• In Chapter 2, we applied the classical electronics know-how regarding interconnect routing to provide a concrete procedure for fan-out scalability analysis. The
150 Chapter 7. Concluding Remarks
results not only indicate the potential scalability bottleneck but, more importantly, highlight the need for innovative solutions w.r.t. the scale-up of quantum circuits. • In Chapter 3, we derived a continuous measurement feedback scheme that can be
used for topological quantum error codes. Quantum control modelling techniques, namely the Quantum Stochastic Differential Equation (QSDE) and the (S, L, H) model are demonstrated in designing the controller to tackle the problem of correcting surface code qubit lattice automatically.
• In Chapter 4, we take a step back and look at the problem of quantum decoherence at a fundamental/theoretical level. In particular, we demonstrated a pathway to the synthesis of the so-called decoherence-free subsystem (DFS) via quantum coherent feedback. Despite not being universal, the technique is nonetheless applicable to a wide variety of passive quantum systems. Furthermore, we adopted the Lyapunov formalism to the design and synthesis of passive quantum error correction.
• In Chapter 5, we summarised the quantum programming suite which includes the definition of a gate-based quantum assembly language, the design of a quantum programming work-flow, and most importantly the implementation of a high- performance quantum simulator. The framework that we derived bridges the gap between computer science and quantum physics hence assists the development and testing of quantum algorithms and application.
• In Chapter 6, we demonstrated that a digital quantum simulator, such as LIQU i|⟩
is capable of simulating quantum open systems using the input-output formalism. This bridges the gap between gate-based quantum computation and open quantum system approaches.
7.2
The Way Forward
Quantum computing architecture is a rapidly-evolving field which takes advantages of both the academic and industry research. For example, the surface-code quantum error correction, which is currently state-of-the-art, could be surpassed by other codes. Also, all the assumptions about the qubit devices in terms of geometry, operating conditions,
7.2 The Way Forward 151
and characteristics could dramatically change in the near future given the substantial investment of technology companies around the world.
Hence, the study of quantum computing architecture needs to keep up with the rate of development in the field. In particular, the fan-out scalability study in Chapter 2 has laid the foundation for other types of scalability analysis where we could predict in advance potential scaling issues and hence adjust the design to circumvent such limitation.
Control and coherence of large quantum systems remain one of the most challenging aspects of quantum technologies. Quantum control engineering is still an emerging field, yet very promising. Indeed, we can translate many quantum computing problems into control problems as what we demonstrated in this thesis with the quantum error cor- rection. Quantum control could provide a scalable approach, given its autonomous and passive nature, toward the construction of large quantum networks which is crucial for quantum computation. The problem of quantum decoherence suppression or elimination is particularly well-suited to quantum control engineering.
Last but not least, the software stack will play a vital role in the roll out of any future quantum computing platforms. At this stage, the lack of real quantum hardware is the limiting factor in quantum application development. However, as the field progresses, the need for an end-to-end quantum software development environment will become more prevalent. This area, in particular, requires a strong collaboration between academic and industry. The ultimate goal is to provide quantum software engineers with the tools they need to explore and fully-utilise the capability of quantum computers.
References
[QSh] Microsoft quantum development kit. https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/quantum/ ?view=qsharp-preview. Accessed: 2019-04-27.
[2] Aasen, D., Hell, M., Mishmash, R. V., Higginbotham, A., Danon, J., Leijnse, M., Jespersen, T. S., Folk, J. A., Marcus, C. M., Flensberg, K., et al. (2016). Milestones toward majorana-based quantum computing. Physical Review X, 6(3):031016. [3] Abhari, A. J., Faruque, A., Dousti, M. J., Svec, L., Catu, O., Chakrabati, A., Chiang,
C.-F., Vanderwilt, S., Black, J., and Chong, F. (2012). Scaffold: Quantum program- ming language. Technical report, PRINCETON UNIV NJ DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.
[4] Ahn, C., Doherty, A. C., and Landahl, A. J. (2002). Continuous quantum error correction via quantum feedback control. Physical Review A, 65(4):042301.
