4.2.3.2 On‐site Renewable Energy (POE Indicator 4)
4.3 Thermal Logging Study (POE Indicator 6)
4.3.3 Thermal Logging Study Conclusions
This study logged a LEED‐Gold certified New Construction residence hall EH, located in Worcester, MA. Fourteen suites’ indoor dry‐bulb temperature and relative humidity were examined for compliance with ASHRAE standard 55‐2013 “Thermal Environment Conditions for Human Occupancy”. 53 students’ conditions were logged, 23.25% of total EH population, over a four week period (October 30th 2013 till December 3rd 2013). Surveys were also distributed to thermal logging study participants, on a weekly basis during the data download days. Selected suites were located both on the North and South side of the building to capture the full post occupancy experience of students.
Student feedback was collected for triangulation with logged data, for acceptability of indoor conditions. Topics of metabolic rate (MET unit), clothing insulation factor, drafts, air ventilation, indoor temperature, and indoor humidity were covered within the survey. Questions related to adaptive strategies were not provided, these questions have been added for future POE studies. The overall responses rate over the four week period was 36.32%, surpassing requirements of ASHRAE 55‐2013.
The survey identified various areas (clothing factor, indoor air humidity needs, temperature and controls need, and localized smog conditions) which can inform the design process and ensure user thermal comfort in future designs.
Based on survey results students spend 63% of their time in the residence hall and 74% in their bedrooms. Students voiced dissatisfaction with suite thermal zone designs. Preference were voiced for individualized bedroom thermal zones and controls. Thermostat controls were also deemed extremely restrictive, given the tight range of temperature variation provided to them (20°C to 22°C).
Student survey also uncovered the typical student clothing insulation factor at on average 0.73 with an SD of 0.23. The average is equivalent to wearing: long sleeve underwear top and bottoms, sweatpants, a T‐shirt and calf length socks (ASHRAE Standard 55‐2013‐Garment Insulation Table 5.2.2.2B). The student clothing insulation factor increased over the duration of the study period by an average of 6% reflective of the decrease in outside temperature from October to December. However the SD increased by an average of 159%, indicating large variations between occupant clothing preferences. The results indicate that the higher spectrum of their clothing insulation factor (0.96) still falls shy of ASHRAE standard 55‐2013, 1‐clothing zone; while the lower range (0.5) falls within its 0.5‐clothing zone.
Students indicated perceived indoor air temperature at an average of ‘slightly cool’ and in the range of ‘cool’ to ‘neutral’. However the indoor satisfaction at ‘neutral’ on average and in the range of ‘slightly dissatisfied’ to ‘slightly satisfied’. Examining student perception of indoor air humidity the results indicated an average of ‘dry’ and in the range of ‘dry’ to ‘neutral’. The indoor air humidity satisfaction ranked at ‘neutral’ and in the range of ‘slightly dissatisfied’ to ‘satisfied’. The logged data supported students’ feedback
indicating indoor temperature conditions were indeed cooler than acceptable given their clothing factor and uncovered their exposure to unhealthy humidity levels. To gain insight into factors impacting student satisfaction and perception of indoor air temperature it was found that: (1) the higher students’ clothing insulation factor the less likely they were to be satisfied with indoor temperature, (2) the more satisfied they were with their indoor air humidity, the more likely they were to be satisfied with their indoor air temperature conditions, (3) an increase in their clothing insulation factor, did not translate into the perception of warmer indoor temperature conditions (some students commented sometimes they need to wear a blanket), (4) Students who perceived their indoor conditions as drier, were more likely to perceive indoor temperature conditions as warmer, (5) students who felt a draft in their space, were more likely to perceive their indoor air temperature as colder (students commented that due to poor ventilation they had to open windows and turn on fans. Given the study timeframe this finding may be the result of their adaptive strategies), (6) students who were more satisfied with their indoor temperature, were more likely to feel warmer.
