Therefore, this research was planned to address the following knowledge gaps: flexural resistance of full-scale PCTL segment under cyclic load to simulate seismic behaviour, performance of PCTL segments under such loads that induced due to vehicular accidents, ground settlement and rock expansion. The behaviour of tunnel lining segments under various corrosive environments simulating the real field scenarios was investigated. Furthermore, the potential of UHPC for the manufacturing of tunnel lining segments was explored and compared to that of conventional RC and SFRC.
2.8. REFERENCES
AASHTO T197, (2005), “Standard method of test for time of setting of concrete mixtures by penetration resistance,” American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, Ann Arbor, MI, 12 p.
ACI Committee 222, (2001), “Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 41 p.
ASTM C230, (2013), “Standard specification for flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cement,” American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 6 p.
Acker, P., (2001) “Micromechanical analysis of creep and shrinkage mechanisms,” Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and other Quasi-Brittle Materials, Ed. by Ulm, F., Bazant, P., and Wittmann, H., Elsevier, pp. 15-25.
AFGC-SETRA, (2002), “Ultra High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concretes, Recommandations Provisoires - Interim Recommendations,” 98 p.
Ahlborn, T., Peuse, E., Misson, D. and Gilbertson, C., (2008), “Durability and strength characterization of ultra-high performance concrete under variable curing regimes,”
Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 197-204.
Ahn, T., (2011), “Thermal and mechanical studies of thin spray on liner for concrete tunnel linings,” PhD Thesis, The University of Western Ontario, Canada, 265 p.
Aitcin, P., (2000), “Cements of yesterday and today – Concrete of tomorrow,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30, No. 9, pp. 1349-1359.
Baby, F., Billo, J., Renaud, J., Massotte, C., Marchand, P. and Toutlemonde, F., (2012), “Ultimate shear strength of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete beams,”
Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 485-492.
Bamforth, P. and Chapman-Andrews, J., (1994), “Long term performance of RC elements under UK coastal conditions,” Proceeding of International Conference on Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete, University of Shieffield, UK, pp. 139-156.
Bayard, O., and Ple, O., (2003), “Fracture mechanics of reactive powder concrete: Material modeling and experimental investigations,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 70, No. 7-8, pp. 839-851.
Bertram, G. and Hegger, J., (2012), “Shear behaviour of pretensioned UHPC beams – Tests and design,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 493-500.
Bindiganavile, Vol., Banthia, N. and Aarup, B., (2002), “Impact response of ultra-high- strength fibre-reinforced cement composite,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 99, No. 6, pp. 543-548.
Bjornstrom, J., Martinelli, A., Matic, A., Borjesson, L. and Panas, I., (2004), “Accelerating effects of colloidal nano-silica for beneficial calcium silicate hydrate formation in cement,” Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 392, No. 1-3, pp. 242-248.
Blais, P.Y. and Couture, M., (2000), “Precast, prestressed pedestrian bridge – World’s first reactive powder concrete structure,” PCI Journal, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 60-71.
Bonneau, O., Lachemi, M., Dallaire, E., Dugat, J., and Aitcin, P., (1997), “Mechanical properties and durability of two industrial reactive powder concretes,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 286-290.
Bonneau, O., Poulin, C., Dugat, J., Richard, P. Aitcin, P., (1996), “Reactive powder concretes: From theory to practice,” Concrete International, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 47-49. Bonneau, O., Vernet, C., Moranville, M., and Aitcin, P., (2000), “Characterization of the
granular packing and percolation threshold of reactive powder concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, 2000, Vol. 30, No. 12, pp. 1861-1867.
Bornemann, R. and Faber, S., (2004), “UHPC with steel- and non-corroding high strength polymer fibres under static and cyclic loading,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 673-681.
Broomfield, J., (2007), “Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, Investigation and Repair,” E & FN Spon, London, 271 p.
Brown, J., (2006), “Highway span features ultra-high-performance concrete,” Civil Engineering, Vol. 76, No. 7, pp. 24-26.
Burgers, R., Walraven, J., Plizzari, G. and Tiberti, G., (2007), “Structural behaviour of SFRC tunnel segments during TBM operations,” Underground Space, 4th dimensions of Metropolises, Taylor and Francis group, pp. 1461-1467.
Burkart, I. and Muller, H., (2008), “Creep and shrinkage characteristics of ultra-high strength concrete (UHPC),” Second International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 469-476.
Caratelli, A., Meda, A., Rinaldi, Z. and Romualdi, P., (2011), “Structural behaviour of precast tunnel segments in fibre-reinforced concrete,” Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 284-291.
Cauberg, N., Pierard, J., Parmentier, B. and Remy, O., (2012), “Shear capacity of UHPC- Beam tests,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 451-457.
CEB-FIP Model Code 90, Bulletin d’Information, No. 213/214, (1993), Thoma Telford Ltd., London, 460 p.