[5] Ahn, C., Wiseman, H. M., and Milburn, G. (2003). Quantum error correction for continuously detected errors. Physical Review A, 67(5):052310.
[6] Altafini, C. and Ticozzi, F. (2012). Modeling and control of quantum systems: an introduction. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 57(8):18981917.
[7] Amini, H., Somaraju, R. A., Dotsenko, I., Sayrin, C., Mirrahimi, M., and Rou- chon, P. (2013). Feedback stabilization of discrete-time quantum systems sub- ject to non-demolition measurements with imperfections and delays. Automatica, 49(9):26832692.
[8] Aspuru-Guzik, A., Dutoi, A. D., Love, P. J., and Head-Gordon, M. (2005). Simulated quantum computation of molecular energies. Science, 309(5741):17041707.
[9] Auth, C., Allen, C., Blattner, A., Bergstrom, D., Brazier, M., Bost, M., Buehler, M., Chikarmane, V., Ghani, T., Glassman, T., et al. (2012). A 22nm high performance and low-power cmos technology featuring fully-depleted tri-gate transistors, self- aligned contacts and high density mim capacitors. InVLSI Technology (VLSIT), 2012 Symposium on, page 131132. IEEE.
[10] Awschalom, D. D., Bassett, L. C., Dzurak, A. S., Hu, E. L., and Petta, J. R. (2013). Quantum spintronics: engineering and manipulating atom-like spins in semiconductors. Science, 339(6124):11741179.
[11] Baart, T., Jovanovic, N., Reichl, C., Wegscheider, W., and Vandersypen, L. (2016a). Nanosecond-timescale spin transfer using individual electrons in a quadruple- quantum-dot device. Applied Physics Letters, 109(4):043101.
154 REFERENCES
[12] Baart, T. A., Shafiei, M., Fujita, T., Reichl, C., Wegscheider, W., and Vandersypen, L. M. K. (2016b). Single-spin ccd. Nature nanotechnology.
[13] Bao, T., Yakimets, D., Ryckaert, J., Ciofi, I., Baert, R., Veloso, A., Boemmels, J., Collaert, N., Roussel, P., Demuynck, S., Raghavan, P., Mercha, A., Tokei, Z., Verkest, D., Thean, A.-Y., and Wambacq, P. (2014). Circuit and process co-design with vertical gate-all-around nanowire fet technology to extend cmos scaling for 5nm and beyond technologies. InSolid State Device Research Conference (ESSDERC), 2014 44th European, page 102105.
[14] Barnes, J. P. and Warren, W. S. (2000). Automatic quantum error correction. Phys. Rev. Lett., 85:856859.
[15] Barrett, S. D. and Stace, T. M. (2010). Fault tolerant quantum computation with very high threshold for loss errors. Physical review letters, 105(20):200502.
[16] Bellman, R. (1962). Vector lyanpunov functions. SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 1(1):32.
[17] Bose, S. (2003). Quantum communication through an unmodulated spin chain.
Phys. Rev. Lett., 91:207901.
[18] Bouten, L., Van Handel, R., and James, M. R. (2007). An introduction to quantum filtering. SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 46(6):21992241.
[19] Breuer, H.-P. and Petruccione, F. (2002). The theory of open quantum systems. Oxford University Press on Demand.
[20] Castelvecchi, D. et al. (2017). Quantum cloud goes commercial. Nature, 543(7644):159159.
[21] Chase, B. A., Landahl, A. J., and Geremia, J. (2008). Efficient feedback controllers for continuous-time quantum error correction. Phys. Rev. A, 77:032304.
[22] Chen, C.-T. (1973). A generalization of the inertia theorem. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 25(2):158161.
[23] Christandl, M., Datta, N., Ekert, A., and Landahl, A. J. (2004). Perfect state transfer in quantum spin networks. Phys. Rev. Lett., 92:187902.
[24] Ciliberto, C., Herbster, M., Ialongo, A. D., Pontil, M., Rocchetto, A., Severini, S., and Wossnig, L. (2018). Quantum machine learning: a classical perspective. Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 474(2209):20170551.
