2. Kantian Cosmopolitanism
2.1 The First Article: Civic Right and Republican States
Vocabulary:
Write below your own vocabulary list.
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Traditional naming of inorganic compounds
Compuestos binarios
La primera palabra señala alguna característica general a un grupo grande de sustancias, por ejemplo: acido, hidróxido, etc. La segunda palabra señala la característica especial que permite distinguir la especie química:
Metal oxides
1. Oxido de + nombre del metal 2. Oxido metal+ico
In english
To name oxides according to the traditional nomenclature1 you need to learn a little system of prefixes and suffixes for the oxidation numbers.
If the metal has one oxidation number there isn’t a suffix to use. (some people use –ic suffix)
If it has two oxidation numbers you have to choose a suffix according the oxidation number.
With the smaller number you should use –ous, and –ic with the bigger number.
-ous -ic
+2 +3
+1 +2
Be careful: Suffix2 does not depend on the number, but on how many valences3 the element has.
Writing structure of traditional nomenclature:
ElementName+Suffix Oxide
Manganic Oxide Ferric Oxide 1 Nomenclature = Nomenclatura 2 Suffix = Sufijo 3 Valences = Valencias
38 Hydroxides
Hydroxides1 has this writing structure:
Metal+OH
You need to use a suffix like in oxide nomenclature (-ic or - -ous) Writing structure of traditional nomenclature:
ElementName+Suffix Hydroxide
Example: Ferric Hydroxide
Acids
Acids are formed when Non-Metal Oxides (also known as anhydrides) react2 with water
You need to learn a little system of prefixes3 and suffixes (for the oxidation numbers)
Hyp……..ous -ous -ic Per……..ic
+2 +4 +6
+1 +3 +5 +7
the suffix does not depend on the number but on how many valences the element has
Writing structure of traditional nomenclature: ElementName + Suffix Acid
Or, when needed:
Prefix + ElementName + Suffix Acid
Examples: Hypochlorous acid Chlorous acid Chloric Acid Perchloric acid 1 Hydroxides = Hidroxidos 2 React = Reaccionar 3 Prefixes = Prefijos
39 IUPAC and STOCK nomenclature in acids is not used frequently, as it is a bit difficult and general chemical compound markets in the most part use only the TRADITIONAL nomenclature.
Salt nomenclature
The name of a salt starts with the name of the cation (e.g. sodium or ammonium) followed by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate). Salts are often referred to only by the name of the cation (e.g. sodium salt or ammonium salt) or by the name of the anion (e.g. chloride or acetate).
40
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic compounds
You need to learn the following prefixes:
Number Prefixes 1 -mono 2 -di 3 -tri 4 -tetra 5 -penta 6 -hexa 7 -hepta 8 -octa 9 -nona 10 -deca
the writing structure of IUPAC nomenclature is:
Prefix ElementName + Prefix + Hydroxide/oxyde
if the metal has a subscript1 of one, we don’t use MONO, we only use MONO if the radical OH has 1 as subscript
The name of the electronegative constituent is constructed by modifying the element name with the ending
‘ide’
Examples:
1. HCl hydrogen chloride
2. NO nitrogen oxide, or nitrogen monooxide, or nitrogen monoxide 3. NO2 nitrogen dioxide
4. N2O4 dinitrogen tetraoxide 5. OCl2 oxygen dichloride 6. O2Cl dioxygen chloride 7. Fe3O4 triiron tetraoxide 8. SiC silicon carbide
41 Naming cations
The name of a monoatomic cation is that of the element with an appropriate charge number appended1 in parentheses.
Naming anions
The name of a monoatomic anion is the element name (Table I) modified so as to carry the anion designator ‘ide’, either formed by replacing the ending of the element name (‘en’,‘ese’, ‘ic’, ‘ine’, ‘ium’, ‘ogen’, ‘on’, ‘orus’, ‘um’, ‘ur’, ‘y’ or ‘ygen’) by ‘ide’ or by directly adding ‘ide’ as an ending to the element name.