Chan, Y. and Chu, S., (2004), “Effect of silica fume on steel fibre bond characteristics in reactive powder concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 1167-1172.
Cheyrezy, M. and Behloul, M., (2002), “Creep and shrinkage of ultra-high performance concrete,” Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanisms of Concrete and other Quasi- Brittle Materials - Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference CONCREEP, Cambridge, MA, USA, pp. 527-538.
Cheyrezy, M., (1999), “Structural Applications of RPC,” Concrete, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 20- 23.
Cheyrezy, M., Roux, N., Behloul, M., Ressicaud, A. and Demonte, A., (1998), “Bond strength of reactive powder concrete,” Proceedings of the 13th FIP Congress on
Challenges for Concrete in the Next Millennium, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Vol. 1, pp. 65- 68.
Collepardi, S., Coppola, L., Troli, R. and Collepardi, M., (1997), “Mechanical properties of modified reactive powder concrete,” American Concrete Institute, SP 173-01, 22 p.
Crank, J., (1975), “The Mathematics of Diffusion,” 2nd Ed., Oxford Press, London, UK, 414 p.
Cwirzen, A., (2007), “The effect of the heat-treatment regime on the properties of reactive powder concrete,” Advances in Cement Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 25-33.
Cwirzen, A., Penttala, Vol. and Cwirzen, K., (2008), “The effect of heat treatment on the salt freeze-thaw durability of UHSC,” Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 221-230.
de Larrard, F. and Sedran, T., (1994), “Optimization of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete by the Use of a Packing Model,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 997- 1009.
Dean, A., Young, D. and Kramer, G., (2006), “The use and performance of precast concrete tunnel linings in seismic areas,” 10th International Association of Engineering Geologists (IAEG) Congress, Nottingham, UK, pp. 6-10.
Dowd, W. and Dauriac, C., (1996), “Reactive powder concrete,” Construction Specifier, Vol. 49, No. 12, pp. 47-52.
Droll, K., (2004), “Influence of additions on ultra high performance concretes – grain size optimization,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 285-301.
Dugat, J., Roux, N., and Bernier, G., (1996), “Mechanical Properties of Reactive Powder Concretes,” Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 233-240.
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), (2005), Highway and Rail Transit Tunnel Maintenance & Rehabilitation Manual.
Fehling, E. and Thiemicke, J., (2012), “Experimental investigation in I-shaped UHPC beams with combined reinforcement under shear load,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 477-484.
Fehling, E.; Schmidt, M.; and Stuerwald, S., eds., (2008), Second International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, 902 p.
Flietstra, J., Ahlborn, T,. Harris, T. and Silva, H., (2012), “Creep behaviour of UHPC under compressive loading with varying curing regimes,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 333-340.
Gao, R., Liu, Z., Zhang, L. and Stroeven, P., (2006), “Static properties of reactive powder concrete beams,” Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 302, No.303, pp. 521-527.
Gao, R., Liu, Z., Zhang, L. and Stroeven, P., (2006), “Static properties of reactive powder concrete beams,” Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 302, No.303, pp. 521-527.
Garas, V., Kahn, L. and Kurtis, K., (2009), “Short term tensile creep and shrinkage of ultra high performance concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 31, pp. 147-152. Garas, V., Kurtis, K. and Kahn, L., (2012), “Creep of UHPC in tension and compression:
Effect of thermal treatment,” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 34, pp. 493-502. Ghafari, E., Costa, H., Julio, E., Portugal, A. and Duraes, L., (2012), “Optimization of UHPC
by adding nanomaterials,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 71- 78.
Gowripalan, N. and Gilbert, R., (2000), “Design guidelines for Ductal pre-stressed concrete beams,” The University of New South Wales, Australia, 54 p.
Graybeal, B. and Davis, M., (2008), “Cylinder or cube: Strength testing of 80 to 200 MPa (11.6 to 29 ksi) ultra high performance fibre-reinforced concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 105, No. 6, pp. 603-609.
Graybeal, B. and Hartmann, J., (2003), “Strength and durability of ultra high performance concrete. Concrete bridge conference, 20 p.
Graybeal, B., (2007), “Compressive behaviour of ultra-high-performance fibre-reinforced concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 104, No. 2, pp. 146-152.
Graybeal, B., (2006), “Material property characterization of ultra-high performance concrete,” US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, FHWA- HRT-06-103, 188 p.
Grunberg, J. and Ertel, C., (2012), “A triaxial fatigue model of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC),” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 603-610.
Guvensoy, G., IIKi, A., Tasdemir, M., Bayramov, F., Sengul, C., Kocaturk, A. and Yerlikaya, M., (2004), “Mechanical behaviour of high performance steel fibre-reinforced cementitious composites under cyclic loading condition,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 649-660.