[25] Coecke, B. and Duncan, R. (2011). Interacting quantum observables: categorical algebra and diagrammatics. New Journal of Physics, 13(4):043016.
[26] Cohen, J. and Mirrahimi, M. (2014). Dissipation-induced continuous quantum error correction for superconducting circuits. Phys. Rev. A, 90:062344.
REFERENCES 155
[27] Colless, J. I., Mahoney, A. C., Hornibrook, J. M., Doherty, A. C., Lu, H., Gossard, A. C., and Reilly, D. J. (2013). Dispersive readout of a few-electron double quantum dot with fast rf gate sensors. Phys. Rev. Lett., 110:046805.
[28] Copsey, D., Oskin, M., Impens, F., Metodiev, T., Cross, A., Chong, F. T., Chuang, I. L., and Kubiatowicz, J. (2003). Toward a scalable, silicon-based quantum com- puting architecture. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of, 9(6):15521569.
[29] Deng, G.-W., Wei, D., Li, S.-X., Johansson, J., Kong, W.-C., Li, H.-O., Cao, G., Xiao, M., Guo, G.-C., Nori, F., et al. (2015). Coupling two distant double quantum dots with a microwave resonator. Nano letters, 15(10):66206625.
[30] Dennis, E., Kitaev, A., Landahl, A., and Preskill, J. (2002). Topological quantum memory. Journal of Mathematical Physics, 43(9):44524505.
[31] Dennis, G. R., Hope, J. J., and Johnsson, M. T. (2013). Xmds2: Fast, scalable simulation of coupled stochastic partial differential equations. Comput Phys Commun, 184(1):201208.
[32] Devitt, S. J., Fowler, A. G., Stephens, A. M., Greentree, A. D., Hollenberg, L. C., Munro, W. J., and Nemoto, K. (2009). Architectural design for a topological cluster state quantum computer. New Journal of Physics, 11(8):083032.
[33] Devoret, M. H. and Schoelkopf, R. J. (2013). Superconducting circuits for quantum information: an outlook. Science, 339(6124):11691174.
[34] Divincenzo, D. P. (2000). The physical implementation of quantum computation.
Fortschr. Phys, 48:2000.
[35] DiVincenzo, D. P. (2009). Fault-tolerant architectures for superconducting qubits.
Physica Scripta, 2009(T137):014020.
[36] Dong, D. and Petersen, I. R. (2010). Quantum control theory and applications: a survey. IET Control Theory & Applications, 4(12):26512671.
[37] Dowling, J. P. and Milburn, G. J. (2003). Quantum technology: the second quantum revolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 361(1809):16551674.
[38] Dreher, L., Hoehne, F., Stutzmann, M., and Brandt, M. S. (2012). Nuclear spins of ionized phosphorus donors in silicon. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108:027602.
[39] Dunjko, V. and Briegel, H. J. (2018). Machine learning & artificial intelligence in the quantum domain: a review of recent progress. Reports on Progress in Physics, 81(7):074001.
[40] Dzurak, A. S. (2016). Spin-based quantum computing in silicon CMOS-compatible platforms. In 2016 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), page 13.2.113.2.2.
156 REFERENCES
[41] Fleischhauer, M. and Lukin, M. D. (2000). Dark-state polaritons in electromagneti- cally induced transparency. Phys. Rev. Lett., 84:50945097.
[42] Fowler, A. G. (2013). Coping with qubit leakage in topological codes. Phys. Rev. A, 88:042308.
[43] Fowler, A. G., Mariantoni, M., Martinis, J. M., and Cleland, A. N. (2012a). Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation. Phys. Rev. A, 86:032324. [44] Fowler, A. G. and Martinis, J. M. (2014). Quantifying the effects of local
many-qubit errors and nonlocal two-qubit errors on the surface code. Phys. Rev. A, 89:032316.
