Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

Nuclear and isotopic techniques have been in use in agriculture in Yemen since 1998. Studies have been conducted in different research stations to identify the optimal rate of nitrogen fertilizer and water applications for potato and onion crops. This work was done via the ¹⁵N and neutron probe device.

These studies were carried out under a TC project supported by the IAEA. The results of this work helped to identify the amount of nitrogen and water needed for optimal yields of the aforementioned crops. To add to this work, on farm trials were conducted to confirm obtained

119 results using drip fertigation methods in different locations across Yemen. Significant results have been obtained resulting in great success in which nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation water application rates were reduced by half.

These results have been published in peer reviewed journals and within the IAEA newsletters.

Success with potatoes have encouraged researchers in Yemen to investigate the use of water and nitrogen in other crops such as garlic, tomato, and papaya. In addition to these studies, there have been good results of using carbon isotope discrimination (¹²C/¹³C ratio) as a tool to screen wheat cultivars under two water management systems to help identify drought and salinity tolerance.

120

REFERENCES TO CHAPTER 11

[11.1] AL-MASHREKI, M. H., Al-Sharjabi, K. M., Bafadhl, O. A., Almedheji, A. S., Al-Khulaidi, A., Alabiadh, K. M., Adel, A. S., Abdullah, S. A., Alazani, A. S., Combating Land Degradation in Yemen – A National Report. A Review of Available Knowledge on Land Degradation in Yemen OASIS-Combating Dryland Degradation, International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria (2012).

[11.2] VAN DER GUN, J. A. M., ABDULAZIZ, A., The Water Resources of Yemen.

A summary and digest of available information. Report WRAY 35 (1995).

Water Resources Assessment Yemen. Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, General Department of Hydrology, Sana’a, Yemen. TNO Institute of Applied Geoscience, P.O. Delft, The Netherlands.

[11.3] MUTLAQ F., ALKDASI, F., SHAKHAB, A., JAROUN, I., MUTHANA, S., Maps of environmental and agricultural resources in the Yemen Republic (2005). Renewable Natural Resources Research Center (RNRRC), Agricultural Research & Extension Authority. Dhamar, Yemen. A National Book with the registration number 338 at Dar Al Ketab - Sana'a, Yemen.

[11.4] MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION (MoPIC), Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP): 2002–2005. A National strategy for Poverty Reduction Strategy (2002). Sana’a, Yemen http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/2002/yem/01/index.htm.

[11.5] WORLD BANK, Republic of Yemen Country Social Analysis. Report No.

34008-YE (2007). Washington DC: The World Bank.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/3177394-1168615404141/YemenCountrySocialAnalysis.pdf (accessed 9 May 2010).

[11.6] FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED

NATION, Aquastat: Yemen (2008).

http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/yemen/index.stm (accessed June 2009).

[11.7] WORLD BANK, Republic of Yemen Land Tenure for Social and Economic Inclusion in Yemen: Issues and Opportunities. Sustainable Development Department. Middle East and North Africa Region Report No. 54923-YE, final report (2009). Sana’a: World Bank.

[11.8] GDAS, Annual statistical report, General Directory of Agricultural Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation (2013). Sana’a, Yemen.

[11.9] AL-MASHREKI, M. H., Characterization Review of Rain-fed areas in Yemen.

AREA/FAO Consultancy report. FAO Project, Gep/Yem/OZI/NET-AREA-RNRC (2002). Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.10] YEMEN-ACSAD, The Republic of Yemen: Renewable Natural Resources Research Center (RNRRC) at Agricultural Research Authority (AREA) and The Arab Center for Studies of Arid Zones and Dray Lands (ACSDA). Human-induced Land Degradation of Yemen, Activities Nos. (5) -(7) -(8) (2002).

Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.11] BRUGGEMAN, H. Y., climatic Resources of Yemen, Part 1: Agro-climatic Inventory. FAO project GCP/ YEM/021/NET, Field Document 11 (1997). AREA, Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.12] WEN, T. T., SHETTY, S. V. R., AL-NISSIRI, M. S., Al-KHAWLANI, M. A., Rain-fed cropping systems in the highlands of Yemen. Second Draft.

AREA/ICARDA/FAO (1998). Sana’a, Yemen.

121 [11.13] ATTROUSH, K. B., Irrigation advisory services in Yemen. Country paper prepared for the FAO (2004). Agriculture Research & Extension Authority, Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.14] ALWASHAEY A., Evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation in some wells of selected areas in Tehama, Alhudeidah Governorate. Annual Technical Report of Alkadan Research Station (2006). AREA, Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.15] HAIDER, A., AL-HAKEEMI, S., ALI, A. Q., ABDULBARI, T., Diagnosing of groundwater quality in some wells of Al-Baida Governorate. Annual Technical Report of NRRC (2010). AREA, Dhamar.

[11.16] HAIDER, A., AL-HAKEEMI, S., ALI, A. Q., ABDULBARI, T., Evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation in some wells of Lahj and Al-Dhalea Governorates. Annual Technical Report of NRRC (2007). AREA, Dhamar.

[11.17] HAIDER, A., AL-HAKEEMI, S., ALI, A. Q., ABDULBARI, T., Evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation in some wells of Mareb and Al-Gawf Governorates. Annual Technical Report of NRRC (2008). AREA, Dhamar.

[11.18] HAIDER, A., SALMAN, S., BASWEED, J., Evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation in some wells of Al-Mukala Governorate. Annual Technical Report of Eastern Research Station (2008). AREA, Al-Mukala.

[11.19] AL-MASHREKI, M. H., The Final Results of Soil of Yemen. Renewable Natural Resources Research Center (RNRRC), Agriculture Research and Extension Authority (AREA) (2006). Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.20] SOIL SURVEY STAFF, Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Sixth Edition) Soil Conservation Service (SCS) (1994) Washington, D.C: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

[11.21] FAO, ISRIC, ISSS, World Reference Base for Soil Resources. A framework for international classification, correlation and communication. (1998) Wageningen/Rome. Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) and International Society of Soil Sciences (ISSS).

[11.22] AL-MASHREKI, M.H., The soils of the south-eastern coastal area. Part 2: the soils of upper Hajar valley. (1999). FAO project, GCP/YEM/021 /NET. Field document 21. AREA Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.23] Doka, Mohamed Ali., The soil of El-Kod research farm. FAO project. FAO project, GCP/YEM/021/NET (1996). Field Document 11, AREA Dhamar, Yemen.

[11.24] AL-KIRSHI, A., HAIDER, A., AL-KHULAIDI, A. SALLAM, A., Oasis for Development and Cooperation in the Shabwa Region (2010). Technical report prepared for Al-Thuraya for Agriculture Consulting, Training and Technical Studies.

[11.25] CSO, Statistical Year Book. Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (2014). Yemen.

122

CONTRIBUTIONS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW

AlBokari, M. Nuclear Science Research Institute (NSRI), Saudi Arabia

Al-Mashreki, M. H. Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Yemen Al-Menaie, H. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait

Al-Hasani, A. A. M. Ministry of Science & Technology, Iraq Al-Marri, M. J. Ministry of Municipality & Environment, Qatar Al-Ragom, O. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait Al-Shatti, A. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait Atallah, T. Lebanese University, Lebanon

Babu, M. A. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait

Banihani, N. M. National Centre for Agricultural Research and Extension, Jordan Baydoun, S. Beirut Arab University, Lebanon

Darwish, T. National Council for Scientific Research, Lebanon Dwenee, S. J. Ministry of Science & Technology, Iraq

El-Kharbotly, A. Ministry of Municipality & Environment, Qatar

El-Sharief Abdalla, O. A. Ministry of Municipality & Environment, Qatar Fadel, A. National Council for Scientific Research, Lebanon

