Human resources in science and technology (HRST) comprise all people with either tertiary education or all people employed in professions where such an education is normally required. For the age group 25–64 years the average percentage of the economically active population that were classified as HRST in 2003 reached 39.8 % for the EU-25 and 41.2 % for the EU-15.
Map 7.2 shows a clear pattern among countries that the region where the capital city is located also has the highest concentration of HRST. This is true for regions such as Praha (55.7 %) in the Czech Republic, Attiki (40.5 %) in Greece, Île-de- France (56.8 %), Southern and Eastern Ireland (44.0 %), Közép-Magyarország (45.4 %) in Hun- gary, Wien (44.4 %) in Austria, Lisboa (30.5 %) in Portugal, Bratislavský (53.0 %) in Slovakia, Etelä-Suomi (55.0 %) in Finland, Stockholm (62.1 %) in Sweden, Yugozapaden (47.3 %) in Bulgaria and București (46.3 %) in Romania. For a few countries, regions outside the capital city have a nearly equal or, in some cases, even higher concentration of HRST. In Belgium, three regions are concerned: Prov. Brabant Wallon (72.7 %), Vlaams Brabant (54.7 %) and Prov. Liège (51.2 %) where more than half of the ac- tive population are classified as HRST, in addi- tion to the Région de Bruxelles-Capitale/Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (57.2 %) that contains Brussels.
This is also the case for five regions in Germany outside Berlin (56.0 %): Oberbayern (53.0 %), Darmstadt (52.4 %), Hamburg (51.7 %), Köln (50.4 %) and Karlsruhe (50.3 %), as well as for two regions in the Netherlands outside Noord- Holland (56.8 %): Utrecht (60.9 %) and Zuid- Holland (51.3 %), one region in Spain outside
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Comunidad de Madrid (50.9 %): Pais Vasco (53.7 %), and one region in the United Kingdom outside Inner London (61.0 %): Berkshire, Bucks and Oxfordshire (51.0 %).
For Poland, one region, Slaskie (31.3 %), outside Mazowieckie (35.7 %) that contains Warsaw has a higher concentration of HRST than 30 %. For Italy, the five regions with the highest values are Lazio (38.9 %) containing Rome, Liguria
(37.6 %), Umbria (35.0 %), Lombardia (33.8 %), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (33.7 %).
For some countries, the NUTS 2 level is equal to the national level with the following shares of hu- man resources in science and technology: Den- mark (51.0 %), Estonia (45.9 %), Cyprus (43.8 %), Latvia (34.8 %), Lithuania (35.4 %), Luxembourg (39.1 %), Malta (29.3 %) and Slovenia (37.6 %). ACORES P 0 100 MADEIRA P 025 CANARIAS E 0 100 GUADELOUPE F 0 25 MARTINIQUE F 0 20 REUNION F 0 20 GUYANE F 0 100 0 100 500 km 0 50 CYPRUS 0 10 MALTA
Human resources in science and technology
as a % of active population
2003 — NUTS 2
EU-25 = 39.8, EU-15 = 41.2 (Eurostat estimates) > 50
40–50 30–40 30
Data not available
Data for Brandenburg – Südwest (DE 42) is included in Brandenburg – Nordost (DE 41)
NL: 2002
Statistical data: Eurostat database: REGIO © EuroGeographics, for the administrative boundaries Cartography: Eurostat — GISCO, March 2005
Patents reflect part of countries’ or regions’ in- ventive activity. Patents also show the country’s or region’s capacity to exploit knowledge and trans- late it into potential economic gains. Therefore, patent statistics and indicators are widely ac- knowledged as output indicators linked to R & D
Map 7.3 shows patent applications per million in- habitants from different regions filed at the EPO during 2003, including both direct applications and applications filed under the Patents Coopera- tion Treaty (PCT) that designate the EPO. The re- gional distribution of patent applications is as-
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ACORES P 0 100 MADEIRA P 025 CANARIAS E 0 100 GUADELOUPE F 0 25 MARTINIQUE F 0 20 REUNION F 0 20 GUYANE F 0 100 0 100 500 km 0 50 CYPRUS 0 10 MALTAPatent applications filed to the EPO
per million inhabitants
2002 — NUTS 2
EU-25 = 133.6, EU-15 = 148.5 (Eurostat estimates) > 400
200–400 100–200 50–100
50
Data not available
CZ, HU, PL, SK, BG, RO: National level
Statistical data: Eurostat database: REGIO © EuroGeographics, for the administrative boundaries Cartography: Eurostat — GISCO, March 2005
signed according to the inventor’s place of resi- dence. If one application has more than one in- ventor, the application is divided equally among all of them and subsequently among their regions, thus avoiding double counting.