Habel, K., (2004), “Structural behaviour of elements combining Ultra-High Performance Fibre-reinforced Concretes (UHPFRC) and Reinforced Concrete,” PhD Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland, 222 p.
Habel, K., Viviani, M., Denarie, E. and Bruhwiler, E., (2006b), “Development of the mechanical properties of an ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC),”
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 1362-1370.
Hajek, P. and Fiala, C., (2008), “Environmentally optimized floor slabs using UHPC- contribution to sustainable building,” Second International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 879-886.
Hassan, A., Jones, S. and Mahmud, G., (2012), “Experimental test methods to determine the uniaxial tensile and compressive behaviour of ultra high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC),” Construction and Materials, Vol. 17, pp. 874-882.
He, W. and Wu, Z., (2005), “Compressive failure mechanism of deformed concrete tunnel linings due to a vertically concentrated load,” Journal of Structural Mechanics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp.73-84
Hegger, J. and Bertram, G., (2008), “Shear carrying capacity of steel fibre-reinforced UHPC,” Second International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 513-520.
Heinz, D., and Ludwig, H., (2004), “Heat treatment and the risk of DEF delayed ettringite formation in UHPC, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 717-730.
Heinz, D., Dehn, F. and Urbonas, L., (2004), “Fire resistance of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) – Testing of laboratory samples and columns under load,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 703-715.
Herold, G. and Muller, H., (2004), “Measurement of porosity of ultra-high strength fibre- reinforced concrete,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 685-694.
Holschemacher, K., Weibe, D. and Klotz, S., (2004), “Bond of reinforcement in ultra-high strength concrete,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 375-387.
Hosser, D., Kampmeier, B. and Hollmann, D., (2012), “Behaviour of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) in case of fire,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 573-582.
Hung, C., Monsees, J., Munfah, N. and Wisniewski, J., (2009), “Technical manual for design and construction of road tunnels-civil elements,” FHWA-NHI-10-034, US Department of Transport Federal Highway Administration, 702 p.
Ingo, S., Jurgen, S. and Ollver, M., (2004), “Effect of mixing and placement methods on fresh and hardened ultra-high performance concrete,” Proceeding of Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 575-586.
Ioan, S. and Cornelia, M., (2011), “Ultra-high performance concretes-Mechanical strengths and fracture properties,” JAES, Vol. 1, No. 14, pp. 119-124.
ITA Working Group on Maintenance and Repair of Underground Structures, (1991), “Report on the damaging effects of water on tunnels during their working life,” Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 11-76.
Juanhong, L., Shaomin, S. and Lin, W., (2009), “Durability and micro-structure of reactive powder concrete,” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology Material, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 506-509.
Jun, P., Taek, K., Tae, K. and Wook, K., (2008), “Influence of the ingredients on the compressive strength of UHPC as a fundamental study to optimize the mixing proportion,” Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 105-112.
Kamen, A., Denarie, E., Sadouki, H. and Bruhwiler, E., (2009), “UHPFRC tensile creep at early age,” Materials and Structures, Vol. 42, pp. 113-122.
Kang, S., Lee, Y., Park, Y. and Kim, J., (2010), “Tensile fracture properties of an ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) with steel fibre,” Composite Structures, Vol. 92, pp. 61-71.
Kazemi, S. and Lubell, A., (2012), “Influence of specimen size and fibre content on mechanical properties of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 109, No. 6, pp. 675-684.
Kim, S., Park, J., Kang, S. and Ryu, G., (2008), “Effect of filling method on fibre orientation and dispersion and mechanical properties of UHPC,” Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 185-192.
Kooiman, A., (2000), “Modelling Steel Fibre-reinforced Concrete for Structural Design,”
PhD Thesis, Department of Structural and Building Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 184 p.
Korpa, A. and Trettin, R., (2007), “Nanoscale pozzolans for improving ultra-high performance cementitious binders,” Cement International, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 74-83.
Kreiger, E., Ahlborn, T., Harris, D. and Silva, H., (2012), “Characterization of the fracture behaviour of UHPC under flexural loading,” Proceedings of the 3rd International
Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 411-418.
Kreiger, E., (2012), “Model to describe the model I fracture of steel fibre reinforced ultra- high performance concrete,” MSc Thesis, Michigan Technological University, 189 p. Lappa, E., Braam, C. and Walraven, J., (2004), “Static and fatigue bending tests of UHPC,”
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 449-458.
Lee, Y., Kang, S. and Kim, J., (2010), “Pullout behaviour of inclined steel fibre in an ultra- high strength cementitious matrix,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, pp. 2030-2041.
Lohaus, L. and Anders, S., (2004), “Effects of polymer- and fibre modifications on the ductility, fracture properties and micro crack development of ultra-high performance concrete,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 625-636.
