Sweden: Protestant

Total Force: 44,125 (Sweden: 26,800 (19,100 inf/7,700 horse) Casualties: 2,100 (700 KIA, 1,400 wounded/missing)

Overall Commander: King Gustavus Adolphus Vasa of Sweden and Finland

Front Line: Left

Marshal Gustav Karlsson Horn Front Line: Right

Gen. Sir Johann Banér (2^nd in command)

“Commanded” Musketeer Reserve (8 companies)/Gen. Johann Banér (German)

Front Line: Center Gen. Maximilian Teuffel

1. Baudissin Cuirassier Regiment (12 companies)/General Wulf Heinrich von Baudissin (German).

2. Caldenbach Cuirassier Regiment (8 companies)/Col. Moritz Pensen von Caldenbach (German).

3. Horn Cuirassier Regiment (8 companies)/Marshal Gustav Horn (German).

4. “Blue” Brigade: Gen. Hans Georg aus dem Winckel (573 Pike-men/1,022 Musketeers).

a. “Blue” Infantry Regiment (12 companies)/Gen. Hans Georg aus dem Winckel (German).

b. “Red” Infantry Regiment (12 companies)/Col. Giesebrecht von Hegendorf (German).

5. Erik Hand Brigade: Gen. Erik Hand (636 Pikemen/1,062 Mus-keteers).

a. Östergötland Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Gen. Erik Hand (Swedish).

b. Dalsland Infantry Squadron (4 companies)/Col.Wilhelm von Salzburg (Swedish).

c. Västergötland Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Col. Karl Hård (Swedish).

6. “Yellow” Brigade: Gen. Maximilian Teuffel (604 Pike-men/870 Musketeers).

a. “Yellow” (Gula) Infantry Regiment (12 companies)/Gen.

Maximilian Teuffel (German).

b. Chemnitz Infantry Squadron (4 companies)/Col. Niklas von Chemnitz (German).

7. Åke Oxenstierna Brigade: Gen. Åke Gustafsson Oxenstierna (591 Pikemen/1,140 Musketeers).

a. Dalarna (Dalregementet) Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (7 companies)/Gen. Åke Gustafsson Oxenstierna (Swedish).

b. Uppland, Närke, and Värmland Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (8 companies)/Lt. Col. Axel Gustavsson Lillie (Swedish).

c. Finns Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (8 companies)/Col. Klas Hastfehr (Finnish).

8. Östgöta Horsemen (Veteran) (4 companies)/Col. Claus Dietrich “Sperreuter” (Swedish).

9. Småland Horsemen (Veteran) (8 companies)/Fredrik Sten-bock (Swedish).

10. Västgöta Horsemen (Veteran) (8 companies)/Col. Erik Soop (Swedish).

11. Finland (Light) Horsemen (Veteran) (12 companies)/Gen.

Åke Henriksson Tott (Finnish).

12. 2^nd Squadron (Veteran) (4 companies)/Col. Reinhold Wunsch (Finnish).

13. 1^st Squadron (Veteran) (4 companies)/Lt. Colonel Torsten Tor-stensson Stålhandske (Finnish).

strategy & tactics 41

42 #235

14. Ortenburg Cuirassier Regiment (The King’s “Life Regiment of Horse”) (10 companies)/Col. Johann Philip von Ortenburg (Latvian).

15. John Ruthwenn Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Lt. Col.

John Ruthwenn (German).

16. Rosen Infantry Regiment (12 companies)/Col. Reinhold von Rosen (German).

17. Waldstein Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Col. Berthold von Waldstein (German).

18. Rheingreven Cuirassier Regiment (Veteran)(15 companies)/

Otto Ludwig von Salm-Kyrburgh (German).