The average number of patent applications per million inhabitants for 2002 is estimated at 133.6 for the EU-25 and 148.5 for the EU-15. These es- timates are built on provisional data from EPO.
For the time being, patent statistics are only avail- able for the EU-15 at NUTS 2 level, although for six of the 10 new Member States, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Malta and Cyprus the na- tional level corresponds to the NUTS 2 level. The most outstanding cluster of high productive patenting regions is found in south-western Ger- many. This cluster also reaches into the neigh- bouring regions of eastern France, Austria and to
ACORES P 0 100 MADEIRA P 025 CANARIAS E 0 100 GUADELOUPE F 0 25 MARTINIQUE F 0 20 REUNION F 0 20 GUYANE F 0 100 0 100 500 km 0 50 CYPRUS 0 10 MALTA
Employment in high-tech and medium high-tech manufacturing
(as a % of total employment)
2003 — NUTS 2
EU-25 = 6.60, EU-15 = 7.10 (Eurostat estimates for 2003) > 10
7–10 5–7
5
Data not available
The data from NL are from 2002
Statistiscal data: Eurostat database: REGIO © EuroGeographics, for the administrative boundaries Cartography: Eurostat — GISCO, March 2005
Brabant in the Netherlands that has the highest patenting figure of all regions, 1 084 patents per million inhabitants. This cluster reaches from Bel- gium in the west, Luxemburg in the south into a stripe of more eastern regions.
In the United Kingdom, a band of regions with comparable high patenting activity goes from the
also found in north-eastern Scotland but the quite low population figures for this region makes it less important in absolute patent output.
Also in the Scandinavian Member States there is a stripe of highly active regions in patenting, begin- ning with Denmark in the south-west going through southern Sweden up to the Stockholm
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ACORES P 0 100 MADEIRA P 025 CANARIAS E 0 100 GUADELOUPE F 0 25 MARTINIQUE F 0 20 REUNION F 0 20 GUYANE F 0 100 0 100 500 km 0 50 CYPRUS 0 10 MALTA Employment in knowledge-intensive high-tech and market services(as a % of total employment)
2003 — NUTS 2
EU-25 = 10.40, EU-15 = 11.50 (Eurostat estimates for 2003) > 15
10–15 8–10
8
Data not available
The data from NL are from 2002
Statistical data: Eurostat database: REGIO © EuroGeographics, for the administrative boundaries Cartography: Eurostat — GISCO, March 2005
region. Southern European regions and the new Member States in general show rather low ratios of patent applications per million inhabitants at this stage.
Employment
in high-tech
manufacturing and
knowledge-intensive
services
In 2003, the employment in high-tech and medi- um high-tech manufacturing sectors shows an av- erage rate of 6.6 % of total employment in the EU-25 or 7.1 % in the EU-15 respectively. Many of the regions with the highest shares of employ- ment are located in Germany, Italy, France, Hun- gary or the Czech Republic.
These regions concentrate their economic activi- ties on aerospace, pharmaceuticals, computers, officer machinery, electrical machinery and elec- tronics, motor vehicles, chemicals or other related activities. Amongst new Member States, it is par- ticularly the Czech Republic and Hungary which show high shares of employment related to high- tech and medium high-tech industries, also based on the industrial base already existing there be- fore accession.
Under average shares of this high value added, creating employment is often found outside na- tional economic clusters, characterised by a lower level of industrialisation as such or by a different structure of economic activities, sometimes more oriented towards services. Examples are certain southern regions of Spain, Italy or also certain re- gions in Scandinavian countries.
The employment in knowledge-intensive high- tech and market services shows much less concen- tration across the EU. These services cover post and telecommunication, computer and related services, R & D, water and air transport and a certain selection of business services, with an av- erage share in the total employment for the EU-25 of 10.4 % and for the EU-15 of 11.5 %.
An over average share of persons are employed in those services in many regions in southern France, northern Italy or northern Spain. Also Belgium, the Netherlands, the southern regions of the United Kingdom, Denmark or a number of Scan- dinavian regions are characterised by a stronger presence of those services activities.
Compared to the regional distribution shown for the high-tech and medium high-tech manufactur- ing industries, the knowledge-intensive high-tech and market services often show a different re- gional pattern. This means that industrial clusters in certain manufacturing industries sometimes do not coincide with the regional distribution of the knowledge-intensive services which they use. This pattern can be found in Germany, France, the Netherlands or the United Kingdom.
Conclusion
Statistics on science, technology and innovation offer already a considerable choice of regional data across the various domains shown. A larger challenge in the years to come will be to produce also regional data on innovation. A first broader attempt in this direction is made with the fourth Community innovation survey (based on the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1450/2004) for which a number of countries will compile region- al results.