This tutorial exercise is designed to produce a 3D solid model of Guide from the information supplied in the orthographic drawing.
System Settings
Use the Units Control dialog box, keep the system of measurement set to decimal but change the number of decimal places past the zero from a value of 4 to 2. Set the Snap to a value of 0.50 units. The grid should conform to the current Snap setting. Leave the current limits of 0,0 by 12,9 as the default setting.
Layers
Special layers do not have to be created for this tutorial exercise.
Suggested Commands
Begin this drawing by constructing solid primitives of all components of the Guide using the BOX and WEDGE commands. Move the components into position and begin merging solids using the UNION. To form the rectangular slot move that solid box into position and use the SUBTRACT command to subtract the rectangle from the solid thus forming the slot . do the same procedure for the wedge. Perform a hidden line removal and view the solid.
Whenever possible, substitute the appropriate command alias in place of the full AutoCAD command in each tutorial step. For example use “Co” for the COPY command, “L” for the LINE command, and so on. /the complete listing of all command aliases is located on pages 9 and 1-10
Step # 1
begin his tutorial by constructing a solid boz 4 units long by 2 units wide and 1 unit in height using the BOX command. See Figure 9-70. begin this box at absolute coordinate 4.00,5.50. this slab will represent the base of the guide.
Command: BOX represent the vertical column of the guide.
Command: box
Construct a solid box 2 unit long by 1units wide and 1units in height using the BOX command (see Figure 9-71).Begin this box at absolute coordinate 5.50,1.50. This slab will represent the rectangular slot made into the slab that will be subtracted at a later time.
Command: box subtracted from the vertical column to form the inclined surface.
Command: WEDGE
Step # 5
Use the VPOINT command to view the four solid primitives in three dimensions (see Figure 9-74). Use a new view point of 1,-1,1. a preset view point may be used by selecting the following sequence from the pull-down menu area: View >3/d View-point>SE Isometric. Then use the MOVE command to move the certical column at “A” to the top of the vase at “B”.
Command VPOINT
Totate/>View point><0,0,1>:1,-1,1 Command MOVE
Select objects: (Select solid box at “A”)
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command)
Base point or displacement: Endp of (Select the endpoint of the solid at “A”) Second point or displacement: Endp of (Select the endpoint of the base at “B”) Step # 6
Use the UNION command to join the base and vertical column into one object. See Figure 9-75.
Command Union
Select objects: (Select the base at “A” and column at “B”) Select objects: (Press ENTER to perform the union) Step # 7
Use the MOVE command to position the rectangle from its midpoint at “A” to the midpoint of the vase at “B” in Figure 9-76. In a moment, the small rectangle will be subtracted forming the rectangular slot in the base.
Command MOVE
Select objects: (Select box “A”)
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command) Base point or displacement: Mid
Of (Select the midpoint of the rectangle at “A”)
Second point or displacement: Mid Of (midpoint of the base at “B”) Step # 8
Use the SUBTRACT command to subtract the small box from the vase of the solid object. See Figure 9-77.
Command: SUBTRACT
Select solids and regions to subtract from……
Select objects: (select solid object “A”)
Select objects: (press ENTER to continue with this command) Select solids and regions to subtract ……
Select objects: (select box “B” to perform the subtraction operation) Select objects: (press ENTER to perform the subtraction operation) Step #9
Use the ALIGN command to match points along a source object (wedge) with points along a destination object (guide). The selection of three sets of points will guide the placement and rotation of the wedge into the guide. See Figure 9-78
Command: ALIGN
Select objects: (Select the wedge)
Select objects (Press ENTER to continue with this command)
Specify 1st source point: Endp of (Pick the endpoint of the at “A”) Specify 1st destination point: Endp of (Pick the endpoint of the at “B”) Specify 2nd source point: Endp of (Pick the endpoint of the at “C”)
Specify 2nd destination point: Endp of (Pick the endpoint of the at “D”)
Specify 3rd source point or <continue>: Endp of (Pick the endpoint of the wedge at “E”) Specify 3rd destination point: Endp of (Pick the endpoint of the at “F”)
Step #10
Use the SUBTRACT command to subtract the wedge from the guide, as shown in Figure 9-79.