19. Courville Cuirassier Squadron (5 companies)/Col. Nicholas de Courville (German).

20. Hall Cuirassier Regiment (12 companies)/Col. Adolf Theodor von Efferen- Hall (German).

21. “Green” Brigade: Gen. John Hepburn (460 Pikemen/1,627 Musketeers).

a. “Green” (Grona) Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Gen. John Hepburn (German).

b. Foulis Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Lt. Col. Robert Mon-ro of Foulis (German).

c. Mitschefall Infantry Squadron (5 companies)/Col. Wilhelm Kasper von Mitschefall (German).

d. Bock Musketeer Regiment (8 companies)/Col. von Bock (Ger-man).

22. Scots Brigade: Col. James Lumsdaine (504 Pikemen/1,215 Musketeers).

a. Lumsdaine Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (8 companies)/Col.

James Lumsdaine (Scottish).

b. Mackay/Monro Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (8 companies)/

Col. Donald Mackay (Scottish).

c. Ramsey Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (8 companies)/Col. Sir James Ramsay (Scottish).

d. Hamilton Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (8 companies)/Col.

Sir John Hamilton (Scottish).

23. Von Thurn Brigade: General Heinrich Mathias von Thurn (697 Pikemen/1,585 Musketeers).

a. “Black” Infantry Regiment (Veteran) (8 companies)/Gen.

Heinrich Mathias von Thurn (German).

b. “Black” Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Col.Adolf The-odor von Efferen- Hall (German).

c. “Orange” Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Col. Johann Vitzthum von Eckstådt (German).

d. “White” Infantry Regiment (12 companies)/Col. Sigfrid von Dämitz (German).

e. “Brown” Infantry Regiment (8 companies)/Col. Melchior von Dargitz (German).

24. Taupadel Dragoon Squadron (4 companies)/Col. Georg Christof von Taupadel (German).

25. Dämitz Cuirassier Regiment (4 companies)/Col. Sigfrid von Dämitz (German).

26. Courland Cuirassier Squadron (4 companies)/Col. Ernst Dönhoff (Latvian).

27. Livonia Cuirassier Regiment (5 companies)/Lt. Col. Jürgen Aderkas (Latvian).

28. Schaffman Cuirassier Squadron (4 companies)/Col. Adam Schaffman (Czech/Silesian).

29. Kochtitzky Horse (4 companies)/Col. Andreas Kochtitzky

‘the Younger’ (Slav/Pomeranian).

Artillery (“Fixed” Ammunition enabled a high Rate of Fire) Field Pieces (under Colonel Lennart Torstensson)

12 x Quarter-Cannon (3 ahead of each front-line Brigade).

“Regimental” Pieces

42 x Minion (6/brigade- 3 on each flank) Organization/Tactics

Native conscript and foreign (German/Scottish)

merce-• nary.

Integrated, mutually-supporting unit.

• Disciplined for maneuver.

•

Liners distribution was better in defense than offense as

• units could dislocate (1/2 Regiments could be positioned to help overcome this).

Infantry Brigade

3 Squadrons/weak regiments.

•

Effective if formation is retained- too easily disrupted in

• combat.

T” formation with 1 forward and 2 in support (musketeers

• interspaced with pikemen).

Structure

Squadron/Regiment (1) Pikemen in front with musketeers

• behind (split, facing outward).

Squadron/Regiment (2 and 3) Pikemen at right angle from

• Squadron (1) with musketeers at flanks.

“Surplus” Musketeers in rear.

• 42 #235

strategy & tactics 43 References:

Arnold, Thomas F. MHQ, autumn 1995

Braunstein, Christian. Sveriges arméförband under 1900-talet. Stockholm: Stat-ens Försvarshistoriska Museer, 2003

Brzezinski, Richard and Hook, Richard. The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (1):

Infantry (235). London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1991

The Army of Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry (262). London: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1994

Evans, Michael and Ryan, Alan ed. Land Warfare Studies Centre Working Pa-per No. 122 From Breitenfeld to Baghdad Perspectives on Combined Arms Warfare. July 2003

Hall, A. R. Ballistics in the Seventeenth Century: A Study in the Relations of Science and War with Reference Principally to England. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1952.

