The formation of other super-systems on the Suarezian model

After Suárez, the creator of the prototypical super-system, other in-dividual authors, again doubtless inspired by his example, composed other such systems, each author writing complementary tracts on phi-losophy and theology. But these tractators (except possibly the Jesu-its, foremost among whom was RODERIgO DE ARRIAgA, 1592-1667) were not professing to create original systems, but only to methodically present the thought of established theologians who had not formally codified their own philosophies, particularly the Big Three of medi-eval times—Bonaventure, Aquinas and Scotus—founders of the ma-jor schools of theology. But there was also a minor school that evolved a super-system, that of the Doctor Resolutus JOHN BACONTHORP (c.

1290-1346?), the official theologian of the Calced Carmelite order.

Of all the epigonic super-systematicians the most eminent were the Thomists, especially the Portuguese theologian and philosopher, the Doctor Profundus JOãO DE S. TOMÁS/JOHN Of ST. THOMAS (1589-1644), who constructed a super-system in the brief space of seven years. In addition to systems organized by individual authors, there were those created by the collective effort of many theologians, thus bringing to fruition the mode of collective creation pioneered by the Conimbricenses. A monumental corpus of Thomist systematics was put together by three Discalced Carmelite collectives: the Complutens-es, or Carmelites of Complutum (or Alcalá de HenarComplutens-es, 1624-1628), authors of a course of philosophy; the first Salmanticenses, authors of a course on dogmatic theology (1631-1704); and the second Salmanti-censes, authors of a course on moral theology (1665-1707). ANTONIO DE LA MADRE DE DIOS (1583-1641) participated in both the philo-sophical Complutenses and the dogmatic Salmanticenses. ILDEfONSO DE LOS ANgELES (1664-1737) contributed to both the Salmanticenses courses, dogmatic and moral. Outstanding from among the Discalced Carmelite Thomists was JUAN DE LA ANUNCIACIóN (1633-1701), equal in profundity with the Doctor Profundus himself. The publica-tion of the Complutenses took four years; the dogmatic Salmanticenses 81 years; and the moral Salmanticenses 42 years. Thus the Thomist collective enterprise of the Discalced Carmelites—philosophical, theological and moral, published in 22 volumes—took in all 127 years. (The three Carmelite enterprises, the Complutenses and the two

Salmanticenses, were intended to be completed by a fourth project, the Biacenses, a Scholastic synthesis of the Scriptures, by the Carmelite college of Baeza, but only one volume was published, in 1728, the Cur-sus Theologico-Expositivus.)

The last Salmanticenses volume came out in 1724. Only 27 years afterwards two French philosophes (who were born in the lifetime of the last Carmelites of Salamanca), DENIS DIDEROT (1713-1784) and JEAN D’ALEMBERT (1717-1783), edited the Encyclopédie (1751-1772) in 28 volumes, a work of comparable magnitude with the Salmanti-censes but of a radically different philosophy (besides lacking coher-ence and unity) whose publication rang the death knell of the Baroque age.

Scotists and Bonaventurians engaged in no collective enterprises, but yet erected imposing super-systems. Standing out from among the Scotists are CLAUDE FRASSEN (1620-1711) and CRESCENTIUS KRISPER (1699-1768); and from among the Bonaventurians MARCUS DE BAUDUNIO (1606-1692), who sought to harmonize the thought of the Big Three of medieval theology, the Doctors Seraphic, Angelic and Subtle.

Alongside the theologians referred to above (and more influential than many of them) were theologians who composed no complete courses of theology, but only discoursed upon individual themes in monographs, while always, in true Baroque manner, being aware of the relationship of the theme that concerned them to the entire conspec-tus of Catholic doctrine. These “monographers” were among the most creative thinkers of the Baroque age. They include the Dominican FRANCISCO DE VITORIA (c. 1485-1546), the inaugurator of Baroque Scholasticism, with its balance of speculation and positive research, who first advanced the notion of international law; the Dominican MELCHIOR CANO (1509-1560), who codified the Baroque Scholas-tic methodology; the Jesuit ROBERT BELLARMINE (1542-1621), the renowned and controverted master of theological polemics; and the Jesuit LUIS DE MOLINA (1536-1600), formulator of the theory of the scientia media, to resolve the antinomy between divine predestina-tion and human freedom (though he may got the idea from the Jesuit PEDRO DA FONSECA,,1528-1599, promoter of many original ideas).

Authors of monographs that became classics, unsurpassed for their thoroughness and profundity, are: TOMÁS SANCHEZ (1550-1610) on matrimony; RUIZ DE MONTOYA (1583-1660) on the Trinity; JUAN

DE LUgO (1583-1660) on justice, and JUAN MARTINEZ DE RIPALDA (1594-1648 ) on supernatural being.

