Task 2: Literature review

This task is based on reviewing the critical literature review. The literature review has been divided to four main stages as follow:

6.4.2.1 Sub-task: Review design and architectural theories:

In this section of the research (see Chapter 2), architectural design theories since 1956 until the pre- sent have been reviewed. This review has covered various stages of architectural theories’ development. Reviewing the theories was to ensure there are no theories or approach that match the proposed theory and model.

6.4.2.2 Sub-task: Review the PD

PDS have been divided into three dimensions which are PLVT. Then their design elements have been determined. The PDS are revised and classified before being involved in PDF, in order to avoid repeating the PDS in this ATT; also, some strategies have dual functions, for example, a window could be PL and PV. They have been listed depending on their relation to design function as shown in Chapter 4. In this section also, some of the definitions of PDS have been reviewed, to see whether they are meeting EU needs or not and to see the contents of each definition.

6.4.2.3 Sub-task: suitable method

This deals with the process used to develop the conceptual model used in this research. The pro- cess consists of several iterative steps, as shown in Figure 6:1. The process starts by classifying PDS into three dimensions. Then, the PDS are reviewed to ensure that their functionality is designed based on EU needs.The third stage of the process is to search for a design paradigm that satisfies the condi- tions set in the previous step. A UCD theory, which is used in the IT industry, was investigated for its suitability for PBD processes (see Chapter 3). The researcher found that there was great similarity between IT systems and building design processes. Based on this finding, some aspects of the theory were modified to harmonise with PDHAs and contents. Figure 6:2 shows the process stages.

Review Design and Architecture theories Task 1

Investigate the suitable theory to integrate and select user needs

Passive Lighting Passive Ventilation Passive Heating

User Centred Design

ISO 13407 ISO 9126

Identify the Passive Design Human Attributes

Passive Design Functionality

Passive Design Perfor- mance

Passive Design Usabil- ity Passive Design Flexi-

bility

Passive Design Re- liability

Passive Design Main- tainability L it er a ture Rev iew

Task 3 _{Questionnaire Design and Development} Questionnaire Validation By Academic Experts

To Academics and practising architects Sample size and Delivering the

Questionnaire to the Respondents

Desig n Q ues tio n- na ire

Questionnaire Development By Researcher Select the software to insert the

questionnaire data

By Researcher

Task 4 Data Collection and Analysis

Descriptive statistics

Ranking the result based on user experience and professional role F

ind

ing

Task 5

Testing the tool with several case studies

UCP B D T o o l

Development of User Centred Passive Building Design (UCPBD) as- sessment tool

Conceptual model

UCPBD assessment tool Identify the passive design dimensions

Testing Hypothesis based on user experience and professional role Data Reduction and clustering

Discussion

Conclusion, Recommendation and Future work

Co nclus io n Task 6 Task 2

Introduction, aim, objectives, problem statement and hypothesis In

it ia l R esea rc h

Ethical approval University

Figure 6:2: The process of the research methods to develop a UCPBD conceptual model

This sub-task is to determine the theory that can be used to integrate EU needs into PD. For this reason, UCD is selected as the suitable theory, even though it is used in the IT industry. This theory is about integrating EU needs into software. One of the motivations for investigating this theory is that it has been applied in various sectors such as education and health. Also, during reviewing this theory, the researcher paid attention to classifying the EU who the design was made for. There are two main standards which are established based on this theory. ISO 13407 is the first one, which is about the design process approach that the designer can follow to ensure meeting EU needs. The other standard is ISO 9126, which is comprised of the software ATTs. It has been reviewed with regard to the possi- bility to use it in PD.

6.4.2.4 Sub-task: Conceptual model

In this stage, the conceptual model, which comprises PD dimensions, the UCD process (ISO13407) and PDHAs, has been identified. The methodology that is followed to develop the con- ceptual model is that based on critical analysis of the literature and prototype modelling. The analysis followed by this research is based on system development methods. The researcher has carried out an intensive literature review into UCD methods and factors in the building, engineering and IT indus- tries. The investigation spans from 1956 to date. The literature showed that there are no coherent models in the building industry that capture the total E-U factors as portrayed in ISO standards. How- ever, in the IT industry, the theory of UCD is well advanced and developed. Thus, the extracted knowledge from literature was classified according to ISO 13407 and ISO 9126 standards. Also, these standards are developed based on system development methods. Hence, the researcher used ISO 9126 to generate EUFs and ISO 13407 for developing a systematic process for integrating UFs into PD; and 132 EU factors were extracted. The selected UFs are currently being assessed for their effectiveness in satisfying EU needs (see Chapter 5).

6.4.2.5 Sub-task: Passive design human attributes

Classified PDHAs have been used to identify six main As, which are adopted based on ISO 9126. The first A is the PDF including PDS and it is classified into five main groups (site, orientation and vegetation, building form, space planning, roof and façade). Then, the EUFs have been extracted from reviewing the other five As which are PDP, PDU, PDFL, PDR and PDM. These As are classified based on ISO 9126 with modification to two As: efficiency and portability. Efficiency is replaced by performance, so that the performance is more comprehensive; and portability is replaced by flexibil- ity, which is more familiar in the building industry. Each one of them including several S-As which of course involved several EUFs. The main aim of this research is to classify the EUFs and harmonise them with PDS. For this reason six main As have been produced as main groups for EUFs. The As are as follows: PDF, PDP, PDU, PDFL, PDR and PDM (see Chapter 4). The EUFs which have been se- lected were extracted based on the literature review. Also, they have been adopted based on ISO 9126. 132 factors have been listed. Then, the list of EUFs has been related to the PDAs. The survey has been divided based on the six As.

The first ATT was PDF. The EUFs of this part have been listed under five main drivers (1) Site, orientation and vegetation (2) Building form (3) Façade and Envelope (4) Space planning and (5) Roof. The second A is about the PDP. Also, this A covered several EUFs which have been listed under seven main drivers: (1) Site performance, (2) Space performance (3) Thermal comfort (4) Ventilation (5) Lighting (6) Acoustic (7) Adequacy Consumption and Strategies. The third part was the usability, which included two main drivers: (1) Operability (2) Human Behaviour. The fourth part was PDF, which also included two main S-ATTs: (1) Future Adaptability (2) Flexible Space, to cover the list of EUFs. The fifth part was PDR which covered three drivers (1) Durability (2) Material reliability (3) Resilient. The final part was PDM, which included (1) Standardisation (2) Material (3) Accessibility. The list of As accounted for 132 factors, as shown in the following model and listed in Figure 6:3.

Figure 6:3: The total number of EUFs