3.1 Introduction
3.4 Overview of “Social Outcome” Indicators
3.5.2 Selecting Appropriate Social Perception Methods
3.5.2.1 The Spheres of Influence Model
The work discussed above of Argyris (2002) has led to further research into how the principles of double loop and social perception can be applied to the operation of organisations and their communities. Cousins (1986) and Cousins & Downs (2002) through post graduate research have developed the Spheres of Influence Models (SOFI) system. This approach starts with a configurable template organisation bound by eleven necessary and
sufficient elements arranged as spheres. They have identified that the interconnectedness of these spheres can show the quality or health of a community or organisation. The detailed function of these spheres is described below and is supported by many long and detailed conversations with Phillip Cousins and Diane Downs (P Cousins, D Downs, personal communications, 9/13 – 5/16)
According to Brown (2010, 2015) "the eleven necessary and sufficient Spheres are held together at the centre of the model by Culture and the Development of people and processes. 'Culture' expresses what in the brain is called implicit memory ‐ the central reference points that determine actions and to which the basic emotions are profoundly attached. 'Development' of people addresses the individual's relationship with their self ‐ crucial in the process of 'me becoming who I am" and how I fit in my community. The SOFI Logic System derived from this work is an organisational model that is underpinned by some experimental rigour ‐ exemplified by a reductionist semantic analysis of the following criteria;
It is an exemplary model for the way that the issue of 'What is an organisation?' as described by Osgood (1957) and as his colleagues demonstrated in The Measurement of Meaning. The specific focus of the work cited by Brown (2010, 2015) is that SOFI was implemented as digital feedback process for in service assets covering the measures of social outcomes.
Might be tackled so that this aspect of organisational theory might rest upon well‐ tried experimental rigour rather than, as is usually the case, untried sociological analysis.
The method is subjected to rigorous experimental enquiry.
Thus the existence of a whole‐system organisational model that might itself be systematically subjected to scientific verification plus a developing science about the person‐ of‐the‐brain, begins to create the possibility of a unified theory of the individual and the organisation. Both come together around a theory of mind that proposes information, energy and relationship as the key components of mind; which is itself a special product of the way the human brain organises itself. The model of mind as shown in Figure 3.2 below,
developed by the interpersonal neurobiologist Siegel (1999), describes a basic working model of both the individual and the organisation, where energy is defined by the quality or quantum of the relationships between the spheres.
Figure 3.2 ‐ Key Functions of the Mind (Adapted from Siegel 1999)
Figure 3.3 shows the outline definition of the SOFI model and its eleven elements. In practical application this is operated through a 66‐item questionnaire in which the statements are specific to whatever organisational or community is under consideration (the 'focal point' question). The model is configurable and allows any community or question to be modelled. This allows SOFI to be used across domains for the real time analysis of relationships dynamics and interaction effects (influences) by simultaneous analysis of qualitative and quantitative data sources.
Figure 3.3 ‐ Elemental structure of an Organisation or Community as modelled by SOFI
SOFI System © Phillip Cousins, Diane Downs 1985‐2016 SOFI Executive Systems LLC. Applies to all maps,
matrices, diagrams, rules, functions, Logic, Infographs, Analytics and other elements related to the SOFI system.
Used with permission.
The interconnectedness between the Spheres is determined heuristically by the agreement of respondents with the survey statements. This agreement can be mapped by links between the Spheres that show where energy (functional interconnectedness of the parts) is flowing and, through the absence of links, where the system is blocked. An overall 'Diagnostic' facility is established by each individual allocating traffic light colours ‐ red, amber and green, defining the quantum of the relationship. The system displays the results via the traffic light dashboard providing a very insightful map of the communities’ condition and relationships. The system allows for a series of "worlds" to be defined enabling the comparison of communities either with other datasets or to enable a time element to be mapped, giving visibility as to how communities develop over time. This multi‐world view has the potential to enable an analytical relationship to be created between the community
world and the building physics through careful development of questions and relationships and forming a double loop in the terms of the Argyris (2002) work between the community and the building physics enabling both to learn from each other and ultimately providing the analytical data to create an "actionable" item or an adjustment to the project brief or the way the users occupy and use the asset.
The results of this approach indicate that perception could be measured and there was a reliable perceptible difference depending upon the scenarios. However, the system is highly configurable which is both a strength and a necessary condition when it comes to providing a reliable and repeatable set of data to analyse, not only through the cross section of an asset or community, but across many assets or services and over a long period of time. The approach does differ from the TASIT approach in that it can be linked to different parts of the community and this may be an essential capability as a deeper understanding emerges
of how the community perceives each part of the buildings or assets they occupy. It further defines eleven core activities to measure social impacts in a double loop learning
system that facilitates testing of single loop systems such as building physics data. The adaptive design allows us to configure the system to interface with apply data set, enabling a double loop learning function in the Test Bench.