Jesuit super-systems

THOMAS COMPTON-CARLETON (c.1591-1666), Philosophia Universa (1649); Cursus Theologicus (1658-1664), 2 vol.

RODERIGO DE ARRIAGA (1592-1667), Cursus Philosophicus (1632); Cursus Theologicus Completus (Disputationes Theologicae, 1643-1655), 8 vol.

GEORGIUS DE RHODES (1597-1661), Philosophia Peripatetica ad Veram Aristotelis Mentem (1671); Disputationes Theologiae Scholasticae (1661), 2 vol.

SYLVESTER MAURUS (1619-1687), Quaestiones Philosophicae (1658), 5 vol.; Quaestiones Theologicae (1676-1679), 6 vol.

ANTONINUS MAYR (1673-1749), Philosophia Peripatetica (1739), 4 vol.; Cursus Theologiae Scholasticae (1729-1732), 8 vol.

Thomist super-systems (Dominican, Carmelite, Benedictine, The-atine and Cistercian)

RAFFAELLE AVERSA, Theatine (c. 1589-1657), Philosophia (1625-1627), 2 vol. ; Theologia Scholastica Universa ad Mentem Sancti Thomae (1631-1642), 9 vol.

JOHN OF ST. THOMAS, Dominican (1589-1644), Cursus Philo-sophicus Thomisticus 1638); Cursus Theologicus Thomisticus (1637-1644...1667)

EUSTACHIUS A SANCTO PAULO, Cistercian (fl. 1605-1640+), Summa Philosophica Quadripartita de Rebus Dialecticis, Moralibus, Physicis, et Metaphysicis (1609); Summa Theologica Tripartita (1613-1616) PHILIPPE DE LA TRINITÉ, Discalced Carmelite (1603-1671), Summa Philosophica (1648); Cursus Theologicus Iuxta Partes Summae Divi Thomae (1633-1663), 5 vol.; Summa Theologiae Mysticae (1656), 3 vol.

COELESTINUS SFONDRATI, Benedictine (1644-1696), Cursus Philosophicus Sangallensis (1695- 1699), 3 vol.; Cursus Theologicus (1670), 10 vol.

COMPLUTENSES, Discalced Carmelite, Artium Cursus... per Colle-gium Complutense (1624-1628), 4 years, 4 vol.

ANTONIO DE LA MADRE DE DIOS (1583-1641), tome 1 JUAN DE LOS SANTOS (1583-1654), tome 2

MIGUEL DE LA SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD (1588-1661), tome 3 BLAISE DE LA CONCEPTION (1603-1694), tome 4

SALMANTICENSES, Discalced Carmelite (Dogmatic Theology), Collegii Salmanticensis ...Cursus Theologicus (1631-1704), 12 vol.

ANTONIO DE LA MADRE DE DIOS (1583-1641), tomes 1-2 DOMINGO DE SANTA TERESA (1604-1660), tomes 3-4 JUAN DE LA ANUNCIACIÓN (1633-1701), tomes 5-11, partly 12 ANTONIO DE S. JUAN BAUTISTA (1641-1699), tome 12, in part ILDEFONSO DE LOS ANGELES (1664-1737), tome 12, in part SALMANTICENSES, Discalced Carmelite (Moral Theology), Cursus Theologiae Moralis (1665- 1707), 7 vol.

ILDEFONSO DE LOS ANGELES (1664-1737), tome 6 FRANCISCO DE JESÚS MARIA (1599-1677), tome 1 ANDRÉS DE LA MADRE DE DIOS (1622-1674), tomes 2-4 SEBASTIÁN DE S. JOAQUÍN (1672-1719), tomes 5 & 6

ANTONIO DEL SANTÍSIMO SACRAMENTO (1706-1761), tome 7 TOMMASO D’AQUINO DELLA NATIVITÀ, Discalced Carmelite (1710-1783), Institutiones Philosophicae (1760), 5 vol.; Institutiones Theo-logicae (1761), 6 vol.

Scotist super-systems (Franciscan)

JOANNES PONCIUS (1603-1672/3), Philosophiae ad Mentem Scoti Cursus Integer (1643), 3 vol.; Theologiae Cursus Integer ad Mentem Scoti, seu Universa Doctoris Subtilis Theologica Dogmata (1652)

BONAVENTURA BELLUTUS (1600-1676, philosophy only ) &

BARTHOLOMAEUS MASTRIUS DE MELDULA (1602-1673), Cursus Integer Philosophiae ad Mentem Scoti (1678-1688), 3 vol.; Disputa-tiones Theologicae in IV Libros Sententiarum (1655-1661), 4 vol.

