Nose or Nasal Cavity
As air passes through the nasal cavities it is warmed and humidified, so that air that reaches the lungs is warmed and moist. The Nasal airways are lined with cilia and kept moist by mucous secretions. The combination of cilia and mucous helps to filter out solid particles from the air a Warm and moisten the air, which prevents damage to the delicate tissues that form the Respiratory System. The moisture in the nose helps to heat and humidify the air, increasing the amount of water vapour the air entering the lungs contains. This helps to keep the air entering the nose from drying out the lungs and other parts of our respiratory system. When air enters the respiratory system through the mouth, much less filtering is done. It is generally better to take in air through the nose.
To review: The nose does the following:
1. Filters the air by the hairs and mucous in the nose 2. Moistens the air
3. Warms the air
Pharynx
The pharynx is also called the throat. As we saw in the digestive system, the epiglottis closes off the trachea when we swallow. Below the epiglottis is
the larynx or voice box. This contains 2 vocal cords, which vibrate when air passes by them. With our tongue and lips we convert these vibrations intospeech. The area at the top of the trachea, which contains the larynx, is called the glottis.
Trachea
The trachea or windpipe is made of muscle and elastic fibres with rings of
cartilage. The cartilage prevents the tubes of the trachea from collapsing. The trachea is divided or branched into bronchi and then into smaller bronchioles.
The bronchioles branch off into alveoli.
Bronchi
Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides into right and left this.
Bronchioles
Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium. Subdivision of bronchi.At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli.
Lungs
The lungs are spongy structure where the exchange of gases takes place. Each lung is surrounded by a pair of pleural membranes. Between the membranes is pleural fluid, which reduces friction while breathing. The bronchi are divided into about a million bronchioles. The ends of the bronchioles are hollow air sacs called alveoli. There are over 700 million alveoli in the lungs. This greatly increases the surface area through which gas exchange occurs. Surrounding the alveoli are capillaries. The lungs give up their oxygen to the capillaries through the alveoli. Likewise, carbon dioxide is taken from the capillaries and into the alveoli.
pathophysiology
MEDICAL
MANAGEMENT
Time Doctors Order Rationale Nursing Consideration August 4, 2013
- Please admit to ROC under the service of Dr. Malayan
- Please secure consent for this admission and management
- TPR q shift and record pls
- DAT
- Patient has a right to choose his/her medical practitioner or
treatment
- An informed consent is a sign of patient participation in medical treatment in written form.
-TPR is used to create baseline parameters.
-DAT means that the patient can eat any meals as long as he/she can tolerate.
- Temporary treatment for shock if any plasma
- Make sure there is a witness when patient signs an informed consent.
- Observe proper documentation.
- Carefully check
- IVF D5 0.3 NaCl 500cc x 6hrs at 20 -21 gtts/min
-
Diagnostics:
a. CBC c platelet
- Paracetamol 150mg IV every 4 hrs for temp 38 and above.
- Paracetamol
250mg/5ml, give 4ml every 4 hrs for temp
expander is
unavailable and for patient having addison’s crisis. For replacement or maintenance of fluid and electrolytes.
-It is a diagnostic test that gives information about the cells in the patient's blood.
- It is a radiograph projection of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest
- Paracetamol is an anti-pyretic and
analgesic drug used to treat fever and pain.
- I &O is a parameter that checks how much fluids has been
consumed or excreted in the patients body.
for regulation to avoid fluid overload or underload.
- Paracetamol is given as a PRN order if the patient really needs it.
37.8 and above
- Monitor I&O every shift
- Monitor VS every 2hrs
-Do complete Hx and PE c/o PCIC/PHC
-Replace volume per volume losses with PLR
- Vital signs are monitored to know how the body functions proprerly.
-History taking and physical examination are important tools to know what are the etiologic factors prior to a disease.
mesuring the fluid and electrolytes losses by how manny times the patient vomit througt the use of cup method
- It relieves
inflammation (swelling, heat, redness, and pain) and is used to treat certain forms of
- Always check for fluid intake including IVF consumed
- Always double check VS
readings if there is doubt.
- when doing PE it should be from head-toe.
-Dr. Malayan informed with this condition
-Refer
Meds:
- Start hydrocortisone 60mg/IV every 6 hrs
- Start cetrizine + phenylephrine (Alnix plus) 2.5ml BID in full stomach
- Replace losses
arthritis; skin, blood, kidney, eye, thyroid, and intestinal
disorders (e.g., colitis);
severe allergies; and asthma.
- It is used in inhibition of eosinophil
chemotaxis
- For maintenance of losses in fluids and electrolytes.
- Montelukast is a leuokotreine receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the
maintenance treatment of asthma and to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies.
-D5IMB is an IV solution that consists of 5% dextrose and water level. It is usually given to patients in hospitals that could potentially
- Rotate sites of IM repository injections to avoid local atrophy.
- This should be given after the patient has eaten.
- Assess for drug hypersensitivity.
1:30pm
3:45pm
volume per volume as ordered
- Replace patient meds:
4 mg chewable tablet or 4 mg granules orally once a day.
- IVF to follow D5IMB 500cc x 11hrs at 45cc/hr
- Hold D5IMB instead IVF to follow
D5NSS 500cc at 4cc/hr
- For repeat cbc with
become ill through high sodium levels or low blood sugar levels.
- It is a diagnostic test that checks the
components of your urine.
- NS1 (Nonstructural Protein 1) is a test for dengue which allows rapid detection on the first day of fever, before antibodies appear some 5 or more days later.
- Carefully check for regulation to avoid fluid overload or underload.
8:46pm
platelet tomorrow at 6am
- for urinalysis
- for dengue NS1 to include to next blood extraction
- cut present management
August 5, 2013
- IVF for follow D5NSS 500cc at 42cc/hr
- For maintenance of losses in fluids and electrolytes.
- Carefully check for regulation to avoid fluid overload or 5pm
7:45am platelet result
- Dr. Malayan updated - for repeat cbc with platelet tomorrow at 6am(8/6/13)
- Nebulize with
combivent 1 neb every 6hrs via facemask
- rounds with Dr, Malayan
- continue present management - start cefuroxime 250mg n every 8 ANST()
- IVF to follow D5NSS 500cc at 42cc/hr
- Combivent is a drug used for treating COPD through inhalation from a nebulizer.
- Cefuroxime is a parenteral second generation
cephalosphorin
antibiotic used to treat infection.
- For maintenance of losses in fluids and electrolytes.
underload.
- Assess for drug hypersensitivity.
- Carefully check for regulation to avoid fluid overload or underload.
August 6, 2013
8:30am
2:30pm
12nn
- Continue with present management
- for repeat cbc with platelet tomorrow at 6am
- am present management
- IVF to FF: D5NSS at 42cc/hr
- For maintenance of losses in fluids and electrolytes.
- Carefully check for regulation to avoid fluid overload or underload.
August 7, 2013
- continue present management
- rounds with Dr.
Malayan
- Heraclene 1mg/cap OD c/o patient meds, continue present management
-Heraclene
(Dibencozide) Capsule aids optimal
consumption of nutritional protein ingestion and helps in the development and restoration of body tissues and kindles in the body the desire for food.
- Advise patient to avoid products that contain caffeine.
7:50am
11:30am
- Dr. Malayan updated - for report cbc with platelet tom at 6am (8/8/13)
August 8, 2013
- Continue present management
- IVF to follow D5NSS 1 liter at 42cc/hr
- continue present management
- For maintenance of losses in fluids and electrolytes.
- Carefully check for regulation to avoid fluid overload or underload.
8:25am
1:20pm