3.2 Modeling Electromagnetic Propagation
3.2.4 Scalar Diffraction Theory
Natural gas occurs in the porous rock of the earth’s crust either alone (nonassociated natural gas) or with accumulations of petroleum (associated natural gas). In the latter case, the gas forms the gas cap, which is the mass of gas trapped between the liquid petroleum and the impervious cap rock of the petroleum reservoir. When the pressure in the reservoir is sufficiently high, the natural gas may be dissolved in the petroleum and is released upon penetration of the reservoir as a result of drilling operations.
The proven reserves of natural gas are of the order of 1926.9 trillion cubic feet (1 Tcf = 1 × 1012).
Approximately 429 Tcf (429 × 1012 ft3) exist in the United States and Canada (BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2015) with demand in the United States continuing to increase. It should also be remembered that the total gas resource base (like any fossil fuel or mineral resource base) is
dictated by economics. Therefore, when resource data are quoted, some attention must be given to the cost of recovering those resources and, most important, the economics of natural gas production must also include a cost factor that reflects the willingness to secure total, or a specific degree of, energy independence.
Thus, the overabundance of heavy crude oil and tar sand bitumen in the geographical vicinity of important markets—such as in the western hemisphere and the emerging Asiatic markets (China and India)—points to the need to find secure outlets for these reserves. This has led to strategic associations between producers and refiners, in which construction of new conversion units for such feedstocks is an essential part of future planning (Gembicki et al., 2007; Patel, 2007; Falkler and Sandu, 2010).
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