Loukili, A., Khelidj, A. and Richard, P., (1999), “Hydration kinetics, change of relative humidity, and autogenous shrinkage of ultra-high-strength concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 577-584.
Lu, L., Lu, X. and Fan, P., (2006), “Full-ring experimental study of the lining structure of Shanghai Changjing Tunnel,” Proceedings: 4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan No.056.
Lubbers, A., (2003), “Bond performance between ultra-high performance concrete and prestressing strands,” Master Thesis, Ohio University, 155 p.
Ma, J. and Schneider, H., “Properties of ultra-high performance concrete,” Leipzig Annual Civil Engineering Report (LACER), No. 7, pp. 25-32.
Magureanu, C., Sosa, I., Negrutiu, C. and Heghes, B., (2012), “Mechanical properties and durability of ultra-high performance concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 109, No. 2, pp. 177-183.
Makita, T. and Bruhwiler, E., (2013), “Tensile fatigue behaviour of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete,” Materials and Structures, Published Online, 17 p.
Maroliya, M., (2012), “Bond strength of reactive powder concrete containing steel fibre and silica fume,” International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advance Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 10, pp. 66-68.
Mashimo, H., Isago, N., Yoshinaga, S., Shiroma, H. and Baba, K., (2002), “Experimental investigation on load-carrying capacity of concrete tunnel lining,” Proceedings of the 28th ITA-AITES General Assembly and World Tunnel Congress, 10 p.
Matsuda, T., Kawakami, H. and Nishimoto, Y., (2009), “Influence of loading condition on creep properties of ultra-high performance concrete,” Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, Taylor and Francis Group, London, pp. 1397-1403.
Matte, Vol., and Moranville, M., (1999), “Durability of reactive powder composites: Influence of silica fume on the leaching properties of very low water/binder Pastes,”
Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
Millon, O., Riedel, W., Mayrhofer, C. and Thoma, K., (2012), “Failure mechanisms of UHPC components under explosive loading,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on UHPC and Nanotechnology for High Performance Construction Materials, Kassel, Germany, pp. 583-591.
Moccihino, M., Romualdi, P., Perruzza, P., Meda, A. and Rinaldi, Z., (2010), “Experimental tests on tunnel precast segmental lining with fibre-reinforced concrete,” 36th World tunnel congress ITA-AITES, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 1-8.
Morin, Vol., Tenoudji, F., Feylessoufi, A. and Richard, P., (2001), “Superplasticizer effects on setting and structuration mechanisms of ultra-high performance concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 63-71.
Moser, B., Pfeifer, C. and Stark, J., (2009), “Durability and microstructural development during hydration in ultra-high performance concrete,” Taylor and Francis Group, London, UK, pp. 87-88.
Murthy, A., Prasad, B. and Iyer, N., (2013), “Estimation of fracture properties for high strength and ultra high strength concrete beams and size effect,” International Journal of Damage Mechanics, pp. 1-18.
Nakamura, M., Yamaguchi, T., Hirosawa, N. and Nishida, K., (1998), “New mechanical joint segment tunnel lining system,” Nippon Steel Technical Report, No. 77, pp 40-46.
Newman, J. and Choo, S., (2003), “Advance Concrete Technology,” Butterworth- Heinemann, 702 p.
Nguyen, D., Kim, D., Ryu, G. and Koh, K., (2013), “Size effect on flexural behaviour of ultra-high performance hybrid fibre-reinforced concrete,” Composites, Vol. 45, pp. 1104- 1116.
Nishikawa, K., (2003), “Development of a prestressed and precast concrete segmental lining,” Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 18, No. 2-3, pp. 243-251. Noldgen, M., Riedel, W., Thoma, K. and Fehling, E., (2013), “Properties of ultra high
performance concrete (UHPC) in tension at high strain rates,” 8th International Conference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, Spain, pp. 1-13. Orgass, M. and Klug, Y., (2004), “Fibre-reinforced ultra-high strength concretes,”
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 637-648.
Ozyurt, N., IIki, A., Tasdemir, C., Tasdemir, A., Yerlikaya, M., (2002), “Mechanical behaviour of high strength steel fibre-reinforced concretes with various steel fibre contents,” Proceeding of 5th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, pp. 885-894.
Pansuk, W., Sato, Y., Sato H. and Shionaga, R., (2008), “Tensile behaviour and fibre orientation of UHPC,” Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Ultra High Performance Concrete, Kassel, Germany, pp. 161-168.
Park, S., Kim, D., Ryu, G. and Koh, K., (2012), “Tensile behaviour of ultra-high performance hybrid fibre-reinforced concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 34, 2012, pp. 172-184.
Perry, V. and Zakariasen, D., (2004), “First use of ultra-high performance concrete for an innovative train station canopy,” Concrete Technology Today, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 1-2.
Pierard, J. and Cauberg, N., (2009), “Evaluation of durability and cracking tendency of ultra-