[45] Fowler, A. G., Stephens, A. M., and Groszkowski, P. (2009). High-threshold universal quantum computation on the surface code. Phys. Rev. A, 80:052312. [46] Fowler, A. G., Whiteside, A. C., and Hollenberg, L. C. L. (2012b). Towards
practical classical processing for the surface code. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108:180501. [47] Fuechsle, M., Miwa, J. A., Mahapatra, S., Ryu, H., Lee, S., Warschkow, O.,
Hollenberg, L. C., Klimeck, G., and Simmons, M. Y. (2012). A single-atom transistor.
Nature Nanotechnology, 7(4):242246.
[48] Fuhrer, A., Fuchsle, M., Reusch, T., Weber, B., and Simmons, M. (2009). Atomic- scale, all epitaxial in-plane gated donor quantum dot in silicon. Nano letters, 9(2):707710.
[49] Gardiner, C. and Zoller, P. (2004). Quantum noise: a handbook of Markovian and non-Markovian quantum stochastic methods with applications to quantum optics, volume 56. Springer Science & Business Media.
[50] Gardiner, C. W. and Collett, M. J. (1985). Input and output in damped quantum systems: Quantum stochastic differential equations and the master equation. Phys. Rev. A, 31:37613774.
[51] Gonzalez-Zalba, M., Barraud, S., Ferguson, A., and Betz, A. (2015). Probing the limits of gate-based charge sensing. Nature communications, 6.
[52] Gottesman, D. (1996). Class of quantum error-correcting codes saturating the quantum hamming bound. Phys. Rev. A, 54:18621868.
[53] Gottesman, D. (1997). Stabilizer codes and quantum error correction. arXiv preprint quant-ph/9705052.
[54] Gottesman, D. (2010). An introduction to quantum error correction and fault- tolerant quantum computation. InQuantum information science and its contributions to mathematics, Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, volume 68, page 1358.
[55] Gough, J. and James, M. (2009a). Quantum feedback networks: Hamiltonian formulation. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 287(3):11091132.
REFERENCES 157
[56] Gough, J. and James, M. R. (2009b). The series product and its application to quantum feedforward and feedback networks. Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on, 54(11):25302544.
[57] Gough, J. E. and James, M. R. (2017). The series product for gaussian quantum input processes. Reports on Mathematical Physics, 79(1):111133.
[58] Gough, J. E., James, M. R., Nurdin, H. I., and Combes, J. (2012). Quantum filtering for systems driven by fields in single-photon states or superposition of coherent states.
Phys. Rev. A, 86:043819.
[59] Gough, J. E. and Zhang, G. (2015). On realization theory of quantum linear systems. Automatica, 59:139151.
[60] Green, A. S., Lumsdaine, P. L., Ross, N. J., Selinger, P., and Valiron, B. (2013). Quipper: a scalable quantum programming language. In ACM SIGPLAN Notices, volume 48, page 333342. ACM.
[61] Greentree, A. D., Cole, J. H., Hamilton, A. R., and Hollenberg, L. C. L. (2004). Coherent electronic transfer in quantum dot systems using adiabatic passage. Phys. Rev. B, 70:235317.
[62] Grover, L. K. (1996). A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search. InProceedings of the twenty-eighth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing, page 212219. ACM.
[63] Haddad, W. M. and Chellaboina, V. (2008). Nonlinear dynamical systems and control: a Lyapunov-based approach. Princeton University Press.
[64] Hanson, R., Kouwenhoven, L. P., Petta, J. R., Tarucha, S., and Vandersypen, L. M. K. (2007). Spins in few-electron quantum dots. Rev. Mod. Phys., 79:12171265. [65] Harrow, A. W., Hassidim, A., and Lloyd, S. (2009). Quantum algorithm for linear
systems of equations. Phys. Rev. Lett., 103:150502.
[66] Hein, M., Eisert, J., and Briegel, H. J. (2004). Multiparty entanglement in graph states. Phys. Rev. A, 69:062311.
[67] Hempel, C., Maier, C., Romero, J., McClean, J., Monz, T., Shen, H., Jurcevic, P., Lanyon, B. P., Love, P., Babbush, R., Aspuru-Guzik, A., Blatt, R., and Roos, C. F. (2018). Quantum chemistry calculations on a trapped-ion quantum simulator. Phys. Rev. X, 8:031022.