El nombre de un anion monoatomico es el nombre del elemento (ver table 1) modificado en modo que pueda llevar el sufijo “ide” relativo al anion. Se forma remplazando el final del nombre del elemento (‘en’,‘ese’, ‘ic’, ‘ine’, ‘ium’, ‘ogen’, ‘on’, ‘orus’, ‘um’, ‘ur’, ‘y’ or ‘ygen’) con “ide” o directamente agregando “ide” al final del nombre del elemento.
Examples:
1. chlorine, chloride
2. carbon, carbide
3. xenon, xenonide
4. tungsten, tungstide
5. bismuth, bismuthide
The endings in anion names are ‘ide’ (monoatomic or homopolyatomic species, heteropolyatomic species named from a parent hydride), ‘ate’ (heteropolyatomic species named additively2), and ‘ite’ (used in a few names which are still acceptable but do not derive from current systematic nomenclature)
Some names of monoatomic anions are based on the root of the Latin element names. In these the ending ‘um’ or ‘ium’ is replaced by ‘ide’.
Examples:
1. silver, argentum, argentide 2. gold, aurum, auride
3. copper, cuprum, cupride 4. iron, ferrum, ferride 5. lead, plumbum, plumbide 6. tin, stannum, stannide
1
Appended = Adjunto / Añadido
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List of common ion names
Monatomic anions: Cl− chloride S2− sulfide P3− phosphide Polyatomic ions: NH4+ ammonium H3O+ hydronium NO3− nitrate NO2− nitrite ClO− hypochlorite ClO2− chlorite ClO3− chlorate ClO4− perchlorate SO32− sulfite SO42− sulfate
HSO3− hydrogen sulfite (or bisulfite)
HCO3− hydrogen carbonate (or bicarbonate) CO32− carbonate
PO43− phosphate
HPO42− hydrogen phosphate CrO42− chromate BO33− borate C2O42− oxalate CN− cyanide SCN− thiocyanate MnO4− permanganate
43
IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds
In order to name organic compounds you must first memorize a few basic names. These names are listed within the discussion of naming alkanes1. In general, the base part of the name reflects the number of carbons in what you have assigned to be the
parent chain. The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional group(s)
present on (or within) the parent chain. Other groups which are attached to the parent chain are called substituents.
Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)
names of the straight chain saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon chain
El sufijo –ano utilizado para los alcanos en español corresponde al –ane en inglés. Name Number of carbons
Methane 1 Ethane 2 Propane 3 Butane 4 Pentane 5 Hexane 6 Heptane 7 Octane 8 Nonane 9 Decane 10 Undecane 11 Dodecane 12
The names of the substituents formed by the removal of one hydrogen from the end of the chain is obtained by changing the suffix -ane to -yl.
Examples:
Isobutyl Tert-butyl Sec-butyl Isopropyl
A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo- which appears directly in front of the base name
Commas are used between numbers and dashes2 are used between letters and numbers
1
Alkanes = Alcanos
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Example:
4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane Alkyl halides
You need to use the prefix Fluoro- Chloro- Bromo- Iodo- Example: 2-bromo-3-methylbutane
Alkenes and Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbons
Double bonds1 in hydrocarbons are indicated by replacing the suffix -ane with -ene. If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of double bonds present (-adiene, -atriene, etc)
Triple bonds are named in a similar way using the suffix -yne. Alcohols
Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If there is more than one hydroxyl group2 (-OH), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of hydroxyl groups present (-anediol, -anetriol, etc.).
Ethers
The two alkyl groups3 attached to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with spaces between the names and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix di- is used if both alkyl groups are the same.
Example:
Diethylether
1
Double Bond = Enlace Doble
2
Hydroxyl group = Grupo Hidroxilo
45 Aldehydes
Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with –anal Ketones
Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If there is more than one carbonyl group (C=O), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of carbonyl groups present (-anedione, -anetrione, etc.).
Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest
continuous chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -ane of the corresponding alkane with -anoic acid
Esters
The alkyl group is named like a substituent using the -yl ending. This is followed by a space. The acyl portion of the name (what is left over) is named by replacing the -ic
acid suffix of the corresponding carboxylic acid with -ate. Example:
Methylpropanoate
Amines
They are named like ethers, the alkyl (R) groups attached to the nitrogen are put in alphabetical order with no spaces between the names and these are followed by the word amine
Example:
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