Spectral calibration

The pollution index of heavy metals from Aba River water for the Rain and Dry season 2014/2015.

Table 4.19 Pollution index of heavy metals from Aba River water for the Rainy

season 2014/2015

USAR: The least pollution index value at this site for the rainy season was 1.3182 in the month of July. The pollution index was slightly above the WHO set standard of 1.0 by 0.318it of 2 which could be as a r esult of influx of heavy rain that carries pollutants to the site .The highest value was 3.9886 in the month of October. The high values could result from high concentration of pollutants reaching the site from near pollutant sources such as construction sites, abattoirs or even hot water from processing plants. The pollution index value exceeded WHO set standard by about four times. A seasonal mean pollution index of 2.3760 and standard deviation of 2.0765 was obtained in the period.

PZ: The pollution index of heavy metals on Aba river water was highest at the PZ site in the month of October with a value of 4.0626 . This high value was about four times

Site/Time MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT MEAN Stdev

USAR 2.4988 3.3904 2.4327 1.3203 1.3182 1.5528 2.5059 3.9886 2.3760 2.0765

PZ 2.5986 2.2397 2.4324 1.3500 1.3178 2.2874 2.2297 4.0626 2.3148 1.5197

NBL 2.206 2.5212 2.6312 1.9193 1.4184 3.9506 3.9868 2.4247 2.8230 2.1469

ABT 2.6921 2.7602 2.7725 2.2651 2.1807 2.8847 2.9272 2.6807 2.6454 0.5975

DSAR 4.2921 4.4028 4.0966 1.7407 1.6761 2.6067 2.4735 2.3839 2.9591 2.7680

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WHO set standard. This may result from poorly treated industrial effluents, pollutants reaching the river through industrial waste waters and the effects of toxic/ hazardous wastes discharged into the river indiscriminately. The least value of the pollution index of 1.3178 was recorded in the month of July. This value indicates that industrial effluents entering the river may have received a better treatment to have brought the value to near WHO set limit of 1.0 for surface water. A seasonal mean of 2.3148 was recorded with a standard deviation of 1.5197 for the period.

NBL: The highest recorded pollution index value of 3.9868 was obtained at this site in month of September. This may be reflection of the ill treated industrial wastes reaching the river from the industries. Pollutants which may include particles of food, solutions of reagents discarded at end research analyses, blood samples used as specimen. This low pollution index 1.4184 recorded can attributed to some factors which may include improved effluent discharge treatment plants installed. This value indicates a recovering river. A seasonal mean of 2.8230 and a standard deviation of 2.1469 was recorded at this site.

ABT: At this station the highest pollution index value of 2.9272 in the month of September while the lowest pollution index was 2.1807 for the month of July, with a seasonal mean of 2.1807. A standard deviation of 0.5975 was obtained for the rainy season. The high index value may have come around by the undiminished presence of pollutants generated from washings of meat slaughtered.

DSAR: The pollution index of the river was highest in the month of April with a value of 4.4028 and lowest value of 1.6761 for July. A seasonal mean of 2.9591 and a standard deviation of 2.7680 was recorded in the season. The high index value recorded may have been brought about by the influx of anthropogenic activities that

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heralded the season. Such activities may have come from much car washes , home washings, dredging activities and toxic /hazardous chemicals from phaemacetical operations. The high pollution index value was in excess of the WHO/FMnEnvr set standard by about four and half times. This is an indicate on of heavy impartation of the river by the effluents that were discharged uncontrolled and indiscriminately. This study is not similar to that by Alcubugwo et al; (2012).

Table 4.20 Pollution index of heavy metals from Aba River water for the Dry season 2014/2015.

SITE/TIME NOV DEC JAN FEB MEAN STDev

USAR 1.9814 2.5128 1.4226 2.4532 2.0925 1.5619

PZ 4.0768 2.3107 2.3396 2.5268 2.8135 2.5267

NBL 2.4003 3.2111 3.3788 2.2534 2.8109 1.9362

ABT 2.7960 2.5772 2.6828 2.6952 2.6878 0.2313

DSAR 2.3088 2.1844 2.2624 4.2313 2.7468 2.9091

USAR: The least pollution index value at this site for the dry season was 1.4226 in the month of January. The pollution index was slightly above the WHO set standard of 1.0 by 0.4226 units. The highest value was 2.5128 in the month of December. The high values could result from high concentration of pollutants reaching the site from near pollutant sources such as dump sites, meat shop washings or even cold water from processing plants and hospitals. The pollution index value exceeded WHO set standard by about two and half times. A seasonal mean pollution index of 2.0925 and standard deviation of 1.5619 was obtained in the period.

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PZ: The pollution index of heavy metals on Aba river water was highest at the PZ site in the month of November with a value of 4.0768 . This high value was about four times WHO set standard. This may result from poorly treated industrial effluents, pollutants reaching the river through industrial waste waters and the effects of toxic/

hazardous wastes discharged into the river indiscriminately. The least value of the pollution index of 2.3107 was recorded in the month of December. This value indicates that industrial effluents entering the river needed a better treatment to bring down the value to near WHO set limit of 1.0 for surface water. A seasonal mean of 2.8135 was recorded with a standard deviation of 2.5267 for the period.

NBL: The highest recorded pollution index value of 3.3788 was obtained at this site in month of January. This may be reflection of the industrial wastes reaching the river from the industries. Pollutants may involve solutions of reagents, discarded solutions.

This least pollution index 2.2534 was recorded for the site in the season. None installation of waste treatment plants leads to poor quality effluents discharged into rivers. This value indicates a recovering river. A seasonal mean of 2.8109 and a standard deviation of 1.9362 was recorded at this site.

ABT: At this station the highest pollution index value of 2.7960 in the month of November while the lowest pollution index value was 2.5772 for the month o f December, with a seasonal mean of 2.6878. A standard deviation of 0.2313 was obtained for the rainy season. The high index value may be caused by the undiminished presence of pollutants generated from washings of meat slaughtered, and animal feed / washings.

DSAR: The pollution index of the river was highest in the month of February with a value of 4.2313 and lowest value of 2.1844 for December. A seasonal mean of

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2.7468 and a standard deviation of 2.9091 was recorded in the season. The high index value recorded may have been brought about by the influx of anthropogenic activities that heralded the season. Such activities may have come from much car washes, home washings, dredging activities, painting of homes and toxic /hazardous chemicals from hospital operations. The high pollution index value was in excess of the WHO/FMnEnvr set standard by about four times. This is an indication of heavy impartation of the river by the effluents discharged into it. The water quality reports ar e similar to Amadi (2012); Akpabio and Ekpo (2013).

4.3 BIO-CONCENTRATION FACTORS OF TRACE METALS IN TISSUES