Command: SUBTRACT
Select solids and regions to subtract from…….
Select objects: (Select guide “A”)
Select objects: Press ENTER to continue with this command) Select solids an regions to subtract…..
Select objects: (Select guide “B”)
Select objects: Press ENTER to perform the subtraction operation) Step #11
An alternate method of creating the inclined surface in the guide is to use the CHAMFER command on the vertical column of the guide. See Figure 9-80.
Command: CHAMFER
(TRIM mode)Current chamfer dist1=0.50,Dist2=0.50
Polyline/Distance/Angle/Trim/Method/<Select first line>(select the line “A”) Select base surface:
Next/<OK>(Press ENTER to accept the base surface) Enter base surface distance<0.50>:1
Enter other surface distance<0.50>:1
Loop/<Select edge>: (Select the edge at “A”)
Loop/<Select edge>: (Press ENTER to perform the chamfer operation) Step #12
Using the HIDE command performs a hidden line removal on all surfaces of the object. The results are shown in “Figure 9-81
Command: HIDE Regenerating drawing.
Purpose
This tutorial exercise is designed to produce 3D objects and then use the ROTATE3D command to rotate the objects into position before creating unions or performing subtractions.
System Settings
The drawing units, limits, grid, and snap values are already set for this drawing.
Layers
Special layers do not have to be created for this tutorial exercise.
Suggested Commands
Open the drawing file called “ROTATE3D.Dwg.” All 2Dobjects have been converted into polyline objects. The EXTRUED command is used to create a thickness of 0.50 units for most objects. Then the TOTATED3D command is used to rotate the sides to the proper angle before moving them into place and joining them together. The cylinders are also rotated and moved into place before being subtracted from the base and sides to create holes.
Whenever possible substitute the appropriate command alias in place of the full AutoCAD command in each tutorial step. For example use “Co” for the COPY command “L” for the LINE
command , and so on . The complete listing of all command aliases is located on pages 9 & 1-10
Step # 1
Extrude the base , two side panels , and large circle to a height of 0.50 units , as shown in figure 9-83.Then extrude the small circle to a height of 8 units. This represents a hole through the two side panels. Use the EXTRUDE command the both operations.
Command: EXTRUDE
Select objects: (select the base, two side panels, and large circle) Select objects: (press ENTER to continue with this command) Path/<Height of Extrusion>:0.50
Extrusion taper angle <0>: (press ENTER to execute the extrude operation) Command: EXTRUDE
Select objects: (Select the small circle)
Select objects: (press ENTER to continue with this command) Path/<Height of Extrusion>:8.00
Extrusion taper angle <0>: (press ENTER to execute the extrude operation) Step # 2
Use the MOVE command the position the large cylinder in the center of the base. You may also use the geometry calculator and the MEE function to center the cylinder in the base. Also Figure 9-84.
Command: MOVE
Select objects: (Select the large cylinder)
Select objects: (press ENTER to continue with this command) Base point or displacement: Cen
Of (Pick the top face of the large cylinder at “A”) Second point of displacement: ‘CAL
>>Expression: MEE
Select one end point for MEE: (Pick a point along the top corner of the base at “B”) Select another end point for MEE: (Pick a point along opposite corner of the base at “C”) Step # 3
Begin rotating the remaining shapes into place using the ROTATE3D command (see Figure 9-85).Being careful to observe the current position of the user coordinate system, rotate one of the side panels at an angle of 90 degrees using the Y axis as the axis of rotation.
Command: ROTATE3D
Select objects: (Select the side panel labeled “A”)
Select objects: (press ENTER to continue with this command) Axis by Objects/Last/View/X axis/ Y axis/ Z axis/ <2 points>:Y Point on Y axis <0,0,0>:Endp
Of (Select the endpoint of the side panel at “B”)
<Rotation angle>/Reference:90 Step # 4
Position the side panel just rotated on to the top of the base using the MOVE command see Figure 9-86.
Command: MOVE
Select objects: (Select the side panel just rotated)
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this ommand) Base point or displacement: End
Of (Pick the end point of side panel at “A”) Second point of displacement: Endp
Of (Pick the top endpoint of the base at “B”) Step # 5
Now rotate the second side panel into position. This will take two steps to accomplish. First rotate the panel 90 degrees along the X axis. See Figure 9-87.