[68] Hermelin, S., Takada, S., Yamamoto, M., Tarucha, S., Wieck, A. D., Saminadayar, L., Brle, C., and Meunier, T. (2011). Electrons surfing on a sound wave as a platform for quantum optics with flying electrons. Nature, 477(7365):435438.
[69] Herrera-Mart. A., Fowler, A. G., Jennings, D., and Rudolph, T. (2010). Photonic implementation for the topological cluster-state quantum computer. Phys. Rev. A, 82:032332.
158 REFERENCES
[70] Hill, C. D., Hollenberg, L. C. L., Fowler, A. G., Wellard, C. J., Greentree, A. D., and Goan, H.-S. (2005). Global control and fast solid-state donor electron spin quantum computing. Phys. Rev. B, 72:045350.
[71] Hill, C. D., Peretz, E., Hile, S. J., House, M. G., Fuechsle, M., Rogge, S., Simmons, M. Y., and Hollenberg, L. C. L. (2015). A surface code quantum computer in silicon.
Science Advances, 1(9).
[72] Hoefflinger, B. (2012). Chips 2020: a guide to the future of nanoelectronics. Springer.
[73] Hollenberg, L., Greentree, A., Fowler, A., and Wellard, C. (2006). Two-dimensional architectures for donor-based quantum computing. Physical Review B, 74(4):045311. [74] Hornibrook, J., Colless, J., Mahoney, A., Croot, X., Blanvillain, S., Lu, H., Gossard, A., and Reilly, D. (2014). Frequency multiplexing for readout of spin qubits. Applied Physics Letters, 104(10):103108.
[75] Horsman, C., Fowler, A. G., Devitt, S., and Meter, R. V. (2012). Surface code quantum computing by lattice surgery. New Journal of Physics, 14(12):123011. [76] Hou, S. C., Khan, M. A., Yi, X. X., Dong, D., and Petersen, I. R. (2012). Optimal
lyapunov-based quantum control for quantum systems. Phys. Rev. A, 86:022321. [77] House, M., Kobayashi, T., Weber, B., Hile, S., Watson, T., van der Heijden,
J., Rogge, S., and Simmons, M. (2015). Radio frequency measurements of tunnel couplings and singlet-triplet spin states in Si: P quantum dots.Nature communications, 6.
[78] Hsu, K.-C. and Brun, T. A. (2016). Method for quantum-jump continuous-time quantum error correction. Phys. Rev. A, 93:022321.
[79] Hudson, R. L. and Parthasarathy, K. R. (1984). Quantum ito’s formula and stochas- tic evolutions. Communications in Mathematical Physics, 93(3):301323.
[80] Hush, M., Carvalho, A., Hedges, M., and James, M. (2013). Analysis of the operation of gradient echo memories using a quantum input-output model. New J. Phys, 15(8):085020.
[81] Hr, T., Steiger, D. S., Smelyanskiy, M., and Troyer, M. (2016). High performance emulation of quantum circuits. InProceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis, page 74. IEEE Press.
[82] Ippoliti, M., Mazza, L., Rizzi, M., and Giovannetti, V. (2015). Perturbative approach to continuous-time quantum error correction. Phys. Rev. A, 91:042322. [83] James, M. R. and Gough, J. (2010). Quantum dissipative systems and feed-
back control design by interconnection. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 55(8):18061821.
REFERENCES 159
[84] James, M. R. and Nurdin, H. I. (2015). A tutorial introduction to quantum feedback control. In2015 IEEE Conference on Control Applications (CCA), page 112. [85] Johansson, J., Nation, P., and Nori, F. (2012). Qutip: An open-source python
framework for the dynamics of open quantum systems. Comput Phys Commun, 183(8):17601772.
[86] Jones, N. C., Van Meter, R., Fowler, A. G., McMahon, P. L., Kim, J., Ladd, T. D., and Yamamoto, Y. (2012). Layered architecture for quantum computing. Phys. Rev. X, 2:031007.
[87] Kane, B. E. (1998). A silicon-based nuclear spin quantum computer. Nature, 393(6681):133137.