Gregory, P. J. University of Reading, UK

Haider, A. Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Yemen Ismail, S. International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, UAE

Janat, M., Syrian Atomic Energy Commission, Syrian Arab Republic Jomaa, I. Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Lebanon

KurdAli, F. Syrian Atomic Energy Commission, Syrian Arab Republic Mubarak, I. Syrian Atomic Energy Commission, Syrian Arab Republic

NourAddin, N. Agricultural Research and Extension Authority (AREA), Yemen

123 Rao, N. K. International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, UAE

Razaq, I. B. Ministry of Science & Technology, Iraq Wahbi, A. International Atomic Energy Agency

ORDERING LOCALLY

In the following countries, IAEA priced publications may be purchased from the sources listed below or from major local booksellers.

Orders for unpriced publications should be made directly to the IAEA. The contact details are given at the end of this list.

CANADA

Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd

22-1010 Polytek Street, Ottawa, ON K1J 9J1, CANADA Telephone: +1 613 745 2665  Fax: +1 643 745 7660

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.renoufbooks.com Bernan / Rowman & Littlefield

15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214, USA Tel: +1 800 462 6420 • Fax: +1 800 338 4550

Email: [email protected] Web site: www.rowman.com/bernan

CZECH REPUBLIC

Suweco CZ, s.r.o.

Sestupná 153/11, 162 00 Prague 6, CZECH REPUBLIC Telephone: +420 242 459 205  Fax: +420 284 821 646 Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.suweco.cz

FRANCE

Form-Edit

5 rue Janssen, PO Box 25, 75921 Paris CEDEX, FRANCE Telephone: +33 1 42 01 49 49  Fax: +33 1 42 01 90 90 Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.form-edit.com

GERMANY

Goethe Buchhandlung Teubig GmbH Schweitzer Fachinformationen

Willstätterstrasse 15, 40549 Düsseldorf, GERMANY

Telephone: +49 (0) 211 49 874 015  Fax: +49 (0) 211 49 874 28

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.goethebuch.de

INDIA

Allied Publishers

1st Floor, Dubash House, 15, J.N. Heredi Marg, Ballard Estate, Mumbai 400001, INDIA Telephone: +91 22 4212 6930/31/69  Fax: +91 22 2261 7928

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.alliedpublishers.com Bookwell

3/79 Nirankari, Delhi 110009, INDIA Telephone: +91 11 2760 1283/4536

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.bookwellindia.com

@

ITALY

Libreria Scientifica “AEIOU”

Via Vincenzo Maria Coronelli 6, 20146 Milan, ITALY Telephone: +39 02 48 95 45 52  Fax: +39 02 48 95 45 48 Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.libreriaaeiou.eu

JAPAN

Maruzen-Yushodo Co., Ltd

10-10 Yotsuyasakamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0002, JAPAN Telephone: +81 3 4335 9312  Fax: +81 3 4335 9364

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.maruzen.co.jp

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Scientific and Engineering Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Safety

107140, Moscow, Malaya Krasnoselskaya st. 2/8, bld. 5, RUSSIAN FEDERATION Telephone: +7 499 264 00 03  Fax: +7 499 264 28 59

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.secnrs.ru

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Bernan / Rowman & Littlefield

15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214, USA Tel: +1 800 462 6420 • Fax: +1 800 338 4550

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.rowman.com/bernan Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd

812 Proctor Avenue, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-2205, USA Telephone: +1 888 551 7470  Fax: +1 888 551 7471

Email: [email protected]  Web site: www.renoufbooks.com

Orders for both priced and unpriced publications may be addressed directly to:

Marketing and Sales Unit

International Atomic Energy Agency

Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria

Telephone: +43 1 2600 22529 or 22530 • Fax: +43 1 2600 29302 or +43 1 26007 22529

Email: [email protected] • Web site: www.iaea.org/books ¹⁸

-03531