Command: ROTATE3D
Select objects: (Select the second side panel)
Select objects: (press ENTER to continue with this command) Axis by Object/Last/View/X axis/Y axis/ Z axis/ <2 points>: X Point on X axis <0,0,0>: Endp
Of (Pick the endpoint of the side panel at “A”)
<Rotation angle>/Reference: 90 Step # 6
Now rotate the same panel 90 degree along the Z Axis. See Figure 9-88 Command: ROTATE3D
Select objects: (Select the same side panel)
Select objects: (press ENTER to continue with this command)
Axis by Objects/Last/View/X axis/ Y axis/ Z axis/ <2 points>: Z Point on Z Axis <0,0,0>: Endp Of (Pick the endpoint of the side panel at “A”)
<Rotation angle>/Reference: 90 Step # 7
Finally position of panel along the top of the base using the MOVE command. See Figure11-116.
Command: MOVE
Select objects: (Select the side panel just rotated)
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command) Base point or displacement: End
Of (Pick the end point of side panel at “A”) Second point of displacement: Endp
Of (Pick the top endpoint of the base at “B”) Step # 8
Rotate the long cylinder at 90 degree using the Y Axis as the axis of rotation , as shown in Figure 9-90.
Command: ROTATE3D
Select objects: (Select the long cylinder)
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command) Axis by Objects/Last/View/X axis/ Yaxis/ Zaxis/ <2 points>: Y Point on Y Axis <0,0,0>:Cen
Of (Pick the center of the cylinder at “A”)
<Rotation angle>/Reference: 90 Step # 9
Move the long the cylinder into position , it should span the complete length of the object and should be lined up with the center of the side panels. See Figure 9-91.
Command: MOVE
Select objects: (Select the long cylinder)
Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command) Base point or displacement: Cen
Of (Pick the center of the long cylinder at “A”) Second point of displacement: Cen
Of (Pick the outer center of the base at “B”)
Step # 10
Command: SUBTRACT
Select solids and regions to subtract from …
Select objects: (Select the two side panels and the base) Select objects: (Press ENTER to continue with this command) Select solids and regions to subtract...
Select objects: (Select the two cylinders two subtract) Select objects: (Press ENTER to execute this command).
Chapter # 10
RENDERING
INTRODUCTION
Render allows quick creation of rendered images of AutoCAD
objects that have surfaces. Rendering is the process of calculating the lighting effects, color, and shape of an object in a single two-dimensional (2D) view. A rendered view adds greatly to the appearance of the drawing. It makes the object appear more real and aids in interpretation of the object’s shape, especially for
those unfamiliar with engineering drawings. Rendered
drawings can be used very effectively in creating presentations.
AutoCAD objects that have surfaces can be rendered.
Objects that have surfaces include solid models, regions, and objects created with AutoCAD’s surface modeling commands.
The complex rendering calculations demand more of your hardware than just running the AutoCAD program, so you may notice that your system seems slower. Display resolution affects
not only the speed with which
objects are rendered. You will
learn to apply materials,
surface maps, and lighting to
your drawing and to render
views of an object. Applying a
material to a surface in your
drawing gives the surface its
color and shininess; it is similar
to painting the surface. Materials
can also reflect light like a
mirror or be transparent like glass. Adding surface map is similar to adding wallpaper; surface maps are patterns or pictures that you can apply to the surface of an object. Lighting illuminates the surfaces. Lighting is a very important factor in creating the desired effect in your rendered drawing.
STARTING
Launch AutoCAD. You will use Render to shade the solid model of the assembly that you created. On your own, start a new drawing.
The drawing appears on your screen, as shown in Figure Render has its own submenu and toolbar.
Pick: View, Render
The Render menu selections pull down from the menu bar, as shown Figure.
Next, you will turn on the Render toolbar so that you can use it to select commands.
Pick: View, Toolbars, Render (then close the dialog box)
The Render toolbar
appears on your screen, as
shown in Figure. Pick on its
title bar and, holding the
pick button down, drag it to a
location where it will be handy but not in the way of your drawing.
You will use Render to render the solid model drawing
so that it appears realistically shaded on your screen.