Assessing factors impacting student satisfaction and perception of indoor air humidity it was found that: (1) as conditions became more humid, students were more likely to be satisfied with their indoor air humidity, (2) as their satisfaction with indoor temperature increased they were more likely to be satisfied with their indoor air humidity, (3) Students who said their air was stuffy were more likely to be satisfied with their indoor air humidity conditions versus those who did not, (4) the more satisfied they were with indoor air humidity the more humid they perceived their conditions, (5) the higher their clothing factor the more humid they perceived their environment, (6) students on the lower floors perceived the indoor air humidity to be drier, (6) the warmer they perceived their indoor air temperature, the more humid they perceived their indoor air humidity conditions. In graphing the logged data on AHSRAE Psychrometric charts, the indoor conditions fell in unacceptable ranges. Majority of the logged data (n=15,278) representative of 63.12% of the time, fell under the 30% acceptable humidity conditions and within the 1.0 clothing insulation zone and beyond. Results of a bivariate correlation analysis showed outdoor humidity alone did not have an effect on indoor relative humidity. Indicating that during the air intake process a substantial amount of humidity is lost and not re‐introduced into the air distribution system.
Given the findings and comments it supports the students’ complaints about: very dry indoor humidity conditions, cold temperatures, poor ventilation and localized smog. In particular several students complained of nose bleeds, dry skin and eye irritations. Some students even mentioned the HE institution should buy them humidifiers due to their daily exposure to unhealthy environment within the residence hall. Further dissecting the clothing insulation factor given its importance in the regression results, the suites were filtered into North and South suites. The clothing factor in the North suites was higher at an average of 0.77 versus the South suites at 0.73. It must be noted the difference between their activity levels was minimal, South suites were less active (avg.
1.01) than North suites (avg. 1.10) therefore the expectation would have been that the North suites clothing insulation factor would be less. Students’ perception of their indoor temperature was warmer in the South suites, and on average more satisfied than those in the North suites. The perception of indoor temperature was cooler in the North suites and students were less satisfied with their indoor temperature conditions, even though their recorded indoor temperatures were higher than the South suites. In terms of indoor humidity both North and South suites showed no differential except in their SDs. These results indicate that locational factors must also be accounted for in the design process and thermal zoning by designers.
Scientific research indicates exposure to low relative humidity levels can result in adverse health effects including pre‐corneal tear film (PTF) damage, irritations of the upper airways, reduction of visual acuity, and musculoskeletal tiredness and overloading of the eyes (Paschides et al. 1998, Piccoli et al. 2003, Kjaegaard et al. 2004, Wolkoff et al. 2005, Wyon et al. 2006, Sunwoo et al. 2006). Other adverse health impacts are related to biological and chemical interactions and contamination resulting in respiratory infections, allergic rhinitis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, asthma and ozone production/indoor smog (Sterling et al. 1985). Although the collection of medical information was beyond the scope of this study due to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 (“Privacy Rule”), this information may still be collected via HE institutions if it is not “individually identifiable”. Tracking the number of complaints and office visits due to various related illnesses by occupants of EH will provide further insight into the health effects related to extended exposure to low relative humidity conditions. Also given ASHRAE standard 55‐2013 does not identify acceptable lower humidity thresholds only upper boundaries, further research would benefit the establishment of an acceptable lower limit to ensure healthy environments for occupants.
The findings of this study support the work of researchers in that air temperature and humidity are closely interlinked and indicative of healthy indoor environments (Deuble and de Dear, 2012). Students’ satisfaction with thermal comfort was highly influenced by these variables including their clothing factor. Even though researchers indicate occupants are less sensitive to humidity as compared to temperature; this study found perception and satisfaction with indoor humidity impacts perception and satisfaction with indoor air temperature. Given the scientific research on health hazards of low humidity environments, it is evidenced humidity regulation, introduction, measurement and tracking should not be overlooked. These findings also emphasize the need for investigative POEs and it depicts their added value. The feedback from this study is critical in informing future designs and identified the current need for course correction measures in EH.