[88] Kapit, E., Chalker, J. T., and Simon, S. H. (2015). Passive correction of quantum logical errors in a driven, dissipative system: A blueprint for an analog quantum code fabric. Phys. Rev. A, 91:062324.
[89] KawakamiE, ScarlinoP, Ward, D. R., Braakman, F. R., Savage, D. E., Lagally, M. G., Friesen, M., Coppersmith, S. N., Eriksson, M. A., and Vandersypen, L. M. K. (2014). Electrical control of a long-lived spin qubit in a Si/SiGe quantum dot. Nature nanotechnology, 9(9):666670.
[90] Kerckhoff, J., Nurdin, H. I., Pavlichin, D. S., and Mabuchi, H. (2010). Design- ing quantum memories with embedded control: Photonic circuits for autonomous quantum error correction. Phys. Rev. Lett., 105:040502.
[91] Kerckhoff, J., Pavlichin, D. S., Chalabi, H., and Mabuchi, H. (2011). Design of nanophotonic circuits for autonomous subsystem quantum error correction. New Journal of Physics, 13(5):055022.
[92] Kielpinski, D., Monroe, C., and Wineland, D. J. (2002). Architecture for a large- scale ion-trap quantum computer. Nature, 417(6890):709.
[93] Kienzler, D., Lo, H.-Y., Keitch, B., de Clercq, L., Leupold, F., Lindenfelser, F., Marinelli, M., Negnevitsky, V., and Home, J. (2015). Quantum harmonic oscillator state synthesis by reservoir engineering. Science, 347(6217):5356.
[94] Kitaev, A. Y. (2003). Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons. Annals of Physics, 303(1):230.
[95] Knill, E., Laflamme, R., and Viola, L. (2000). Theory of quantum error correction for general noise. Phys. Rev. Lett., 84:25252528.
[96] Kraus, K., Bhm, A., Dollard, J., and Wootters, W. (1983). States, effects, and operations fundamental notions of quantum theory. InStates, Effects, and Operations Fundamental Notions of Quantum Theory, volume 190.
[97] Krauter, H., Muschik, C. A., Jensen, K., Wasilewski, W., Petersen, J. M., Cirac, J. I., and Polzik, E. S. (2011). Entanglement generated by dissipation and steady state entanglement of two macroscopic objects. Physical review letters, 107(8):080503.
160 REFERENCES
[98] Kuang, S. and Cong, S. (2008). Lyapunov control methods of closed quantum systems. Automatica, 44(1):98108.
[99] Lidar, D. A. and Brun, T. A. (2013). Quantum error correction. Cambridge University Press.
[100] Liu, X. and Kubiatowicz, J. (2013). Chisel-q: Designing quantum circuits with a scala embedded language. InComputer Design (ICCD), 2013 IEEE 31st International Conference on, page 427434. IEEE.
[101] Loss, D. and DiVincenzo, D. P. (1998). Quantum computation with quantum dots.
Physical Review A, 57(1):120.
[102] Maalouf, A. I. and Petersen, I. R. (2011a). Bounded real properties for a class of annihilation-operator linear quantum systems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 56(4):786801.
[103] Maalouf, A. I. and Petersen, I. R. (2011b). Coherenth∞control for a class of annihilation operator linear quantum systems. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 56(2):309319.
[104] Mabuchi, H. (2008). Coherent-feedback quantum control with a dynamic com- pensator. Phys. Rev. A, 78:032323.
[105] Mabuchi, H. (2009a). Cavity-qed models of switches for attojoule-scale nanopho- tonic logic. Phys. Rev. A, 80:045802.
[106] Mabuchi, H. (2009b). Continuous quantum error correction as classical hybrid control. New Journal of Physics, 11(10):105044.
[107] Mabuchi, H. (2011). Nonlinear interferometry approach to photonic sequential logic. Appl. Phys. Lett., 99(15):153103.
[108] Mariantoni, M., Wang, H., Yamamoto, T., Neeley, M., Bialczak, R. C., Chen, Y., Lenander, M., Lucero, E., O’connell, A., Sank, D., et al. (2011). Implementing the quantum von neumann architecture with superconducting circuits. Science, 334(6052):6165.