Holmberg, Björn (1993). Arméns regementen, skolor och staber: en samman-ställning. Arvidsjaur: Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek

Junkelmann, Dr. Markus. Gustav Adolf: Schwedens Aufstieg zur Großmacht.

Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg October 1993

Nafziger, George. 30 Years War series. The Nafziger Collection.

Nelsson, Bertil (1993). Från Brunkeberg till Nordanvind: 500 år med svenskt infanteri. Stockholm: Probus

Parker, Geoffrey. The Thirty Years War. London: Routledge, 1997 Wedgwood, C.V. The Thirty Years War. London: Anchor Books, 1961 Närkingar in wars and peace. Närkes militärhistoria, part In. Foundation

Ner-ekies regementen 1989

(www.runeberg.org/nf/) Nordisk Familjebok: första utgåvan. (1876-1899).

Stockholm: Expeditionen af Nordisk familjebok. Online version at Projekt Runeberg

R. Ward. Animadversions of Warre: London 1639 Swedish General Staff history Sveriges Krig Regiment

8 companies (mercenary regiments had 12 or 16

compa-• nies).

Often organized in combat as 2 squadrons of 4 companies

• each.

Structure

216 Pikemen in front (36 rows x 6 deep/34m frontage)

• 192 Musketeers 16m back (32 rows x 6 deep/40m

front-• age).

96 “Surplus” Musketeers in rear (16 rows x 6 deep/20m

• frontage).

Musketeers

Trained to advance to either side of the pikemen or divide

• to support both flanks.

Volley Fire- 6 rows deep (3 ranks (knelt/stooped/stood)

• fired at a time.

Shock value

Point-blank salvos designed to break up enemy

forma-• tions.

Fire by Introduction- Advancing of successive firing ranks

• (generally with accompanying pikemen).

Fire by Retrograde- Withdrawing by successive firing ranks

• (generally with accompanying pikemen).

Doubling the Ranks- Double-frontage volley fire (difficult

• to undo).

Muskets protected by pikes.

•

Pikemen- Light Armor, pike, sword Horsemen

Deployed in 2-3 rows (Shallow).

• Trotter tactics- Attacked in 3 squadron lines- trot to 50-60m

• of the enemy then gallop to within 12m.

• ^st line rode in as a screen and fired pistols (3 – 4m).

• ^nd and 3^rd lines pushed into the enemy with pistols (3 – 4m) and swords.

Galloper tactics- Galloping advance with no firing.

• Difficult to control after the attack.

•

Fought like infantry on horseback, but not dismounting.

• Dragoons: Scouting, field engineering

The warlords: Wallenstein and Tilly.

strategy & tactics 43

44 #235

A t 5:00 a.m. on 10 May 1940, a dozen seaplanes coasted to a landing on the choppy waters of the River Maas in the heart of downtown Rotter-dam. From those seaplanes, 120 soldiers from the German 22

^nd

Airlanding Division climbed into the as-sault rafts they brought with them and paddled furiously for the shore. Their mission was to secure four bridges over the urban river. The capture of the bridges was deemed a vital part of the plan to seal off the Dutch “Fortress Hol-land” during the German invasion of the Low Countries that brisk spring morning.

The decision to use seaplanes in the vicinity of the bridges was a conscious one by Gen.-Lt. Kurt Student, who commanded the German airborne forces during the invasion. The location of the bridges in a built-up area pre-cluded the use of parachutes or gliders, and forced Student and his staff to think up creative methods to achieve their objectives. While the airlanding soldiers fought their way ashore, the airborne troops from Student’s 7

^th

Air Division were parachuting a short distance away into the stadium on the south bank of the river. They rushed to link up at the bridges, and together the two groups held on in the face of determined counterattacks by Dutch infantry.

A Brief History of the German

In document ST235-Web (Page 41-44)