JEAN GABRIEL BOYVIN (+c.1680), Philosophia Scoti a Prolixitate, et Subtilitas Eius ab Obscuritate Liberata et Vindicata (1684); Theologia Joan-nis Duns Scoti (1678), 4 vol.

AMAND HERMANN (fl. 1676-1700+), Sol Triplex in Universo, id est, Universae Philosophiae Cursus Augustini, Bernardi et Scoti Mente Con-formatus (1676); Tractatus Theologici ad Mentem Subtilis Doctoris (1690-1694)

CLAUDE FRASSEN (1620-1711), Philosophia Academica ex Selectissi-mis....Aristotelis et.... Scoti Rationibus et Sententiis (1668); Scotus Academicus (1672), 4 vol.

SEBASTIEN DUPASQUIER (1630-1718?), Summa Philosophiae Scholasticae et Scotisticae (1705), 4 vol.; Summa Theologiae Scholasticae (1719), 4 vol.

CRESCENTIUS KRISPER (1699-1768), Philosophia Scholae Scotisti-cae (1735); Theologia Scholae ScotistiScotisti-cae (1728), 4 vol.

BERNARDO DE BOLOGNA (1680-1749), Institutio Philosophica Praemittenda Theologiae, nunc Aristotelis et Joannis Duns Scoti Acumine

Structa (1766), 3 vol.; Institutiones Theologiae Juxta Omnia Fidei Dogmata Doctoris Subtilis (1746)

GIUSEPPE ANTONIO FERRARI (fl. 1746-1760), Philosophia Peri-patetica Propugnata Rationibus J. D. Scoti (1746), 3 vol.; Veterae et Recenti-oris Philosophiae Dogmata J. D. Scoti Doctrinis Accomodata (1754), 3 vol.;

Theologia Scholastica Critico-Historico-Dogmatica ad Mentem J. D. Scoti (1760)

Bonaventurian super-systems (Franciscan)

MARCUS DE BAUDUNIO (1606-1692), Paradisus Philosophicus Unius ac Trium Doctorum, Angelici, Seraphici, et Subtilis Horumque Concili-atoris (1654); Paradisus Theologicus Unius ac Trium Doctorum, Angelici, Se-raphici, et Subtilis Horumque Conciliatoris (1661); Compendium Theologiae tam Speculativae quam Practicae (1673)

BARTHOLOMAEUS DE BARBERIIS (fl. 1677-1687), Flores et Fructus Philosophici ex Seraphico Paradiso Excerpti, seu Cursus Philosophicus ad Mentem Sancti Bonaventurae (1677); Cursus Theologicus super IV Libros Sententiarum ad Mentem Seraphici Doctoris Sancti Bonaventurae (1687) Baconian super-systems (Carmelite)

DIONISIO BLASCO (1610-1683), Cursus Philosophicus Juxta Doc-toris Resoluti Doctrinam (1672); Theologia Bacconiana (1680-1687), 2 vol.

Henricist super-systems (Servite)

BENEDETTO MARIA CANALI (+1743), Cursus Philosophicus ad Mentem.... Henrici de Gandavo (1715-1716); Disputationes Theologicae Juxta Genuinam Henrici de Gandavo Mentem (1698, completing the work of one LODIGIERI)

Monographers

FRANCISCO DE VITORIA, Dominican (c. 1485-1546), Relectiones (1526-1541)

DOMINGO DE SOTO, Dominican (1494-1560), De Natura et Gratia (1547); De Iustitia et Iure (1556)

MELCHIOR CANO, Dominican (1509-1560), De Locis Theo-logicis (1563)

BARTOLOMÉ DE MEDINA, Dominican (1527-1581), Com-mentarii in Primam Secundae (1577)

LUIS DE MOLINA, Jesuit (1536-1600), Concordia Liberi Arbi-trii cum Gratiae Donis (1588)

ROBERT BELLARMINE, Jesuit (1542-1621), De Controver-siis Christianae Fidei (1586-1593), 4 vol.

TOMÁS SANCHEZ, Jesuit (1550-1610), De Sancto Matrimo-nii Sacramento (1602-1605), 3 vol.

LEONARDUS LESSIUS, Jesuit (1554-1623), De Perfectioni-bus MoriPerfectioni-busque Divinis (1620)

DIEGO RUIZ DE MONTOYA, Jesuit (1583-1660), De Trini-tate (1625)

JUAN DE LUGO, Jesuit (1583-1660), De Iustitia et Iure (1646);

De Virtute Fidei Divinae (1646)

JUAN MARTINEZ DE RIPALDA, Jesuit (1594-1648), De Ente Supernaturali (1634-1648), 3 vol.

In the present work we shall concern ourselves not with the theologi-cal dimension of the Suarezian super-system, but only with the philo-sophical, which shall be the topic of the following chapter.

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