[109] McClean, J. R., Kivlichan, I. D., Sung, K. J., Steiger, D. S., Cao, Y., Dai, C., Fried, E. S., Gidney, C., Gimby, B., Gokhale, P., et al. (2017). Openfermion: the electronic structure package for quantum computers. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.07629.
[110] McNeil, R., Kataoka, M., Ford, C., Barnes, C., Anderson, D., Jones, G., Farrer, I., and Ritchie, D. (2011). On-demand single-electron transfer between distant quantum dots. Nature, 477(7365):439442.
[111] Menchon-Enrich, R., Benseny, A., Ahufinger, V., Greentree, A. D., Busch, T., and Mompart, J. (2016). Spatial adiabatic passage: a review of recent progress. Reports on Progress in Physics, 79(7):074401.
[112] Mirrahimi, M. and Van Handel, R. (2007). Stabilizing feedback controls for quantum systems. SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 46(2):445467.
REFERENCES 161
[113] Moessenboeck, H. (1990). Coco/R: A Generator for Fast Compiler Front-Ends. Citeseer.
[114] Monroe, C. and Kim, J. (2013). Scaling the ion trap quantum processor. Science, 339(6124):11641169.
[115] Morello, A., Dzurak, A., Huebl, H.-G., Clark, R. G., Van Beveren, L. H. W., Hollenberg, L. C. L., Jamieson, D. N., and Escott, C. (2013). Control and readout of electron or hole spin. US Patent 8,507,894.
[116] Muhonen, J. T., Dehollain, J. P., Laucht, A., Hudson, F. E., Kalra, R., Sekiguchi, T., Itoh, K. M., Jamieson, D. N., McCallum, J. C., Dzurak, A. S., and Morello, A. (2014). Storing quantum information for 30 seconds in a nanoelectronic device.
Nature nanotechnology, 9(12):986991.
[117] Nadj-Perge, S., Drozdov, I. K., Li, J., Chen, H., Jeon, S., Seo, J., MacDonald, A. H., Bernevig, B. A., and Yazdani, A. (2014). Observation of majorana fermions in ferromagnetic atomic chains on a superconductor. Science, 346(6209):602607. [118] Nagayama, S., Fowler, A. G., Horsman, D., Devitt, S. J., and Van Meter, R.
(2017). Surface code error correction on a defective lattice. New Journal of Physics, 19(2):023050.
[119] Natarajan, S., Agostinelli, M., Akbar, S., Bost, M., Bowonder, A., Chikarmane, V., Chouksey, S., Dasgupta, A., Fischer, K., Fu, Q., et al. (2014). A 14nm logic technology featuring 2nd-generation finfet, air-gapped interconnects, self-aligned double patterning and a 0.0588µm2SRAM cell size. InElectron Devices Meeting (IEDM), 2014 IEEE International, page 37. IEEE.
[120] Nguyen, T., Miao, Z., Pan, Y., Amini, N., Ugrinovskii, V., and James, M. R. (2017). Pole placement approach to coherent passive reservoir engineering for storing quantum information. InAmerican Control Conference (ACC), 2017, page 234239. IEEE.
[121] Nielsen, M. A. (2004). Optical quantum computation using cluster states. Phys. Rev. Lett., 93:040503.
[122] Nielsen, M. A. and Chuang, I. L. (2010). Quantum computation and quantum information. Cambridge university press.
[123] Nigg, S. E., Fuhrer, A., and Loss, D. (2017). Superconducting grid-bus surface code architecture for hole-spin qubits. Phys. Rev. Lett., 118:147701.
[124] Nowack, K., Shafiei, M., Laforest, M., Prawiroatmodjo, G., Schreiber, L., Reichl, C., Wegscheider, W., and Vandersypen, L. (2011). Single-shot correlations and two-qubit gate of solid-state spins. Science, 333(6047):12691272.
[125] Nurdin, H. I. (2014). Quantum filtering for multiple input multiple output systems driven by arbitrary zero-mean jointly gaussian input fields. Russian Journal of