3. POE Framework Methodology
4.1 Water Study (POE Indicator 1)
4.1.5 Water Study Conclusions
Water related studies suggest we are consuming water at an unsustainable rate. Population growth, climate change, increased wealth, urban development and mismanagement of water systems are over stressing our already fragile water infrastructures. These issues further compound the challenges faced with sustaining this basic necessity. As a result we must engage new strategies to minimize consumption, pushing forth the idea of behavioral water conservation and not only fixture water efficiency (Bennetts and Bordass 2007, Berardi 2013). Tracking, measurement and collection of user feedback, are fundamental to understand consumption patterns. We can only develop conservation and management strategies, through an in depth understanding of qualitative and quantitative data which can be attained by implementing POEs.
In trying to gain an understanding of residence hall water‐use, this study focused on identifying and comparing indoor water‐use of LEED and non‐LEED certified residence halls. It addressed several scopes including: identifying indoor water consumption in residence halls, comparing LEED to non‐LEED residence halls, assessing LEED modeled case projections with actual water consumption, comparing actual water consumption to developed engineer’s metrics and soliciting student occupant feedback on consumption tendencies and conservation awareness programs.
Evidently isolating residence hall water consumption using US‐DOE, USGS, AWWA and EC data is problematic, due to differences in the categorization of residence halls between water‐use studies and a lack of available data. Different classifications of residential customers by utility companies also compound the problems in collecting published data on water consumption in residence halls. To address this gap actual consumption data was collected from nine residence halls, indicating indoor water ranges between 85 to 175 LPD. Overall average actual residence hall consumption was lower than values found in US‐DOE (375 LPD), EPA (265 LPD), EC (168 LPD), AWWA US (212 LPD) and EC (143 LPD) engineer’s metric. On average non‐LEED residence halls consumed 4% more than LEED ones, however the LEED buildings resulted in contrasting results with a high standard deviations.
On a yearly and monthly basis, non‐LEED residence halls depicted steadier consumption values with an overall 3% uptick for the entire time data was collected. On the other hand LEED residence halls showed an increase of 5% over the years and, on average, higher variations in consumption patterns. The average water consumption of EH, CSC and PS was 60% higher when compared to LEED ‘green’ cases. The data showed yearly decreases in savings, rendering LEED residence halls less sustainable every year. These results highlight the possibility that LEED labeling does not fully capture actual user behavior, and hence might result in unrealistic savings expectations. It is important to highlight technology alone may not guarantee water savings. Larger reductions in water consumption need improved user attitudes and changes in occupant
behaviors. Non‐LEED flow fixtures used higher water values than those installed in LEED halls; however, they still outperformed LEED residence halls in terms of total LPD. These results affirm researchers’ findings, in that occupants are the key to sustainability in practice (Stevenson and Leaman 2010, Berardi 2013, GhaffarianHoseini et al. 2013).
Geographical location and weather showed a positive correlation between average monthly temperature and LPD consumption in all residence halls except PS. However it must be noted the correlations were at 90% significance yet in line with the work of previous researchers (Vickers 2001, Balling et. al 2007, Schleich and Hillenbrand 2009, Berardi 2013).
This study also solicited student feedback through the distribution of online surveys to occupants of EH, CSC, PS, and WT. The survey did not pose questions related to socioeconomic factors therefore previous work of researchers on this topic could not be supported or refuted. The questions posed examined: LEED and AWWA assumption, frequency of cognizance about water consumption, presence of conservation awareness programs on campus/residence hall, participation in said programs and behavioral changes due to participation in said programs.
Shower frequency and toilet flushes per day results indicate LEED and AWWA assumptions are in line with student behaviors. Combining the results of LEED and WT residence halls, 67% of students shower daily and flush an average of 5 times a day. However examining shower duration on average students run the water in the shower for over 12 minutes with an SD of 5 minutes. This value is 50% higher than the shared shower duration assumption of LEED and AWWA. Such vast differences in assumptions (eight minutes) and actual practice (over 12 minutes) must be ameliorated, to ensure performance gaps are minimized. Such large variations in actual practice versus modeled assumptions can result in substantial gaps in water‐use estimation and performance evaluations. These results confirm that occupants’ attitudes and behaviors have substantial impacts in promoting sustainability in practice (Barr 2003, Bamberg 2003, Hand et al. 2003, Hurlimann 2006, Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar 2008, Randolph and Troy 2008).
Poor student survey results about consumption awareness programs, student participation and behaviors, indicates HE institutions must increase awareness and do more in educating students. Student survey results indicated high standard deviations on cognizance about water consumption and high percentages of ignorance on the presence of conservation awareness programs. Major survey findings indicate: (1) females were more likely to run water for longer in the shower; (2) students (male and female) who frequently thought about their water consumption, were more likely to run the water for shorter durations in the shower (3) females were more likely to think about water consumption than males, and (4) students (male and female) who ran the water in the shower for shorter durations, were more likely to be cognizant about their water consumption. In an alternate survey of non‐LEED residential buildings questioning
occupant water conservation attitudes, it was found that 31% of occupants believed there was nothing more they could do to minimize indoor water consumption (Randolph and Troy 2008). However 69% of respondents may be able to shift to sustainable behaviors through educational programs or awareness campaigns. Such results highlight that differences in attitudes and behavior have substantial impacts on sustainable practices, and development of practical policies to lower water consumption (Barr 2003, Bamberg 2003, Hand et al. 2003, Shove 2003, Hurlimann 2006, Alshuwaikhat and Abubakar 2008, Randolph and Troy 2008). It is interesting to note as the gender differential equalized the consumption in the residence halls increased, tying to arguments made by researchers on the inequality of gender consumption (Vinz 2009, Elliott 2013). The best performing residence halls had on average 75% males, while the poorer performing residence halls held on average 47% males.
Finally, it is evident much work needs to be done given student feedback on conservation awareness programs and behavioral impacts from said programs. HE institutions have the responsibility to educate and release well‐educated individuals into the world, hence should adopt sustainability into their core culture of existence. An increase in awareness efforts is required to push for student social responsibility by promoting sustainable behaviors.